Home – Home – Jornals – Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics 2015 number 4

The author specifies the tendencies of the modern society development, which are globalization, integration, internationalization and demographic instability. The tendencies require from a man, who lives in a fast changing world, an ability to find and make independent decisions, to take responsibility for the actions, to apply the necessary competences in the professional area for increasing own competitiveness. The paper pays attention to the necessity of developing lifelong learning, which is formulated and fixed in the National educational doctrine of the Russian Federation up to 2025, Concepts of long-term socioeconomic development of the Russian Federation up to 2020, and Concepts of the Federal law ”On education in the Russian Federation”, where necessity of conditions for “participation in lifelong learning” is specified and emphasized. Education is one of the social substructures and, therefore, it is considered as a social institution. The content of lifelong learning is a factor of society and its transfer from one stage to another one. Development and functioning of lifelong learning is determined by economic, political, social, cultural and other factors and conditions of the society. Generally, education is defined as formation of man in the image and likeness. The sources of the concept “education” go back to the early Middle Ages, they are connected with the concept “image”. Beginning with the Renaissance, when a man became a value, education has been considered as a way of a man’s self-development. Education combines teaching and up-bringing (self-education) as internalization of social values (standards, rules, traditions and commandments), shared by all its members. The connection of teaching and up-bringing is inseparable. “Both teaching and up-bringing are unbreakable, - L. N. Tolstoy pointed out, - it is impossible to bring up without imparting knowledge, and all the knowledge has upbringing influence” [1, p. 109]. Education (being, managed from outside by self-education, otherwise, by building the image of “I”) can be considered in three interrelated aspects, which assume educational system, educational process, and individual or collective result of the process (if we speak about the education of a concrete person, his/her accomplishments).

This article investigates the characteristics of meaningful social identity of an individual in terms of higher education; reveals its structure and analyzes the functional blocks which are basic, personal and professional one. The research explains that various functional blocks of social identity are activated at different levels and forms of education according to the age characteristics of students. The full-time students demonstrate activating of the basic block; the students of correspondence courses and PhD-students demonstrate activating of professional and personal ones. The author specifies the dominant professional types of the students trained in higher institutions. The research is significant due to applying of the research results in politics, education, business and management. In particular, they can be applied in social and psychological forecasting, development of psychotherapeutic practice, increasing effectiveness of training professionals in new social-economic conditions. The data represented can be applied in the educational process, as they supplement and specify the sections of social, educational and aged psychology.

The paper is aimed at analyzing the problem of education as factor of humanization of society; it reveals the criterion of humanity and humanization of social development. The author supposes it is necessary to consider humanism as a value of a person; this is a valuable core of the Russian cultural tradition. The Russian philosophical thought is deeply humanic as it focuses on a person. his happiness, sense of his life and objective reality. The Russian philosophers as Berdyaev N., Florensky P., Karelin A. criticized humanism for being the basis of European civilization. Otherwise, the Russian philosophy objected to the Soviet character of European humanism, its Eurocentrism and anthropocentrism as it became a contradiction to the nature of Christian Russian philosophy. Humanism in its global meaning is a proclamation of human inherent value that makes a valuable core of Russian cultural tradition. The modern pedagogical space concentrates on the global crisis and necessity to search for society with humanistic focus. This search results in the educational system as two components of “Humanistic triad” i.e. science and art appeared in problematic situation. The educational system had been unchangeable for a long time and responded to the social challenges. However, the latest reforms demonstrate the weakness of attempts to change the educational system by means of liberal rationalization tradition. The paper reveals the main tendencies in education and its development, which can appear to be the instrument of Russian society humanization.

