D.A. Orsoev1, A.S. Mekhonoshin2, I.V. Gordienko1, R.A. Badmatsyrenova1, S.V. Kanakin1, A.V. Travin3,4,5, M.G. Volkova2
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:620:"1Geological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Sakh’yanovoi 6a, Ulan-Ude, 670047, Russia 2A.P. Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Favorskogo 1a, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia 3V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 4Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 5Tomsk State University, pr. Lenina 36, Tomsk, 634050, Russia";s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"html";}
Keywords: Upper Riphean, island-arc basic magmatism, layered intrusions, petrology, isotope dating
New data are presented on the geologic structure, age, petrogeochemical composition, and conditions of formation of the Late Proterozoic Meteshikha ultramafic-mafic pluton of the Ikat complex. Mafic rocks are the main rocks of the massif, whereas ultramafic rocks are secondary; both of them correspond to two intrusive phases. The first phase includes a layered rock series enriched in intercumulus amphibole, which varies in composition from olivine gabbro to leucocratic gabbro-anorthosite; the second is composed of wehrlite, plagiowehrlite, and olivine clinopyroxenite. Mineralogical, petrographic, geochemical, and isotope studies show that the rocks of both phases crystallized from the same mantle melt; note that the PT -conditions of their formation were considerably different. We suppose that they were separated in the intermediate chamber during fractional crystallization and the accumulation of early minerals (olivine and, probably, clinopyroxene) in the lower part of the chamber. Using the COMAGMAT software, we have found the composition of the parental melt for the rocks of the first phase - normal tholeiitic basalt with 0.2-0.5 wt.% water, which might have crystallized at 3.0-3.5 kbar and the oxygen activity controlled by the QFM buffer. The differentiated series is characterized by gradual depletion with Cr and Ni and enrichment with Sr, Ti, Cu, and REE during the evolution of melt. The REE patterns for the massif rocks have a similar low-fractionation trend with domination of light lanthanides over heavy ones and (La/Yb)
N = 1.25-2.75. Multielement spectra are characterized by negative anomalies of K, Th, Nb, and Zr and positive anomalies of Ba, U, Sm, and Sr. The geochemical characteristics of the rocks are similar to those of the tholeiitic basalts of present-day island arcs. Studies show that the Meteshikha massif formed in the subduction setting of the active margin of the Siberian continent in the Late Riphean (809 Ma).
S.N. Rudnev1, P.A. Serov2, V.Yu. Kiseleva1 1V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 2Geological Institute of the Kola Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Fersmana 14, Apatity, Murmansk Region, 184209, Russia
Keywords: Central Asian Fold Belt, Altai-Sayan folded area, Vendian-Early Paleozoic granitoid batholiths in Eastern Tuva, geochronology, geochemistry, isotope geochemistry
We summarize results of geological, geochronological, petrogeochemical, and isotope-geochemical (Sr-Nd) studies of Late Vendian-Early Paleozoic granitoid batholiths in Eastern Tuva (Kaa-Khem, East Tannu-Ola, Khamsara, etc.). Analysis of geochronological (U-Pb, Ar-Ar) data has shown that the Late Vendian-Early Paleozoic granitoids in Eastern Tuva formed in several stages in the time interval 562-450 Ma and at different geodynamic stages of the regional evolution: island-arc (562-518 Ma) and accretion-collision (500-450 Ma), with the latter stage characterized by more intense granitoid magmatism. Diorite-tonalite-plagiogranite associations with different petrogeochemical parameters are the most widespread in the region. Petrogeochemical studies of the Late Vendian-Early Paleozoic plagiogranitoid associations have revealed high- and low-alumina varieties reflecting different conditions of formation of parental melts. At the island-arc stage of the regional evolution, only low-alumina plagiogranites of tholeiitic ( M -type) and calc-alkalic ( I -type) series formed. Their parental melts were generated at 3-8 kbar through the partial melting of N-MORB-type metabasalts in equilibrium with amphibole restite. Isotope-geochemical studies have shown positive e
Nd values (6.9-6.3) and low Sr isotope ratios ((
87Sr/
86Sr)
0 = 0.7034-0.7046). The lower (as compared with the depleted mantle) e
Nd values and specific petrogeochemical composition (positive Nb-Ta and negative Ti anomalies) of the plagiogranites reflect the subduction nature of metabasic substratum and the subordinate role of ancient crustal material. At the accretion-collision stage of the regional evolution, high- and low-alumina plagiogranitoids of calc-alkalic series (I-type) formed. The high-alumina plagiogranitoids are products of melting of N-MORB-type metabasalts in equilibrium with garnet restite at ³15 kbar in the lower part of the collisional structures, and the low-alumina ones formed through the melting of metabasites in equilibrium with amphibole restite at ≤8 kbar in the upper part of the same structures. The Sr-Nd isotope data for the high- and low-alumina plagiogranitoids generated at the accretion-collision stage show that the rejuvenation of rocks is accompanied by the decrease in e
Nd (from 6.2 to 3.4) and the increase in their model Nd age T
Nd(DM) (from 0.73 to 0.92 Ga) and (
87Sr/
86Sr)0 (0.7036-0.7048). This points to the essentially metabasic composition of the parental substratum, as in the case of the island-arc plagiogranitoids, and the progressive supply of ancient crustal material to the magma chamber.
E.V. Deev1,2, I.D. Zolnikov3,2, E.Yu. Lobova1,2 1A.A. Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 3V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: Seismites, earthquakes, Quaternary deposits, Yaloman graben, Gorny Altai
Palaeoseismological studies were performed within the Yaloman graben (Gorny Altai). Five Quaternary sections with coseismic deformation structures (seismites) have been recognized in the lower coarse of the Malyi Yaloman River. Traces of ancient earthquakes are localized at two levels (Late Pleistocene-Holocene). The most likely mechanisms of the seismite formation are brittle failure, liquefaction, and fluidization. The types of coseismic deformations and their sizes suggest that the Yaloman graben was the locus of prehistoric earthquakes with M ≥ 5-7, although modern-day seismic activity consists of smaller-magnitude earthquakes. This should be taken into account in assessing the seismic hazards during construction of gas pipeline to China and tourism infrastructure facilities.
