Home – Home – Jornals – Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics 2015 number 7

An overview of studies on the high-resolution vibration-rotation absorption spectra of ozone molecule and its isotopologues which made after 2000 is presented. The characteristic of the modern lists of the ozone line parameters in spectroscopic databases HITRAN, GEISA and S&MPO is done. The accuracy of the spectral line parameters (centers, intensities, and half-widths) received to date is analyzed in the paper.

Detailed and accurate absorption linelists are generated for the HD¹⁸O и D₂¹⁸O molecules in the 0–9400 cm^–1 spectral range. These linelists, known as empirical lists, are based on the experimental energy levels available from the literature and ab initio transition intensities obtained through variational computations. Positions of empirical transitions are determined at a level of the best experimental accuracy, and even better in case of weak or blended lines. Averaged accuracy of calculated intensities is about 10%. Empirical lists of absorption lines of water isotopologues currently replace incomplete or low accuracy experimental data in the canonical databases like HITRAN.

Structure of air turbulent motion inside large specialized rooms of astronomical telescopes has been studied by numerical solving of several boundary value problems for hydrodynamics equations (Navier-Stokes). There are optical elements of large-aperture telescopes inside such rooms. The main attention is devoted to closed rooms with different heating the upper and lower surfaces without exchange of internal and external medium through the borders. This enables the testing under steady state conditions of the optical characteristics of astronomical telescopes including their resolution. In particular, a visualization of the air flow motion by streamlines allows one to analyze the impact of design features of telescope and the temperature regime of its optical elements. Results of our numerical simulations demonstrate that the solitary large vortices (coherent structures, topological solitons) are observed inside specialized rooms. The cascade decay of such vortices leads to the coherent turbulence. The simulations confirm our previously experimentally stated conclusion that the mixing of coherent structures of different close-by sizes (and close-by frequencies of major vortices) results in the non-coherent Kolmogorov turbulence.

The paper presents the results of the statistical analysis of characteristics of the lower stratiform clouds, obtained according to the 8-term meteorological observations of 60 Siberian stations for the last 45 years (from 1969 to 2013). Researches of the amount and the base of stratiform low clouds (Sc, St, Ns) have been conducted for four seasons. Wherein the statistics such as the average value (balls) and the frequency (%) for five ranges: 0, 1–3, 4–6, 7–9, 10 were used in the analysis of the amount of lower stratiform clouds and the averages (km) and repeatability (%) for six ranges of the base height: 0.05–0.2; 0.2–0.4; 0.4–0.8; 0.8–1.2; 1.2–1.6; 1.6–2.0 km, supplemented with the gradation “cloudiness” (0) were used in the analysis of the cloud base.

The work presents the results of the analysis of climatic changes of the lower stratiform clouds (Sc, St, Ns) over the territory of Siberia for the past 45 years (from 1969 to 2013), performed by the data of the 60 ground-based meteorological stations. The study of long-term changes of the amount and base height of low clouds were realized, using the curves of interannual variation, as well as linear trends and their intensity values.

Synoptic and mesoscale weather systems over ocean and seas are often accompanied by lightning activity, which intensity and spatial distribution is modulated by the dynamic structure of these weather systems. Lightning discharges are the sources of electromagnetic radiation in very low frequency range (VLF) and are registered by VLF direction finders. Using the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) the relations of characteristics of lightning fields in the North-Western Pacific Ocean with the characteristics of the fields of meteorological elements of weather formations, estimated by remote sensing data from satellites, are study through examples of tropical cyclones. The technique is illustrated allowing binding parameters of thunderstorm activity (frequency and intensity, spatial distribution of lightning) with the structure of weather systems over the oceans and seas, the intensity and shape of mesoscale structures in these systems, allocated to the fields of the vortex drive wind scatterometers and satellite images in the visible and infrared bands. On the example of separate tropical cyclones (TC) for 2012–2013, the relation of lightning discharge frequency and density in the area of influence of a TC with spatial distribution of driving ocean wind vortex is shown.

Long-term field measurements of GHG (methane and carbon dioxide) fluxes, at the “soil–atmosphere” interface using six static chambers and an automatic sampling and analysis system “Flux–NIES” from the six different plant associations of Vasyugan bog near Plotnikovo settlement (Tomsk region, 56°51.29' N, 82°50.91' E) during the warm period of 2015 have been presented. Soil temperature and underground water level as controlling factors to understand methane emission fluxes from soil to atmosphere through measurement period are discussed.

A study was made of the pollen particle sedimentation of the weeds of several species growing in Western Siberia. The percentage of individual grains and their agglomerates resulting from spraying was calculated. The sedimentation rate of aggllomerates, consisting of one to six pollen grains, was determined. The sedimentation rate of agglomerates was found to depend on the number of the pollen grains involved.