The paper explains the trends of modern development of international economy by means of transformation of institutional processes dominated by educational and scientific components. Herewith, sustainable postcrisis development of national and regional academic systems performs as a paradigm building innovative economy regardless unstable environment. The system updating of education becomes an essential background for rapid economic growth and social development, national security and well-being due to the fact that receiving higher education remains one of the most important human value, key factor of social justice and political stability. At the same time the institutional transformations in national economy, their efficiency and substantive content require practically further major changes in all the branches and local entities. These reforms should focus on making favourable conditions for building efficient innovative institutions and outlooks for national education system at all the levels. The authors consider institutional environment for transformation of the practice-oriented scientific areas, business and education areas to be the important step in protecting the internal infrastructure. Building the institutional models of regional education integration assumes applying the system approach where newly built integrated structure is rendered as a social institution and characterized by the composition, structure, objectives, functions, internal and external limiting bounds, definite inputs and outputs. The authors review the regional educational clusters as an obligatory prerequisite for successful functioning of the regional education system and the regional educational market allowing not only to strengthen co-operative-integrative ties but also coordinating the work of developing branches of the regional economy as a whole.

The paper reveals the importance of applying and introducing environmental fundamentals into the curriculum of prospective engineers’ training by means of revealing the influence of machinery technologies onto the environment. The author demonstrates the examples of man-made impact onto the agricultural background which can be applied in the curriculum of engineers’ training. The data represents research and industrial experiments taking into account agricultural environmental response to the technology of chemicals applying. The publication explains the impact of microbiological environment in the soil when applying general technologies. The author enumerates microbiological indexes demonstrating changes in quality of agrogenic soil and characterizing phytosanitary condition of cultivated soil and its ability to phytopathogenic self-purification. The article reveals the main principles of environmental fundamentals in training prospective specialists in engineering science and recommends the ways of reducing technogenic burden.

The paper considers the problem of defining the nature of engineer’s expertise. The authors represent a three-level model of engineer’s expertise nature; it assumes scientific background, methodological and socio-philosophical one. The article analyzes the nature of expertise at the scientific level. Technical science studies include engineering science studies and bring together the block of specific knowledge in this branch. The complex of engineering science includes investigation on the engineering specialists’ expertise and implies specific scientific branch with its own system of engineering knowledge, activities, and methods of research and organization of scientific group. Each of the engineering sciences and investigations on engineering specialists’ expertise on the scientific level result in explanation for the corresponding notions. The notions have descriptive features due to the nature of expertise and regarding the general engineering science; they show versatile objective reality of an engineering subject, abilities and specific featuresof their applying in inventive and constructive design. The nature of expertise is revealed in specific aspects of subjectivity insight in the professional field.

The article is devoted to the problems of socio-professional personal identityof prospective sportsmen trained in higher institutions. The aim of this research is to determine the problems of socio-professional personal identity of prospective sportsmen.The authors pay attention to the problem of new theoretical realization of the notion “socio-professional personal identity of prospective sportsmen” which contributes to the theory of professional identity of the students and empirical studying of the personal problems related to socio-professional identity of the top-class athletes.The authors applied the following scientific methods asstudying of the status of professional identity, studying of values in the career “A career anchor”, studying of training motivation and questionnaires. The research involved 110 prospective sportsmen aged17-21.The research resulted in revealing the problems of socio-professional identity of prospective sportsmen.

The paper declares that m odern conditions of market economy of Russia strongly influence the education. This deals especially with vocational training. Modern vocational schools are aimed at social support of students and their employment and not on gaining profit. The publication demonstrates this support by means of analyzing many years’ experience of Tomsk College of Social Technologiesin cooperation with the disabled students. The College builds socially active environment of increasing the quality of inclusive training and employment of this category of students. The environment is based on the development strategy and idea of the College as a centre of inclusive vocational training. This implies development of College in the following aspects: Effective organizational and pedagogical conditions;New mechanisms of organization resources for inclusive training;Comfortable conditions for self-realization of students.Many years’ experience of the College shows that disabled students need supporting in professional and social adaptation. Therefore, the author developed a concept of formation of socially active environment aimed at improving the quality of inclusive vocational training for Tomsk College of Social Technologies. The author considers the quality of education in respect to implementation of compulsory curriculum and elective courses based on cooperation with the members of labour market. As a result of accumulating the experience in education, the College developed the modern and innovative model of social support of the students, which is aimed at their successful social adaptation to the profession and professional environment. The social support is carried out by means of students’ participation in social projects, programmes and promotions.