I.V. Ptashnik, T.E. Klimeshina, T.M. Petrova, A.A. Solodov, A.M. Solodov
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634021, Russia
Keywords: континуальное поглощение, водяной пар, полосы поглощения ближнего ИК, continuum absorption, water vapour, near-IR absorption bands
Subsection: SPECTROSCOPY OF AMBIENT MEDIUM
High-resolution Fourier transform spectroscopy laboratory measurements of pure water vapour absorption are performed at temperatures from -9 to 15°С in the near-IR spectral region. As the result the water vapour continuum absorption is retrieved within 1600 (6.25 μm) and 3600 cm
-1 (2.7 μm) absorption bands. Spectral features of the continuum retrieved at 15°С are in good agreement with known data. It is shown that different spectral peaks of the continuum have different temperature dependencies.
Yu.G. Borkov1, Yu.M. Klimachev2, O.N. Sulakshina1 1V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634021, Russia 2P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, 53 Leninskij Prospekt, 119991, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: зеемановское расщепление, колебательно-вращательная спектроскопия, окись азота, лазерный магнитный резонанс, СО-лазер, Zeeman splitting, vibrational-rotational spectroscopy, nitric oxide, laser magnetic resonance, CO laser
Subsection: SPECTROSCOPY OF AMBIENT MEDIUM
This paper presents an overview of the experimental and theoretical results, which were obtained from the study the dependence of Zeeman splitting in the vibrational-rotational lines of 0-1 band of the absorption spectrum of nitric oxide molecule on the magnetic field. The experiments were performed in the laboratory of gas lasers at P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Science. To record the spectrum the method of laser magnetic resonance (LMR) with using continuous wave frequency-tunable CO laser has been applied. Theoretical analysis of LMR spectrograms was carried out in the laboratory of theoretical spectroscopy at V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, numerical model was developed. This model is based on the construction of the total effective Hamiltonian of the molecule including the interaction with an external magnetic field. The application of this model allowed us to simulate LMR spectra for given conditions and to describe the nonlinear dependence of the splitting of ro-vibrational energy levels on the magnetic field. The comparison of calculated and experimental LMR spectrograms demonstrated that the numerical model adequately reproduces the location of absorption peaks measured in a damped oscillating magnetic field.
D.A. Pestunov1,2, V.M. Domysheva3, V.G. Ivanov3, A.M. Shamrin1, M.V. Panchenko1 1V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634021, Russia 2National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russia 3Limnological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, 3, Ulan-Batorskaya str., 664033, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: углекислый газ, метан, газообмен, система «атмосфера-вода», эквилибратор, картирование, озеро Байкал, carbon dioxide, methane, gas exchange, air-fresh water, equilibrator, mapping, Lake Baikal
This paper is aimed at analyzing the spatial distribution of carbon dioxide and methane concentrations in the atmosphere and in the surface water of Lake Baikal. Investigation of interaction processes between air and fresh water is of special importance for the unique lake ecosystem since the gas exchange is governed predominantly by aquatic biota on the one hand, and it has a significant impact on biota activity on the other hand. In recent years we have significantly improved our capabilities when measuring CO2 and CH4 partial pressures in the surface water along the research vessel route by means of designing a unique mobile station. This made it possible to extend significantly our scope of research and to pioneer carrying out simultaneous measurements of the flux direction of carbon dioxide and methane in the waters of Lake Baikal. Analysis of the flux distribution data showed that during spring campaign 2013 fluxes were characterized by the predominant sink of carbon dioxide into the lake surface, and vice versa, we observed a release of methane into the atmosphere during the whole route of research vessel.
A.M. Zvyagintsev1, P.N. Vargin1, S. Peshin2 1Central Aerological Observatory, ul. Pervomayskaya, 3, Dolgoprudnyiy g., Mosk. Obl., 141700, Russia 2Center for Monitoring and Environmental Research, India Meteorological Department, New Delhi, 110003, India
Keywords: общее содержание озона, изменения озонового слоя, тренд озона, циркуляция стратосферы, метод множественной регрессии, total ozone content, ozone layer changes, ozone trend, circulation of atmosphere, multiple regression analysis
Long-term variability and trends of total ozone content (TOC) over the period 1979-2014 are analyzed using monthly mean total ozone ERA-Interim reanalysis data and TOMS/SBUV/OMI satellite data. Influence of Arctic and Antarctic oscillation (AO and AAO), quasi-biennial oscillation of zonal wind in tropical stratosphere (QBO), El-Nino Southern oscillation (ENSO), poleward heat fluxes (HF), solar activity (SA), equivalent effective chlorine loading (EESC), and volcanic aerosol (VA) in stratosphere on the variability of global mean and averaged over different latitudinal belts TOC was investigated. Our results show that the variability of global TOC may be satisfactory described by EESC and SA. The inclusion in the regression of QBO, AO, AAO, HF, ENSO and VA is necessary to describe TOC variability in certain latitudinal belts more accurately.
Using the results of measurements of the mass concentration of the near-surface aerosol at Zvenigorod Scientific Station of the A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmosphere Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, the analysis of variations in the aerosol concentration with periods of more than 1 month is done. It is shown that the variations can be associated with the periodicities in the recurrences of trajectories of atmospheric transport from certain directions. Cases are considered when long-period variations of aerosol concentration are due to episodes of enhanced or reduced concentrations resulted from aerosol advection from appropriate directions. It is found in particular that the 1.5-month variations of the mass aerosol concentration in 1995 were due to the 1.5-month recurrence of the concentration maxima caused by transport from the south-east direction. The three-month periodicity of transport episodes from Baltic and North Atlantic in 2004 manifests itself through the 3-month recurrence of the aerosol concentration minima. A statistical relation of the near-surface aerosol concentration to dynamics of the Arctic upper troposphere is revealed.