A method of an integrating sphere is used to study the optical characteristics of PETN containing 0.1% of aluminum inclusions with a particle size of ≈100 nm, depending on the concentration of inclusions and sample thickness. The study is carried out by using a stationary light source with a wavelength of 643 nm and a pulsed neodymium laser with a pulse duration of 14 ns. The extinction coefficients are calculated. It is concluded from the experimental results that light is absorbed by particles with the formation of “hot spots” while an increase in the path of photons in the matrix due to scattering at inclusions and an increase in the possibility of light absorption by the PETN matrix are secondary phenomena.

It is shown that a detonation wave is formed in needle-like pressed pellets of silver azide initiated by a neodymium laser pulse. The propagation velocity of the reaction was 3.65±0.12 km/s. Kinetic regularities of the initiation of detonation regimes of propagation of the explosive decomposition reaction were studied, and the spatial characteristics of the glow wave were determined: the width of the leading and rear edges of the wave at half-height were 100±18 and 112±15 mm, respectively.

The main features of detonation initiation in shielded thin layers of an explosive impacted by high-velocity metal shaped-charge jets are presented. It has been shown experimentally that the exclusion of the initial shock-wave stage of loading of the explosive by shielding the explosive layer by a compressible light material significantly reduces the initiating ability of the shaped-charge jet. The critical conditions of detonation initiation in thin layers of explosives placed between metal plates impacted by shaped-charge jets normally and at an angle of 30^o have been experimentally determined; maximum thicknesses of the shielding plates of different materials have been determined above which detonation in the explosive does not occur even upon exposure to the high-velocity head element of a shaped-charge jet.

Electrical conductivity of explosion products behind the detonation front of emulsion explosives is measured. The composition of the emulsion matrix and the amount of the additive consisting of sensitizing glass microspheres are varied. The peak value of electrical conductivity for the examined compositions is 0.5–0.05 W^–1 × cm^–1.

The present investigation examines the interaction of shock waves with closed cell aluminum foam samples in a conventional shock tube. The effect of the sample thickness on shock wave attenuation and/or enhancement and the use of the foam in the sandwich structure is studied. Results in terms of incident and reflected shock pressures are obtained, and the effectiveness of the samples with and without the foam is compared. It is demonstrated that the foam density and thickness, as well as the placement of cover plates of the same material in front of and behind the foam have the most significant effect on the reflected shock pressure. It is concluded that the closed cell aluminum metal foam can be effectively used as a sacrificial layer in blast protection of structures.

To study underwater explosions, a new type of an underwater pressure sensor using polyvinylidene fluoride as a sensing element is developed and well calibrated. The sensor is then applied in underwater explosion tests of RDX explosives with addition of aluminum in the fiber or powder form. The results show that the peak pressure of shock waves slightly decreases when aluminum is added to RDX, and the peak pressure of the fiber aluminum composite explosive is slightly inferior to that of the explosive containing the aluminum powder at the same measuring positions.

The effect of the liner material density and elongation on the shape of dual mode penetrators is studied by using the LS-DYNA software. Characteristics of liners made of five types of materials (aluminum, pure iron, copper, tantalum, and tungsten) under the same conditions of the liner volume or liner mass are compared. It is established that it is better to choose liner materials with good dynamic elongation and moderate density, such as pure iron and copper, to form good dual mode penetrators, namely, the explosively formed penetrator (EFP) and the jetting projectile charge (JPC). Characteristics of penetrators formed from aluminum, steel 20, and copper are considered. The simulation results are in good agreement with x-ray imaging experimental results.

The paper presents empirical and numerical models of characteristics of a crater emerged from a surface explosion of a small TNT charge on the soil. The proposed models can be useful for estimation of the explosive mass based on the crater characteristics. The models show satisfactory fitting with the experimental results and confirm the hypothesis that the crater characteristics depend on the explosive mass and contact area between the charge and the soil surface. Two equations for estimation of the explosive mass based on the crater volume are proposed.

The authors review water inrushes in mines as a consequence of spontaneous hydrofracture of surrounding rocks. In the developed hydrofracture model, the fracture grows under the pressure of underground water in the area of reduction in mining-induced stresses. The model includes two criteria of fracture growth-critical extension of rocks at the fracture tip and opening of fracture throughout the length. It is found that spontaneous hydrofracturing is conditioned by natural and induced stresses, hydrostatic pressure of underground water and by mining sequence.

The theoretical and experimental analyses involve influence of boundary conditions on failure of brittle geomaterial in the area of high stress concentration under nonequicomponent compression, considering scale factor. The critical stress values calculated based on integral and gradient criteria are compared with the experimental data.