The article represents the investigation connected with the methods of foreign language teachingat the Master’s level. The author holds to the widely accepted opinion that teaching and learning offoreign languages as a part of Master’s curriculum is to meet the requirements of the modern world system of academic mobility. A lecturer of a foreign language masterclass is to make an effective use of the academic hours available. The module approach to the course design at the Master’s level allows a lecturer making effective combination oftraditional and student-centered methods of teaching and learning as the students differ a lot in respect to the level of foreign language fluency. The methods under consideration make it possible to overcome the difficulties connected with the evident discrepancy in graduates’ basic knowledge of a foreign language. The content-related component of foreign language curriculum for Master students is a part of teaching materials of the subject. The author speaks about teachers who apply the module approach and declares they tend to make content-related component and methodic component allow working on the strict rules but keeping the flexible adaptation and individual training at the same time. It is possible to speak about a number of definite methodic factors, corresponding to the graduate modular foreign language program. The structural components of a modular course are aimed at the general and professional competencies indicated in graduatesyllabus.Practical experience in connection with the use of modular course programs allows concluding that a foreign languageteaching as a part of Master’s curriculum responds to the needs of modern educational principles in case it is based upon the principles of modular approach.

The article analyzes the problem of social rehabilitation of disabled people and social life, different ways of integration with the ability to professional education. The authors consider the modern ways of training as barrier-free environment and inclusive education in higher education. The paper point out that this issue is revealed in the standards and regulations. The social aspect implies the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the Federal Law “On social protection of disabled persons in the Russian Federation” and others. Educational policy priorities in the field of special education are regulated by the Federal Law 237-FZ of December 29, 2012 “On Education in the Russian Federation”, the Order of the Ministry of Education 05-785 “On guidelines for educational process for disabled people” and a number of others. The authors analyze the various systems of higher education for people with disabilities and the HIA, both in our country and abroad. They represent experience of the social rehabilitation support of inclusive professional education for disabled students at Herzen RSPU, NSTU, Maksim Tank BSPU, where disabled students are trained by means of barrier-free method. An important condition is to ensure equal possibilities in education of persons with special needs. The paper reveals the measures aimed at providing equal possibilities and considers different types of social rehabilitation support for disabled students. The authors specify the significance of social policy in respect to the people with the HIA and the possibility of successful socialization and active participation in social life.

The relevance of the study is explained by growing demand for professional development of BSc-student’s personality with certain integrative abilities contributing to management of the folk art group on a high professional level. The process of building the abilities for multi-art activity deals with considering ideas and principles of competency-based approach and that takes into account the modern requirements to the quality of BSc-students training.The research is aimed at revealing the level of BSc-students ability for multi-art activities and analyzing the results received. The author applied the empirical methods of observation and self-observation, psycho-diagnostic methods, analysis of processes and results. The author applied mathematico-statistical analysis as methods of descriptive statistic, methods of qualitative analysis and substantive interpretation of the results.The paper demonstrates the analysis carried out on thelevels of components development in the structure of BSc-students ability for multi-art activities in order to develop specific guidelines. The sample group included 52 second-year students of the Faculty of Contemporary Art and Art Communication of Samara State Institute of Culture. The research informs, BSc-students are able to provide multi-art activities at the first stages of professional training due to development of art abilities in frames of practice-orientted training. However, BSc professional level assumes active applying of personal component contributing to development of integrative multi-art thinking and development of all the components of the professional ability. The scientific novelty implies obtaining the results able to test the system of building the ability for multi-art activities of BSc-students specializing in Folk Arts and Culture in order to forecast and develop specific guidelines.