A significant amount of satellite and ground data of the CO, CO2, CH4 total content in the atmosphere in 2010−2013 was collected, organized and analyzed. Transition relations between satellite and ground-based data on the content of impurities investigated in different measuring points (stations NDACC/GAW, as well as the OIAP RAS stations) with different spatial and temporal resolutions has been obtained. High correlation of diurnal satellite CO contents, products of AIRS v6 (R2 = 0.48-0.96), IASI MetOp-A (R2 = 0.25-0.86) and MOPITT v6 Joint (R2 = 0.30−0.83), averaging 1° x 1°, with the ground data of solar spectrometers was established for background conditions. In the case of high pollution of the mixing layer, a significant underestimation of CO total content (from 1.7 to 4.7 times, depending on the sensor, and the spatial point of observation) was seen. Representative transition relations and correlation coefficients (R2 ≥ 0.5) between the average daily data on CH4 and ground data diffraction spectrometers IAP RAS and Fourier spectrometers of GAW stations were obtained only for sensor AIRS. The best correlation with ground data on CO2 (R2 = 0.25 for diurnal values, averaging 1° x 1°) was obtained for the sensor IASI. Diurnal CH4 total contents of sensor IASI MetOp-A poorly correlated with ground-based data as well as AIRS data.
N.G. Voronetskaya1, G.S. Pevneva1, A.K. Golovko1, A.S. Kozlov2, M.Yu. Arschinov3, B.D. Belan3, D.V. Simonenkov3, G.N. Tolmachev3 1Institute of Petroleum Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, 3, Academichesky ave., Tomsk, 634021, Russia 2V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, 3 Institutskaya str., 3, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia 3V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634021, Russia
Keywords: атмосферный аэрозоль, состав, углеводороды, н-алканы, atmospheric aerosol, composition, hydrocarbons, n-alkanes
In work, the composition of alkanes of a linear structure in tests of the atmospheric aerosols, which are selected from a board of the Tu−134 Optic airborne-laboratory in the free atmosphere (500−8500 m) and in the ground layer of air (2 m) near JR-STATION project towers is investigated. It is shown that a homological number of n−alkanes of aerosol tests which are selected from a plane laboratory board, make compounds of 12−28 atoms of carbon, and tests, which are selected in the ground layer — compounds of 14−30 atoms of carbon in a molecule.
A.V. Konoshonkin1,2, N.V. Kustova2, V.A. Osipov1,2, A.G. Borovoi1,2, K. Masuda3, H. Ishimoto3, H. Okamoto4 1National Research Tomsk State University, 36, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050,Russia 2V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634021, Russia 3Meteorological Research Institute, Nagamine 1-1, Tsukuba 305-0052, Japan 4Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
Keywords: физическая оптика, алгоритм трассировки пучков, рассеяние света, ледяные кристаллы, FDTD, physical optics approximation, beam-splitting technique, light scattering, ice crystals, FDTD
The formulation of the physical optics approximation based on Maxwell's equations has been considered. The equivalence of various definitions of physical optics approximation has been shown. A detailed comparison of the three diffraction formulas corresponding to
E -,
M - and (
E ,
M )-theories of diffraction has been provided. It was found that in the case of diffraction on a hole in the flat screen, all three formulas give the same diffraction scattering cross section for the diffraction angles up to 60°. The polarizing elements of the Mueller matrix in this case diverge significantly even for the angles of 15-30°. It is also shown that in the case of diffraction on the tilted screen, the difference between
E -,
M - and (
E ,
M )-theories of diffraction may be significant. So when the screen is tilted about 80° E , M diffraction theory can be applied only to very small diffraction angle. The comparison of the results with the exact solution obtained by FDTD has confirmed that the difference between
E ,
M - and (
E ,
M ) diffraction theories is not significant for the case of diffraction on the flat screen, but it is preferable to use the (
E ,
M ) diffraction theory for calculations.
P.A. Konyaev1, A.V. Borovik2, A.A. Zhdanov2 1V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634021, Russia 2Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, 664033, Irkutsk, 126a, Lermontova str
Keywords: солнечная хромосфера, внепятенные вспышки, световые кривые, solar chromosphere, off-spot-flashes, light curves
A methodology and algorithms for measuring the light curves of spotless solar flares is proposed for study the chromospheres activity in H-alpha line. Software for a hardware system of the Baikal astrophysical observatory is developed for computer analysis of flares development using digital images of solar chromosphere.
M.V. Trigub1,2, K.V. Fedorov1,2, G.S. Evtushenko2 1V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634021, Russia 2National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
Keywords: лазерный монитор, визуализация объектов, лазеры на парах металлов, активные оптические системы, laser monitor, objects visuazation, metal vapor lasers, active optical system
In this paper, the feasibility of monitoring the objects located at a distance (up to 5 m) from a brightness amplifier in a monostatic laser monitor is demonstrated. The experimental study of the dependence of the quality of the obtained images on the distance between the object and the brightness amplifier is presented. It is shown that the time delay between the initial moment of the ASE pulse and the moment when the input signal is brought to the input of the brightness amplifier significantly specifies the image contrast at its output. A scheme that allows us to obtain high image contrast of objects located at a distance from the brightness amplifier is proposed.
E.Kh. Baksht, A.G. Burachenko, V.F. Tarasenko
High Current Electronics Institute of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, 634055, Tomsk, 4, Academichesky ave. HCEI SB RAS
Keywords: субнаносекундный пробой воздуха, азота и аргона в неоднородном электрическом поле, пучок убегающих электронов, зависимости параметров пучка электронов от давления газов, subnanosecond breakdown of air, nitrogen and argon in non-uniform electric field, beam of runaway electrons, electron beam parameters by pressure of gases
Subsection: OPTICAL SOURCES AND RECEIVERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
The influence of pressure of air, nitrogen, and argon on generation of runaway electron beams in non-uniform electric field is studied. Obtained data on parameters of runaway electrons beam at pressures corresponding to the heights higher 20 km above the ocean in the Earth's atmosphere.