Boundary value problems of rock mechanics include many variables that exercise complex influence on the problem solutions. The influence of some variables may be considerable while the other variables have minor effect. The nature of the variable-solution relationship becomes evident after conversion of a boundary value problem. The conversion and the analysis of the solution versus variable is as a rule carried out numerically, which raises questions on the solution accuracy and description of the influence of simultaneously changed variables on the solution. Currently there are known solutions to single-variable inverse subproblems. This article offers a new method for solving multi-variable inverse problems based on obtained exact solutions connecting boundary values of stresses and displacements and eliminating regularization.

The authors describe mathematical model for estimating stability of an extended pit wall. Dilatancy and internal friction angle are included. Based on a rigid-plastic body scheme, maximum permissible height of pit wall from the viewpoint of its safety is estimated. The article gives relations of the maximum permissible pit wall height, pit wall slope and rock mass properties.

Influence of a fracture and lamination in roof of an underground excavation on correlation characteristics of stationary continuous acoustic noise signal is studied by means of computer and physical modeling. It is shown that against conventional time-impulse method of roof rock structure diagnostics, the use of acoustic signal and the new method of log data processing enhances perceptibility and reliability of the analysis of roof rocks and their damage with fractures.

The authors have developed the analytical method for estimating ultimate compression strength and plotting normal stress-axial strain curves using experimentally obtained indexes of rock properties-ultimate shearing strength and coefficients of internal and external friction. The values of the listed properties are readily found in mine experiments. The method is advantageous for simple and efficient acquisition of source data for stress-strain plots and estimation of ultimate strength of rocks immediately in mines.

A procedure has been developed for estimation of elastic moduli and microhardness of elements composing heterogeneous materials, including coal and rocks. The procedure is based on the joint application of continuous nanoindentation and optical microscopy. The article gives an example of the procedure application in terms of two different coal samples.

The authors validate efficiency and safety of mining under possible gas-and-dynamic phenomena by directing natural energy of rocks to breakage and based on preliminary coal degassing and implementation of resource-saving and resource-reproducing geotechnologies. Relevant recommendations are given. In addition, the authors present a procedure to forecast and control geomechanical processes, considering formation and expansion of mined-out void in borehole mining.

The article gives a brief description of geology of Oleniy Ruchey deposit and the characteristic of current mining situation in Oleniy Ruchey Mine, Northwestern Phosphorus Company. The limitations of the current scheme used to open up the ore body with ore drawing via vertical blind skip-hoist shaft and conveyor tunnel are discussed. The new-developed rational schemes for opening-up and mining, taking into account stagewise commissioning of the Mine, are compared from the viewpoint of economic performance. The authors point out benefits of stagewise opening-up of Oleniy Ruchey ore body by inclined conveyor shafts.

The article gives geological characteristic of ore and enclosing rocks at Sekisovskoe gold deposit. The underground mining involves room-and-pillar and sublevel caving for medium thick ore bodies and shrinkage stoping for thin ore bodies. The use of the solidifying backfill technology is validated. Based on the laboratory research into rheological and strength properties of backfill mixtures, rational backfill compositions are proposed for the said deposit. The technical and economic estimation of backfilling scenarios in Sekisovsky Mine is made for: 1) preparation of backfill in a mixer-activator and gravity flow in pipeline; 2) backfill preparation in a concrete mixer and feed in mine via vertical holes and horizontal mine mixers. Efficient flowsheet is developed for backfill feed from the surface backfill plants. Selection of the rational backfill technology for Sekisovskoe deposit is described.

The authors analyze structural features of U-shaped hard mineral bodies and offer an approach to selecting scenarios of opening-up and sequence of mining at such deposits. It is validated to be efficient to use draglines for actual mining and overburden removal. The analytical method of finding reexcavation factor in dragline mining is proposed.

The author analyzes potential dumping on an inclined surface by small-capacity dump trucks. A mathematical model is developed for FEM analysis of stresses in a dump, using a proprietory method of dump stability estimation. Safe operation of dump trucks Kamatsu MOXY in such conditions is proved. The research findings are used in construction of conveyor hoist in Kachar open pit mine, Sokolov-Sarbai Mining Production Association.

The authors discuss approaches to engineering a directional drilling tool to be used in underground mining and construction. Justification is provided for operating principles of devices for deflection of drilling in a required direction. Experimental research of changing pneumatic drilling machine trajectory in soil is reported.

The article describes computer modeling of three options of pneumatic percussion unit in a circular impact machine. All options have similar construction diagrams and mechanical linkage parameters but different control of energy-carrier feed in a working chamber: valveless; with one or two circular elastic valves. The obtained data allow quantitative evaluation of operation of such systems given the accepted constraints for mechanical block.