The article explains the scientific basis and reveals the nature of time prospective thinking of military specialists in the aspect of foreign language training. The authors regard the time prospective thinking as thinking that assumes integration of various conceptions and methods in complicated strategic activity, synthesizes all the elements of the problem, forecasts the consequences of problem solving and provides innovation and breakthrough to new possibilities. The paper reveals the main features of time prospective thinking and concludes that problem dealing with professional military service develops time prospective thinking of Master-students trained at Military Institution in effective way. It develops exactly ability to regard any object as a complicated system, which contains many related elements, to observe the development process and a place of any object in time (the past-the present - the future) and space (when system contains subsystems and supersystems). The authors declare that ability of time prospective thinking is developed by means of analyzing the system features and system relations. They pay special attention to formation and fixing the skills of creative thinking. Regarding the theory of inventive tasks solving, the authors developed technology of solving the problem while teaching foreign languages and represented effective methods of time prospective thinking development of a military specialist in frames of further training.

Educational cases and technologies of case study are considered to be one of the most productive and effective methods of training, especially in Economics and Management. Rendering the notion and variety of educational casesexplains the urgency of methodological questions consideration of their working out and application in programs of professional education. The author specifies the aims of the research, which assumedefinition of a place of this method in system of training active methods, specification of theattributes nature and characteristic, making conclusions about efficiency of applying in modern programs of professional education. The aims explain applying of such scientific methods as analysis and synthesis, classification and pedagogical experiment.The research results definingthe place ofcase-study techniques in the system of active methods of training, the concept and special characteristics of educational cases, classification of educational cases, basic approaches to working out of educational cases, and educational cases base of higher institution. The author applies analysis results of the pedagogical experiments carried out by means of methodological approaches and makes conclusions about possibilities and efficiency of applying cases when developing educational techniques.

The modern situation in respect to the labour market poses new challenges to new higher institutions; it declares it is not enough to master the specialist’s knowledge and develop professional skills. It`s more important to build professional competence that will allow us responding to changing of professional conditions in appropriate way. The paper considers the linguistic component to be an integral part of the interdisciplinary language competence. Without understanding the socio-economic systems, knowledge of social and political cultures, the study of historical and cultural traditions that have shaped the way of people thinking we have to interact with, it is impossible to learn the language effectively and competently. There is a need to develop the skills of reading and understanding the encyclopedic information. Such information helps to understand the native speaker’s attitude to a particular object or a phenomenon that has its expression in the text through the evaluative component of the semantics of lexical units. Solving the problem of effective understanding of newspaper articles and journals relates to appropriate decoding of estimation-pragmatic component of the material. Generally the estimation is rendered as social attitude of the native speaker tonon-language object and language and speech facts. The authors pay attention to the fact that estimation in the press has its own peculiarities. Analyzing the evaluative component of lexical units in publicistic texts we proved that the evaluation in the media is almost always subjective, the traditional attitude of the native speakers and, as a consequence, the language assessment, seeks to indicate the location of an object or a phenomenon in the world picture objectively. No doubt, it is necessary to teach students to understand and realize the most widespread semantic processes, characteristic for functioning of language assessment in publicistic texts. The analysis the semantic changes in the structure of lexicon of newspaper and journal publications allows to speak about relevance of studying of such phenomenon, as specialization and socialization of an assessment. Thus, dealing with cross-cultural information while learning the foreign language in higher institutions allows considering interrelation between culture and language and shows real functioning of language means in authentic documents, regional geographic and publicistic texts; it promotes training of specialists in the aspect of cross-cultural dialogue between the countries.

The article shows the process whenthe course turns out to be the technological process with its own stages of development. The authors consider the problem of conducting students’ research of students on “Biomechanics of Motor Activity”. The method of “design technologies” was used in the subject for development of students projects on the topical and scientific issues by means of applying the special methods of research; they are biomechanic of sport, methods of comparison and analysis of experimental data, statistical methods and the multiple-factor analysis. Participating in development of the research background for “Biomechanics in Design Technologies”, the students have an opportunity not only to get acquainted with various methods of scientific research, but also to seethe efficiency of a scientific method in the science and practical human potential. The paper results in development of important and urgent projects recognized as a scientific publication in national and international journals. The students face practical applying of the guidelines and guidance. The authors build scientific and methodical approach in development of subject technologies, which contributes to development academic, research and professional expertise of the students taking into account individual abilities.