A.I. Fedorov, D.V. Shiyanov
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634021, Russia
Keywords: CuBr-лазер, режим сдвоенных импульсов накачки, энергия излучения, удельная энергия диссоциирующего и возбуждающего импульсов накачки, CuBr laser, double pulsed mode, output energy, dissociation and excitation energy density
Subsection: OPTICAL SOURCES AND RECEIVERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Investigation and optimization of radiation parameters of the double-pulsed CuBr laser with a small active volume with repetition rate of 5 to 100 Hz were made. The possibility of increasing the average output power of CuBr laser by optimizing the specific energy of the dissociation and excitation pulses and their time delay between them is shown. Maximum average output power were received at a pulse repetition frequency 100 Hz and delay time 125 ms. However, high energy radiation are achieved at low frequencies. The laser energy was 0.42 mJ with a pulse duration of 30 ns FWHM when dissociating and exciting energy density was 12 and 6 mJ/cm
3, respectively.
B. F. Boyarshinov
Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
Keywords: mass transfer, flame blow-off, laminar--turbulent transition, combustion, boundary layer
Pages: 401–408
Mass transfer in the boundary layer on the surface behind a rib and a backward-facing step during combustion of evaporating ethanol on the horizontal top and bottom walls of the channel is studied. It is shown that there are two values of the air flow velocity at which flame blow-off occurs for each configuration. For a backward-facing step 3 mm high, two critical combustion modes are observed near the boundaries of the laminar-turbulent transition region. For a rib and for a backward-facing step, flame blow-off may occur at a low velocity of the air flow »6 m/s) if the flow regime approaches or deviates from the laminar mass transfer mode. At elevated velocities of the air flow (»19 m/s in experiments with a backward-facing step), flame blow-off is induced by the change from the transitional to turbulent mass transfer mechanism.
G. V. Kuznetsov1, V. V. Salomatov2, S. V. Syrodoy1 1Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 6340050 Russia 2Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
Keywords: hydrocarbon fuel, ignition, vaporization, thermal decomposition, filtration, volatiles, ignition delay
Pages: 409–415
The problem of particle ignition of coal-water fuel has been solved. The simultaneous processes of water vaporization and thermal decomposition of the solid fuel are taken into account. The conditions and characteristics of particle ignition of coal-water fuel under typical furnace conditions were determined by numerical simulation. The obtained values of the ignition delay time are in good agreement with published experimental data.
S. K. Birwa, D. P. Mishra
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 208016 India
Keywords: kerosene, spray combustion, design of experiments, momentum flux ratio, pressure swirl atomizer
Pages: 416–423
An experimental investigation of the structure of a kerosene-based Jet A1 unconfined flame is conducted for different fuel flow rates and momentum flux ratios (MFRs). A pressure swirl atomizer is used to atomize the fuel jet. It is found that the flame height increases with increasing MFR for a fixed fuel flow rate. However, the flame height first decreased and then increased with increasing fuel flow rate for a fixed MFR. A correlation of the flame height with the power level and MFR is developed in a dimensionless form by using the response surface optimal design method. Variations in the lean blowout limit with the fuel flow rate are also studied. The lean blowout limit first increases to a peak value and then subsequently decreases, in agreement with the behavior of the flame height at the lean blowout limit. A blue region at the top of the flame is observed for high fuel flow rates. The flame characteristics obtained in the study are explained with the help of the spray characteristics of the kerosene fuel.
M. T. Parra-Santos1, V. Mendoza-García2, R. Szasz3, A. N. Gutkowski4, F. Castro-Ruiz1 1University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain 2University of Tarapacá 3Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden 4Lodz University of Technology, 90924 Lodz, Poland
Keywords: reactive flow, recirculation zone, CFD, swirling flows, stretched flames
Pages: 424–430
The present work focuses on the numerical simulation of diffusive flames in a confined high-swirl burner. Navier-Stokes equations expressed for a time-dependent, compressible, and three-dimensional flow with finite-rate kinetics are solved for lean methane/air mixtures. A simplified mechanism is used to model the combustion. Non-reactive and reactive cases are contrasted for a swirl number of 0.95. Three flames for swirl numbers of 0, 0.6, and 0.95 are analyzed. In swirling flows, the inner recirculation zone is mainly composed of reaction products, which help in ignition of the incoming fuel. Moreover, the forward stagnation point plays an important role, leading to an azimuthal deflection of the flame front.
D. A. Tropin, A. V. Fedorov
Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
Keywords: silane-hydrogen-air mixture, ignition delay time, detailed chemical kinetics, mathematical modeling
Pages: 431–438
A model of nonequilibrium gas dynamics is proposed to describe ignition and combustion of a mixture of silane, hydrogen, oxygen, and an inert gas (nitrogen or argon). The model is based on detailed chemical kinetics of nonequilibrium chemical reactions. The model adequately describes the behavior of experimental data on the ignition delay time for this mixture versus the temperature behind the reflected shock wave in accordance with three criteria of ignition. The detonation wave velocity and equilibrium parameters of the mixture (pressure and temperature) are calculated as functions of the fuel-oxidizer equivalence ratio. Based on the dependences of the ignition delay time on the temperature behind the reflected shock wave calculated by this model, an approximation formula for the silane-oxygen-nitrogen/argon is derived.
V. I. Yukhvid, P. A. Miloserdov, N. V. Sachkova, V. A. Gorshkov
Institute of Structural Macrokinetics and Materials Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
Keywords: combustion, SHS, auto-wave synthesis, parallel reactions, thermite mixtures, refractory oxides
Pages: 439–443
The combustion and chemical transformation of a Fe2O3/Al/Zr mixture has been studied. From the results of thermodynamic calculations and experiments, it has been found that the ratio of Al and Zr affects the phenomenology and features of the combustion and the composition of cast combustion products. The range of obtaining oxide materials (Al2O3 and ZrO2) is determined. A qualitative model for the combustion of thermite systems with two parallel reactions is proposed.