Under analysis is interaction between 1-phenyl-2,3-dimethylaminopyrazolone-5 (AMD) and copper in solution and on the surface of chalcopyrite. It is found that AMD experiences chemical adsorption on the surface of chalcopyrite as a compound with copper. Effect exerted on adsorption of AMD agent on copper sulfide by ammonium rhodanate (NH₄CNS), introduced as an additional ligand, or its mixture with acetic acid is defined. Based on the analytical research and the analytical chemistry data, the type of adsorption on the surface of chalcopyrite is determined. The flotation tests on monomineral fraction of chalcopyrite and pyrite, and copper sulfide ore prove selectivity of AMD in separation of chalcopyrite and pyrite.

The authors discuss flotation of fahl ore. It is proved that tennantite should be separated into an individual copper product in order to enhance overall copper recovery and mitigate ecological impact by means of preventing arsenic volatilization under smelting. Single mineral fractions of pyrite, chalcopyrite, tennantite, secondary sulfides, sphalerite and quartz sampled in the Ural region, as well as the sample of copper-zinc ore containing fahl ore are examined. The research involves oxidation of copper sulfides and pyrite under grinding in different conditions. Concentration of oxygen and sulfur-bearing ions is under control. The differences in oxygen consumption, and in oxidation of pyrite, tennantite and other sulfides are used to develop the mode of separation of tennantite from other copper sulfides, sphalerite and pyrite. Based on the research findings, the authors recommend a flotation technology for copper-zinc pyritic ore with high content of tennantite with separation of tennantite and secondary copper sulfides in different flotation circuits at varied pH.

The article reports physical and physico-mechanical test data on interaction between modified thermomorphic polymers and gold- and platinum-bearing sulfides. It is found that the reagents interact selectively with the noble metals and are applicable as efficient flocculants.

The products of stepped calcination of pyrite-arsenopyrite concentrates contain ferric arsenate phases FeAsO₄, Fe₄As₂O₁₁, Fe₃(AsO₄)₂. The article reports the research data on leaching of calcines in alkaline medium including caustic soda and hydrogen peroxide used as an oxidizer. The experiments prove the efficiency of alkaline leaching with H₂O₂ for dissociation of gold associated with ferric arsenates (II) and (III) and for reduction of arsenic content from 1.2–1.4 to 0.006–0.15%. Preliminary leaching of calcinates enhances gold cyanidation yield from 91–92.9 to 97.3–97.9%.

Laboratory tests of relationship between kinetics of flotation of pure galena smaller than 38 µm in size and concentration of potassium butyl xanthate show that flotation rate undergoes considerable reduction when mineral grains are under 18 µm in size. Size grades below 18 µm show the slowest flotation rates that are nearly equal at the collector concentration of 0.5 mg/l. With the higher collector concentration, the flotation rate grows in all size grades under testing.

Series of experiments on seepage of water solutions of nickel and cobalt though an evaporation barrier in a porous low rock mass is described. Evaporation intensity shows tendency toward linear decrease with time due to change of the rock mass porosity as a consequence of salt precipitation in the subsurface aeration zone. It is possible to control evaporation intensity by redistributing vertical zonality of precipitate in the subsurface zone. The authors find mechanism of precipitated salt distribution in subsoil.

The authors present a new, more efficient decision on using information services for cloud computing in geomechanical and geodynamic safety control in seismically active areas. The offered approach is trialed in terms of analysis of seismicity data obtained in the Kemerovo Region between Jan 1, 2006 and Dec 31, 2009, using the method of plotting migration trajectories for a reduced center of seismic energy release, as well as for a spot with an area of 150 km ². The implementation of the developed services together with a cloud hosting enable cutting the time of seismic data processing algorithm.

The article gives specifications and design features of a new-generation portable digital geoacoustic instrument for local geomechanical control. Field application of the instrument in rockburst-hazardous conditions is described and its capacity of efficient express-estimation of deformation processes running in the periphery of a rock mass is illustrated.

The authors have developed a procedure and a test bench for studying evolution of various nature physical fields in modeling geomedium fracture by fluids. The test bench performs synchronous recording of macro- and micro-deformation, heat and acoustic emission induced in physical models of geomedium under loading to discontinuity. The experimental procedure has been trialed. The analysis of the synchronized test data allows a conclusion on the existence of time-space relationship between different nature physical fields induced during failure of solids.

The article describes engineering decisions on equipment for acquisition of data on microseismicity, that improve information content of microseismic monitoring of geodynamic processes in underground hard mineral mining.