The article explores legal culture as being a condition for personality formation in the context of transfer to the VI technological mode. The author sees interaction between education and law as officially regulation of the social institutes. Therefore, legal refinement as an indicator of personal legal culture does not correspond to the requirements of the VI technological mode.

A mathematical model of the flow of a thin layer of heavy liquid under an elastic shell filled with gas is constructed. By means of mass exchange with the environment, the gas phase is active and supports a self-organized wave motion in the liquid layer. The conditions under which small perturbations are transformed into quasiperiodic wave packets of finite amplitude, which move in the same direction, are found. It is shown that the structure of the waves is similar to that of roll waves in open channels.

Results of an experimental and numerical study of a supersonic (M_∞ = 4.85) flow around a streamwise-aligned cylinder with a gas-permeable porous insert on the frontal face in the range of Reynolds numbers Re_D = (0.1−2.0) · 10⁵ are presented. The numerical study is performed by using the Ansys Fluent software system and a porous medium model based on a quadratic law of filtration. The parameters of the quadratic dependence are calculated on the basis of experimental data for an air flow in a porous material. Flow fields are obtained, and the wave drag of the model is calculated as a function of the porous insert length and the Reynolds number. Results of numerical simulations are compared with wind tunnel measurements.

The processes of heat and mass transfer and phase transformations during motion of a set of water droplets through high-temperature gases have been studied numerically. The regimes and conditions of formation of zones of significant joint influence of the droplets on the integral characteristics of heat and mass transfer are determined. The values of the dimensionless parameters describing the dependence of the temperature of the gases in the wake of a small set droplets on their volume concentration and arrangement are calculated. The variations in these dimensionless parameters during motion of droplets through high-temperature gases are described.

The influence of the wake vortex arising behind a perforated tab on the mixing process in heat exchangers and chemical reactors is analyzed. The preliminary step of this study, i.e., investigation of the turbulent field generated by a single perforated tab, is presented here. For this aim, laser Doppler velocimetry measurements are conducted downstream from a perforated trapezoidal vortex generator placed in a wind tunnel. It is shown that two shear layers are generated by the tab. The first shear layer is located at the upper edge of the tab, and the other is ejected from the perforation edges. These shear layers are characterized by high turbulent kinetic energy levels, which are profitable for meso-mixing enhancement. Finally, a spectral study shows that the turbulent macro-scale is nearly the same for typical locations in the shear layers shed from the tab and perforation edges.

The main topics of the article are the place and role of science and education in the global systemic crisis, caused by the mankind entering into a new era. The strategies for the development of civilization have to be changed from the extensive to intensive ones. It requires a radical improvement of intelligence. The type of intelligence formed from antiquity is focused linearization of thinking, writing and speech, the predominance of analysis over synthesis, material and power paradigm in the formation of the world view, disagreement of the semantic and mathematical methods for organizing knowledge and advanced development of automation of calculations in comparison with the automation of reasoning. The XXI century is characterized by stagnation of science and education, reduced creativity, growing bureaucratization of institutions, which lose their role of actors, generating human and social technologies. New Intellectual Technologies could help to solve this set of problems. Experiences of their creation are based on the Categorical System Methodology, the Theory of Dynamic Information Systems. New Intellectual Technologies are characterized by the visualized determined ways of constructing Categorical Schemes. There are four types of operations to work on Categorical Schemes: 1) categorization of the subject area; 2) the formation on the basis of categories of a directed graph of the class of Dynamic Information Systems; 3) defining a process of information functioning on Dynamic Information Systems; 4) the construction of a simulation model. The possibility is considered to implement new Intellectual Technologies already at the level of categorization and the construction of the digraph (operations 1, 2). The example shows how one can obtain significant heuristic effects when working on the selection of keywords relative to existing material. The transition to communications is the next level in the development of new Intellectual Technologies. On the basis of the Theory of Dynamic Information Systems, we developed an organizational-business game, Insafing. It provides a combination of fundamental theoretical framework with the ability to organize intellectual communication in the development of any scientific, educational themes of the project. The article describes the methodology of Insafing, as well as the opportunities for its practical usage in the aspects of research, training, design. The conclusion is made about the prospects of work on creation and introduction of new Intellectual Technologies with the formation of a synthetic world view, which is based on unification of philosophy, physics and mathematics. It will provide favorable prospects for the mankind entering a new era.