N. I. Poletaev
Mechnikov Institute of Combustion and Nonconventional Technologies of Odessa National University, Odessa, 65082 Ukraine
Keywords: metal dust flames, coagulation kinetics, thermal ionization of flame, ionized additives, nanoparticles of metal oxides
Pages: 444–456
The coagulation dynamics of condensed products of vapor-phase or gas-phase combustion of gas mixtures of microdispersed metal particles in dust laminar flame considered taking into account the ionization of the combustion zone due to additives of electronegative and electropositive atoms and due to thermionic emission. The influence of the degree of ionization of a monodisperse coagulating aerosol and the charge of the particles on the coagulation rate constant is studied. It is shown that the rate of coagulation of the aerosol is most significantly affected by the Coulomb interaction of like-charged condensed-phase particles, which, under certain conditions, leads to an early stop of this stage in the condensation of combustion products. Ionization of the coagulating particles gives rise to a dependence of the size of primary particles of combustion products on the environmental parameters affecting their electric charge, and can be used for targeted control of the degree of dispersion of the combustion products.
B. Sh. Braverman, O. K. Lepakova, Yu. M. Maksimov, Yu. V. Tsybul'nik, V. D. Kitler
Department of Structural Macrokinetics, Tomsk Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634021 Russia
Keywords: self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, forced filtration, nitrides, MAX-phases
Pages: 457–461
It has been shown that Ti-Al-N ternary compounds, belonging to MAX phases (ceramic materials that can be processed as metals) can be produced by combustion of a granular powder of T65Yu35 (TiAl) alloy in nitrogen flow at a pressure close to atmospheric pressure. Combustion is accompanied by transfer of part of the aluminum through the gas phase. The propagation velocity of the combustion zone and the maximum temperature increase with increasing flow rate.
G. B. Manelis, V. V. Zakharov, G. N. Nechiporenko, V. A. Strunin, A. V. Raevskii, V. V. Yakovlev
Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
Keywords: hydrazine borane, combustion, kinetics
Pages: 462–466
Burning rates of hydrazine borane at a pressure of 20-100 atm have been measured. Spectroscopic and electron microscopic studies have demonstrated that the condensed combustion product is a fine powder of boron nitride. Thermal decomposition of hydrazine borane has been studied. The obtained kinetic data and physicochemical properties of the materials and the foam combustion model have been used to calculate the pressure dependence of the burning rate of hydrazine borane, which agrees with the experimental one. The obtained degree of conversion of the material to boron nitride indicates the possibility of using hydrazine borane and similar compounds in high-performance systems.
N. A. Kochetov, S. G. Vadchenko
Institute of Structural Macrokinetics and Material Science Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
Keywords: SHS, mechanical activation, combustion mechanism, burning rate, convective-conductive model of combustion
Pages: 467–471
The effect of the activation time of the Ti + 2B mixture on the burning rate of cylindrical samples and thin foils is studied. For cylindrical samples, combustion of samples activated in argon is compared with combustion of samples activated in air. The burning rates are almost identical in these two cases. It is demonstrated that the burning rate of cylindrical samples continuously increases with increasing activation time. The burning rate of thin foils remains almost unchanged as the activation time increases up to 4 min and then drastically increases and reaches a value twice greater than the burning rate of cylindrical samples. For the titanium and boron powders used in this study, the time needed to reach the maximum burning rate is 7 min in the case of activation in air and 5 min in the case of activation in argon; if the activation time is longer, then the product of combustion is formed. The features of combustion observed in this study can be explained from the viewpoint of convective-conductive model of combustion wave propagation.
B. P. Aduev, D. R. Nurmukhametov, A. A. Zvekov, I. Yu. Liskov
Institute of Coal Chemistry and Chemical Materials Science, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, 650000 Russia
Keywords: laser, PETN, nanoparticles, extinction coefficient
Pages: 472–475
We investigated the probability of explosion of tetranitropentaerythrite (ρ = 1.73 g/cm3) containing 0.1% (by weight) ultrafine nickel particles of size 270-300 and 140-175 nm at the distribution maxima depending on the energy density of the initiating laser pulse (1064 nm, 14 ns). In the first case, the critical energy density corresponding to a 50% the probability of explosion was 1.4 J/cm2, and in the second case, 0.7 J/cm2. Dependences of the light absorption cross section and the absorption coefficient on the inclusions particle size were calculated using the microhotspot theory of laser ignition. The calculation results are consistent with the microhotspot model of the initiation of thermal explosion.
A. V. Utkin1,2, V. M. Mochalova1,2, S. I. Torunov1, S. A. Koldunov1 1Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia 2Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050 Russia
Keywords: detonation, instability of detonation front, waves of reaction failure, pulsations of detonation front, nitromethane, FEFO, nitromethane/diethylenetriamine mixture
Pages: 476–481
The stability of detonation waves in nitromethane and FEFO was studied in experiments using a VISAR laser interferometer and an SFR high-speed photorecorder. It is shown that the relationship between various types of instability of the detonation front in liquid explosives is not strictly deterministic. Waves of reaction failure exist in the case of a stable detonation front (no cellular structure) and are absent in the case of an unstable detonation front.
S. D. Gilev, V. S. Prokop'ev
Lavrent'ev Institute of Hydrodynamics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
Keywords: tin, phase transition, shock compression, electrical resistance, melting
Pages: 482–487
The normalized electrical resistance R/R0 of tin for different pressures of shock compression p is measured. The resultant dependence R/R0(p) differs significantly from the known dependences for static and quasi-isentropic compression and demonstrates the growth of the electrical resistance with increasing pressure. The dependence has an inflection testifying to a phase transition. The inflection corresponds to pressures of 4.7-5.3 GPa in the dielectric embracing a thin sample and to pressures of 8.4-9.6 GPa in the first shock wave. The latter parameters qualitatively agree with the characteristics of the phase transition β-n → γ-n. The first shock wave in tin determines the final electrical resistance of the sample after wave reverberation. The experimental data obtained in this study are indicative of the kinetic behavior of the electrical resistance in the transition β-n → γ-n, which is accompanied by generation of crystalline structure defects with a characteristic time greater than 1 μs. A drastic increase in the electrical resistance of the sample in the expansion wave is observed. This increase is attributed to tin melting.