The paper presents a possible approach to philosophical understanding of modern educational space and its transition to a new level. The author turns to the problem of transformation of the classical educational system, its adaptation to innovative process in the system of distance education. For better practical understanding of the trends in the modern educational space and training quality, it is necessary to understand its essence, regularities and perspectives, to recognize its role, meaning and origin in the human development. To solve this problem, we need to use a social-philosophical approach. The social-philosophical analysis of pedagogical activities and education shows us the strong dependence between educational development and the development of a new information society. The main idea is based on the fact that the modern model of education depends on info-communicational forms of education (distance education). The social-philosophical analysis of theory and praxis in the field of distance education represents its undoubted integration in the development of the modern human society. Philosophical understanding of the modern trends of informatization of modern educational space shows the close relationship between the development of modern education and the development of information and communication technologies in today's society.

Globalization has significantly influenced the management model of the Russian higher education institutions, and not only of those universities that participate in the TOP-100 program. As a standard of management model of higher education institution it is currently used a model accepted in a large corporations. In many ways, it is justified because this approach has proven effectiveness within the global economy. At the same time, the implementation of such an approach raises a number of contradictory tendencies. As a positive trend we consider a gradual withdrawal from the elections of Rectors. As a negative trend we consider the increasing of the control over the universities by the Ministry of Education and Science, as well as a significant diminishment of the role of the Academic council of the university and the loss of faculty autonomy. Education and science in general have an international character, but in every country there is also a national specifics. Analyzing the management problems we presume that every management model is «placed» in the current culture and history of each country. Education in general and, first of all, the higher education can be one of the factors of the consolidation and the development of contemporary Russian society. Education can be an universal value and a landmark for the development of the country. We are justifying the thesis that for the more effective management of the education system it is necessary to turn back to Russian and Soviet practice and re-edify the Ministry of Education with the strong commitment to the issues of secondary education.

This article deals with the implementation possibilities and prospects of the activity approach in social philosophy in the context of post-non-classical type of scientific rationality. It actualizes the axiological perspective. The categories of «sociality», «activity», «subject activity», «collective activity» are analyzed from this position; their content reveals the idea of developing all forms of public life and the person through active human nature as its generic essence. The author analyzes the ideas of modern social philosophy in the context of the interpretation of «sociality» as a poly-subject activity and mental activity approach, where the key to the use of the definition of «activity» is in the axiological perspective of goal-setting, realization and achievement activity. It is concluded that the problem of the activity-related relativity is connected with resolving the issues of personal identity and its anthropological authenticity as the rootedness of the person in the system of values of his/her nation. In the Russian context it can be productively resolved by incorporation of the ideas of Russian religious philosophy in the modern scientific knowledge. It is summarized that the activity approach currently aspires to become one of the leading explanatory principles in analysis, description, design and forecasting of social processes and social structures in postclassical rationality. It gives the opportunity to explore the social reality in accordance with axiological attitudes of a particular society. The implementation of the activity approach not only enriches the research base of social philosophy, allows realizing its recommendation and prognostic functions, but also provides an opportunity to design, to create social reality that is seen as extremely important in the conditions of globalization and transformation of values.

The article discusses the role and place of links in the natural-science picture of the world. It is found that the vectors of hierarchies of the inter-disciplinary connections in the structure of the worldview and in the content of the training material providing the formation of the students' worldview have opposite directions. The internal and external links not only provide connectivity of educational information of different disciplines of the natural-science, mathematical and social-economic cycles, but also contribute to the development of a holistic scientific picture of the world. The problem of determining the place of individual subjects in the education system, identifying the logical connections between basic and special disciplines, coordination and continuity in the presentation of educational material, methodological analysis of it - this problem is of a paramount importance for the effective implementation of intra- and inter-disciplinary links, whose contribution to the formation of scientific outlook cannot be overestimated. The development of a mechanism of using in the educational process of the intra- and inter-disciplinary links having a hierarchical structure is not only a task of practicing teachers, but also is of great methodological significance. The importance is revealed of the inter-disciplinary links in the joint mission of formation of a coherent scientific picture of the world. The modeling of these acquires a scientific character if it possesses a quantitative description. Analysis of the content of physical education, forms, methods and teaching processes carried out on the basis of studying the intra- and inter-disciplinary links cannot be complete if it is not supplemented with quantitative calculations. After all, it is exactly such an analysis that will enable to start the construction of an integrated science-based learning technology.

This paper analyzes the concepts of «criterion» and «symptom» in the works of Ludwig Wittgenstein. The author discusses the theories of symptom and criterion set out in the «Blue Book», «Philosophical remarks» and «Philosophical Investigations». The author draws attention to the fact that in «Philosophical Remarks» Wittgenstein’s concepts of «symptom» and «criterion» were influenced by verificationism. The author also notes that the late Wittgenstein was convinced that the difference between criterion and symptom is vague, imprecise. The author analyzes the interpretation of the concept of identity both in the middle period of Wittgenstein’s career and in the later period. The author concludes that during the period of Wittgenstein’s philosophical activity we can observe a gradual convergence of the concept of «symptom» to the concept of «criterion» in the background of resolute rejection of the classical epistemological approach that distinguishes and isolates the subject from the object of cognition.

The experience of theoretical comprehension of the problems of training of highly qualified personnel in higher education of the country forces to address more often to the concept of «quality of education». To a certain degree, this concept has begun to play a key role in solving the topical problems of the domestic education. The purpose of the article is to find an explicate criterion, which allows differentiating between what to be considered qualitative and what, quantitative, and determining a dividing side between them. The authors sought to expand the connection between the methodological potential of the concept of «quality of education» and the parameters of educational process that first need a strict and concrete measurement and transferring this measurement into estimation points. As the criterion allowing estimating the quality of education, we chose the programs of specialist training in which the main «foundation» of educational service is laid. Having carried out the analysis of the external and internal models used for assessing the quality of programs of specialist training, the authors developed a personified assessment model using as a basis the state standard GOST R 52113-2003 «Services to the population. Quality indicators». For an educational complex, as one of types of the educational organization, application of this standard is possible because it renders a complex of educational services which are realized within the programs of training specialists, regulated by the federal state educational standards. According to the structure of the standard and a number of normative documents, we constructed a tree of quality indicators which allowed observing interrelations of all its elements and formed the basis of a model of determining the quality of programs of specialist training. Transferring of the qualitative evaluation of the corresponding criteria of the model to a quantitative component was achieved using the technique of assessment «Determining the quality level of the programs of specialist training». Thus, the quality indicators of the obtained model act as the objects for measurement. The use of these innovative tools, which presuppose using the model «The Quality Tree of the Programs of Specialist Training», allows analyzing and revealing the weak points and making timely and competent management decisions.