B. Xue, H.-H. Ma, Z.-W. She
Modern Mechanics Department, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
Keywords: titanium hydride, RDX, composite explosives, air explosion, particle size
Pages: 488–494
An explosive mixture of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) and titanium hydride (TiH2) is introduced. To investigate the explosion characteristics of the composite explosive, charges with various contents of the TiH2 powder are prepared and tested in air explosion experiments. Results show that the peak overpressure, positive duration, and positive specific impulse increase as the content of TiH2 increases from 10 to 20%, as compared to passivated RDX. The peak overpressure, duration, and specific impulse have the largest increase of 6, 9, and 23%, respectively, as compared to passivated RDX, when the TiH2 content is 20%. The effect of the TiH2 particle size is also considered. The charge containing the TiH2 powder with a mean particle size of 4.6 mm shows higher values of the three parameters than that containing 45-mm TiH2 particles under the condition of the same content of TiH2. However, the relationship between the detonation velocity and TiH2 content is a linear inverse proportion, and the particle size of TiH2 has a minor effect on it. Solid explosion products of the TiH2/RDX composite explosive are analyzed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). TiO2 is found in explosion products, which is believed to form due to TiH2 oxidation.
H. Yan, T. Zhao, X. Li, Ch. Hun
State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
Keywords: gaseous detonation, carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles, detonation tube, hydrogen, air
Pages: 495–501
With ferrocene as a precursor, carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles are synthesized through detonation of a gas mixture of hydrogen and air in a titanium detonation tube. XRD and TEM characterization shows that a downward trend in the size of particles can be observed with increasing amounts of the precursor. However, no further decrease occurs when the size of nanoparticles reaches approximately ≈40 nm, after which they remain in the range of 30−50nm. The initial temperature of the detonation tube at 353 K is the optimal initial temperature for the synthesis. The average grain size of the synthesized products becomes larger as the temperature of detonation increases.
Z. Zhang, L. Sun, X. Yao, X. Cao
College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, 150001 Harbin, China
Keywords: damage characteristics, contact underwater explosion, cylindrical shell, SPH method, water interlayer
Pages: 502–508
In this paper, a modified smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) formula is deduced to solve the problem of interfaces with a high density ratio. Simplified SPH models for single and double cylindrical shells (abbreviated as single-hull and double-hull models, respectively) are established to study shock wave propagation and to conduct the damage analysis. The SPH results for the single-hull model are verified by AUTODYN. In addition, the damage analysis indicates that the single-hull model is damaged more severely than the double-hull model. The inner shell in the double-hull model is protected by a water interlayer.
D. I. Nazimova1, M. E. Konovalova1, D. M. Danilina1, E. I. Ponomarev1, N. Yu. Stashkevich1, S. D. Baboy2 1V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Akademgorodok, 50/28, Krasnoyarsk, 660036 Russian Federation 2Branch of the Russian Centre for Forest Protection Centre for Forest Protection of Krasnoyarsk Territory, Akademgorodok, 50a/2, Krasnoyarsk, 660036 Russian Federation
Keywords: барьерно-дождевые ландшафты, высотно-поясные комплексы, горные пихтово-кедровые леса, фитоценотическая структура, сукцессии, возобновление, barrier-rain landscapes, altitudinal-zonal complexes, fir- and Siberian stone pine mountain forests, phytocenotic structure, successions, regeneration, Western Sayan Mountains, Southern Siberia
The Ermakovsky territory research station (53°17´-52°28´ N, 92°49´-93°20´ E) has served as a long-term site for studies of mountain forest ecosystem structure and its dynamics during the last 50 years. The most interesting results of study in 2000-2014 are presented in the paper concerning biodiversity and forest succession in primary and secondary forest types forming the chern forest formation with Siberian pine (
Pinus sibirica Du Tour) and Siberian fir (
Abies sibirica L.). The data of remote sensing confirm differentiation of landscapes into altitudinal belt complexes (ABC) that are characteristic for windward macroslopes of the West and East Sayans: Scotch pine-Birch-Aspen subtaiga (
Pinus sylvestris L.,
Betula pendula Roth.,
Populus tremula L.), chern forest with (
Pinus sibirica and
Abies sibirica), mountain Siberian fir (
Abies sibirica) taiga within perhumid climate, subalpine open woodlands with (
Pinus sibirica and
Abies sibirica). They were singled out earlier with traditional methods. Position of the mountain polygon-transect (study area) in the system of natural zonation of Altai-Sayan ecoregion and its belonging to barrier-rain mountain landscapes of South Siberia are defined more exactly with help of forest inventory and remote sensing data. Initial phases of forest successions by the above mentioned four ABCs are considered with special attention to regeneration of
Pinus sibirica. In contrast to
Abies sibirica it remains weak or absent for more than 50 years. It shows unstable positions of Siberian pine in all ABCs due to high general humidity and well developed herb layers. For chern ABC, the dynamics of primary and secondary stands structure are researched on a number of representative plots with the use of tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer 1:100 mapping three times in a 45 year period. It is shown that species number and composition remain stable on permanent plots whereas synuzial diversity and the share of their participation in herb layer vary significantly and influence location of regeneration. The features of coniferous ecosystems with
Pinus sibirica and
Abies sibirica referred to chern forests correspond to the status of preserved objects due to their unique and virgin character. A number of
Pinus sibirica genetic reserves (permanent plots) are located in the chern ABC.
A. V. Benkova, D. A. Mashukov, V. E. Benkova, A. S. Prokushkin, A. V. Shashkin
V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Akademgorodok, 50/28, Krasnoyarsk, 660036 Russian Federation
Keywords: радиальный прирост, климатические факторы, поток солнечной радиации, мохово-лишайниковый покров, термические почвенные условия, Центральная Эвенкия, Средняя Сибирь, radial increment, climate factors, solar radiation, moss-lichen cover, thermal soil properties, Central Evenkia, Central Siberia
This paper is devoted to revealing the distinctive characteristics of radial growth of larch trees (
Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr.) growing in permafrost contrast conditions of the north and south facing slopes (Central Siberia, 64°19´23˝ N, 100°13´28˝ E). Even-aged larch stems regenerated after strong fire in 1899 in opposite north and south facing slopes of the hills situated on the banks of Kulingdakan stream were under study. Two sample sites at the middle part of the slopes were established. 23 model trees in the north facing slope and 13 ones in the south-facing slope were selected for dendrochronological analysis. From each tree, disks at 1.3 m height of the stems were taken. Tree ring widths were measured, comparative analysis of dynamics of radial growth in the slopes was made. In order to separate time intervals, characterized by distinctive climate impact on radial increment, sliding response functions were calculated and analyzed. Daily solar radiation for both sample sites was calculated. The results showed that solar radiation in the north-facing slope is 20 % less than that in south-facing slope. Solar radiation regime promotes intensive thickening of moss-lichen cover, so that its thickness to 2009 was nearly two times thicker than in south-facing slope. Both factors affected the worth thermal soil growth conditions in the north facing slope. The latter was responsible for narrower ring widths formation in the stems and governed higher sensitivity of the trees to air temperature in the periods of cambium reactivation, start and intensive growth.
V. G. Storozhenko
Institute of Forest Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Uspenskoe Village, Odinscovsky District, Moscow Oblast, 143030 Russian Federation
Keywords: коренные сосновые леса, возрастные поколения, дереворазрушающие грибы, величины пораженности древостоев, indigenous pine forests, age generations, wood-destroying fungi, volumes of affection
The author considered age structures of virgin indigenous pine forests of natural origin as well as plantations in the subzones of taiga, zones of mixed forests, deciduous forests and forest-steppe of the Russian plain. Native pine forests are heterogeneous by their structural characteristics. This heterogeneity is caused by high demands of the species to understory light requirements as well as by frequent pyrogenic influence that determine the age structure of stand forests. Virgin pine forests have up to 14 age generations and from 5 to 20 % of stand trees affected by fungi of biotrophic complex. That has a direct connection with their dynamic status. In the pine forests of digressive dynamic faze, where the initial age generations accommodate the major biomass amount, this volume may grow up to 50 %. Pine species planted discounting regularities of formation of stable forest communities are subject to spotty attacks by fungi of biotrophic complex. A species composition of wood-destroying fungi of biotrophic complex causing rot defects of pines in the entire longitudinal gradient of pine distribution within the Russian Plain stays virtually unchanged. Significant changes can be noted only in the occurrence of certain types of wood destroying fungi. The main types of wood biotrophic fungi include:
Climacocystis borealis (Fr.) Kotl. et Pouzar,
Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref.,
Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.) Pat.;
Porodaedalea chrysoloma (Fr.) Fiasson et Niemelä;
Phellinus pini (Thore: Fr.) A. Ames [=
Porodaedalea pini (Brot.: Fr.) Murrill]. In the uneven-aged pine forests of natural origin, mottled butt rot does not form drying out spots and exists in the stands as an ordinary component of the total biotrophic defeat. Wood-destroying fungi of biotrophic complex are evolutionary determined as one of the endogenic mechanisms of destruction of unstable forest structures and formation of stable ones. The author also evaluated the volumes of biotrophic complex’ wood-destroying fungal attack and described the features of mottled but rot (
Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref.) affection in the pine forests.
M. Undraa1, K. Kawada2, Ch. Dorjsuren1, T. Kamijo2 1Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Zhukov avenue, 77, Ulaanbaatar, 210351 Mongolia 2University of Tsukuba, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
Keywords: forest fire, succession, regeneration, sapling, seedling, pseudotaiga, forest conservation, detrended correspondence analysis, C. C. Raunkiær life form classification, Tarbagatai Mountain Range, Central Khangai, Mongolia
The changes in the composition and the projective cover of understory species and regeneration after fires in 1996 and 2002 in pseudotaiga larch forests of the Central Khangai, Mongolia have been investigated. Descriptions of vegetation and inventory of natural regeneration were carried out in 2007, 2010 and 2012 on permanent sample plots that were established in each of two sites. According to the Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA), no drastic changes were observed in species composition of the plant community during 11, 14, 16 years after fire of 1996 and 8, 10 years after fire of 2002. Regarding the plant cover, remarkable change was not observed in vegetation, except in 5 year-old stand. Grasses-herbs community with young larch saplings 10 years after fire of 2002 was formed. Loose herbs community with young larch saplings 16 years after fire of 1996 was established. Moreover plant life forms were identified during the succession years post-fire. By Christen C. Raunkiær life form classification (1937), life forms such as cryptophytes and hemicryptophytes either kept or shared their dominant position following fire. These plants seem to be fire-resistant and have a high ability to recover post-fire. After the fires, natural regeneration was successful. However, grazing may affect negatively to larch regeneration. It can be explained by difference of large saplings in two plots. The number of large saplings per hectare was low despite the long recovery period in one plot.
O. V. Kalugina, E. N. Taranenko, T. A. Mikhailova, O. V. Shergina
Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Lermontova str., 132, Irkutsk, 664033 Russian Federation
Keywords: сосна обыкновенная (Pinus sylvestris L.), полициклические ароматические углеводороды (ПАУ), соединения с разным количеством бензольных колец, бенз[а]пирен, перилен, алюминиевое производство, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), compound with different amount of aromatic rings, benzo[a]pyrene, perylene, aluminium industry
Anthropogenic pollution of boreal forests by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was assessed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees growing in the vicinity of the Bratsk aluminium smelter - one of the largest aluminium smelters in the world. The fieldwork was performed in 2012-2013 on 34 index plots, set in mixed herb and sedge-mixed herb pine forests (mostly site class III). It is shown that the total accumulation of PAHs reaches its highest level (more than 6000 ng/g) in pine needle samples collected at sites up to 3 km from the aluminium smelter. PAH total quantity decreases with increasing the distance from the pollution source and at a distance of 50 km reaches values close to background ones. The highest concentrations of PAHs were detected in needle samples collected at plots located from the plant in a direction corresponding to the prevailing emissions transfer. There was also detected a significant difference in compositions of individual PAHs: there were 18 compounds identified in samples collected near the aluminium smelter whereas only 6 compounds were identified in samples collected on the background territories. Among the PAHs accumulated in pine trees assimilation organs the substances with 3-4 aromatic rings (phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene) were dominant with their total number reaching 90 % of the total. Compound with 5-6 aromatic rings (benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene, perylene, indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene, benzo[g, h, i]perylene, dibenz[a, h]anthracene).comprises a smaller proportion (from 6 to 27 %) in total PAHs content. High concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene and perylene in needle samples collected in the vicinity of the aluminum smelter indicate technogenic character of forest pollution.
A. P. Barchenkov1, L. I. Milyutin1, S. Jamiyansuren2 1V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Akademgorogok, 50/28, Krasnoyarsk, 660036 Russian Federation 2Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Zhukov avenue, 77, Ulaanbaatar, 210351 Mongolia
Keywords: лиственница, изменчивость, морфологические признаки, шишки, семенная чешуя, Siberian larch, variability, morphological features, cones, seed scale
The Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) is the main forest genus in Siberia and Mongolia. The systematization of Siberian larch is based on morphological diversity, so the study of morphological features variability is actual for selecting and foresting of this forest genus. Analysis of variability of cones’ morphological features for Siberian larch have been carried out. The morphological features variability for more than thirty coenopopulations in different vegetation conditions have been investigated. The basic laws of larch features differentiation in mountain regions Mongolian and Russian Altai and Khangai have been revealed. The main factors, deciding the variability of cones morphological features are exposure, elevation and exposition of mountainside. The intrapopulation variability of cone morphological features increases with increasing elevation of the coenopopulation above sea level. The highest values of metric features of cones have been found in more moist northern and north-eastern flanks of the Altai and Khangai. The trees with rounded form of seed scale have been most common in the populations structure of Siberian larch. However, the increase of the occurrence of trees with a straight and notched form of seed scale edge has been observed with increasing elevation of the population above the sea level. Apparently, the increase of the occurrence of trees with a straight and notched form of seed scale edge is not typical for this genus larch shows that these features are revealed in extreme environmental conditions.
L. S. Pshenichnikova, M. D. Evdokimenko, V. V. Ivanov, A. A. Onuchin, V. G. Soukhovolsky
V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Akademgorogok, 50/28, Krasnoyarsk, 660036 Russian Federation
Keywords: Алексей Иванович Бузыкин, леса Сибири, продуктивность, густота, рубки, минеральное питание, динамика лесов, Alexey Ivanovich Buzykin, forests of Siberia, productivity, density, forest felling, mineral nutrients, forest dynamics
The paper analyzes the scientific achievements and heritage of Alexey Ivanovich Buzykin, a well-known Siberian forest researcher, the Honored Forester of the Russian Federation, who contributed remarkably to improve the knowledge of the forests of Siberia. He was the first to explore the possibility to increase Siberian forest productivity by its scientifically justified regulation. He accurately estimated forest productivity responses to increasing soil nitrogen using a large amount of data, studied structural, species composition, and density changes that occur in young mixed stands after tending felling, revealed stand productivity dependence on stand density, and showed how structure and dynamics of forest generations are manifested through vegetation succession. Along with studies of natural ecosystems, Alexey I. Buzykin did large-scale experiments on managing forest ecosystems by different types of sanitary cutting, application of fertilizers to soil, regulation of cold soil thermal regime, and by establishment of Scots pine, spruce and larch plantations covering a range of stand densities. To achieve his forest management objectives, he developed original forest research methods, among them methodologies to assess seedling and sapling amounts, to estimate forest response to fertilizer application, and to classify young forest stands by formation type. He also developed tables of small-sized young tree trunk volumes. During his last years, Alexey I. Buzykin, in collaboration with other researchers, accomplished a series of theoretical studies. He suggested that mathematical tools should be used for interpreting different kinds of events and changes occurring in forest ecosystems including the use of phenomenological models of stand establishment processes, stand growth models, forest succession models, and other models. The results of Alexey I. Buzykin’s research studies are still very important regarding large-scale forestry activities. They have been used for many years to improve forest management practices in Siberia and have been considered in the forest use normative documents of the federal level. A list of Alexey I. Buzykin’s major research works concludes the paper.
A. I. Lobanov, M. D. Evdokimenko
V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Akademgorogok, 50/28, Krasnoyarsk, 660036 Russian Federation
Keywords: Р. И. Лоскутов, кедр сибирский, искусственное восстановление, Западный Саян, интродукция древесных растений, дендрарий Института леса им. В. Н. Сукачева СО РАН, Reginald Ivanovich Loskutov, Siberian stone pine, artificial reforestation, Western Sayan Mountains, introduction of woody plants, arboretum of V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch
The analysis of scientific achievements and scientific heritage of the oldest Siberian forester and introducer - Reginald Ivanovich Loskutov, who has made a significant contribution to the technology of growing conifers in Siberia, and list of his major scientific publications is presented in the article. It is noted that proved particularly fruitful activity of Reginald I. Loskutov in the introduction of woody plants, and in the creation of the Arboretum of V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch and decorative renovation of urban green spaces in the city of Krasnoyarsk. For 38 years Reginald I. Loskutov tested about 450 species, varieties and forms of unique ornamental trees and shrubs. Now in the collections of the Arboretum successfully grow more than 260 species, varieties and forms of plants belonging to 75 genera and 28 families. Reginald I. Loskutov and academician Igor Yu. Koropachinsky tested basic range of woody plants of different botanical and geographical areas of the world, numbering nearly 250 species recommended for cultivation in the city of Krasnoyarsk and its related climate areas of southern Siberia.