The ideas about education as a way to translating knowledge cannot meet the challenges of modernity, because the methodological principles and practical didactic forms, methods and means are more consistent with the paradigm of classical and non-classical rationality, while the post-non-classical reality puts forward different goals and priorities. The authors theoretically justify the need for introduction into the categorical apparatus of modern social and humanitarian knowledge of the concept of «fractal pedagogy», which will allow integrating the scientific and social-humanitarian understanding of the person as a multidimensional phenomenon, to justify the choice of means providing revealing the actual and potential possibilities and the self-realization of the person. This article conceptualizes the ideas of fractal pedagogy within the noumenal mentality; for the first time the concept of «fractal pedagogy» is defined, its basic principles are examined, the historical retrospective of the evolutionary transformation of man from the standpoint of the theory of fractals are given. The authors summarize that the subject of the post-industrial society will be not a homo economicus, which is characteristic for the era of industrialism and whose inherent qualities are purpose-oriented rationality, the desire to minimize costs with a maximum results, etc., but a homo creator, a «creative person», who constructs different social relationships and their own identity, who aspires to «be» rather than «to have» (to realize the internal potential, instead of moving in the direction imposed by the external social environment). According to the authors, one of the kinds of homo creator is a «health-creative» person focused on the effective use, preservation and development of his/her own natural potential, motivated toward achieving physical and psychological comfort. Thus, the modern person is a complex self-organizing fractal, transforming the world and integrating within him/herself various derivative fractals: «intelligent person, which produces labor tools», «playing person», «a person of high technologies in the sphere of manufacturing, management and training», «a person of high humanitarian technologies», «homo economicus», «a creative person» and «health-creative person».

At present a new ideology of education development is being formed in pedagogy. The basis of this ideology is the world level of cultural development strengthening globalization processes. Taking into account the idea of the dialogue of culture, the importance is placed on the mechanism of cultural selection, which is a peaceful borrowing of progressive experience of different countries. To realize this task it is necessary to philosophically digest cross-culturalness, which will allow painless entrance of this phenomenon into the educational process of the Russian Federation’s higher education. The paper presents a brief review of some theories of cultural development of society (circle development, cultural pluralism, humanistic theories of personality, theory of local civilizations) emphasizing the dialogue merging into the polylogue of cultures. At the end of the XXth century the idea of universalization of world cultures was being actively discussed. This idea results from the theory of the equality of cultures of nations not only in a separate country but in the whole world. Such a thought reasonably worried the UNESCO ideologists, who stressed that the process of universalization of all cultures would lead to global stagnation. Today the aim of cooperation of nations can be defined as saving cultural diversity in the process of multi-faceted activity within the bounds of the polylogue of cultures with due regard for the principle of cross-culturalness. The author understands the principle of cross-culturalness as realization, acceptance and taking account of peculiarities of interworking cultures by participants of this interaction process. One should also follow the principle of cross-culturalness in the sphere of global education fulfilling the two main functions: formation of social basics of a person and formation of social community. The phenomenon of cross-culturalness has brought into existence the cross-cultural approach to the analysis of diverse processes initiated and progressing in different social layers, in the sphere of education in the first place. The characteristics of the cross-cultural approach in education are the following: polylogue of cultures; moral value of knowledge; interdisciplinary approach to teaching; upbringing teaching of culture. Formation of cross-cultural literacy of an individual is one of the most important tasks of polycultural education under modern context. To solve this task, the higher education institution should pay special attention to creating tolerant educational environment. At the same time, maintaining one’s own cultural identity is the criteria of a polycultural personality. One refers humanity, civic consciousness, cross-cultural literacy, communication culture and self-identity of a person to the traits of a holistic polycultural personality. Building a polycultural personality on the basis of the cross-cultural approach in education is a complex and multi-level but topical and necessary process under modern context of globalization.

The article examines the problem of the essence of holistic knowledge and philosophical outlook of the students in various periods of their life: from childhood to youth, and further transforming into adulthood; the world outlook of the person and society at different stages of development. Some analogies are drawn between philosophizing of children and adults. There is indicated an important role of philosophy of education in determining the socio-cultural aspects of the formation of philosophical outlook in terms of the information age of the XXI century. An analysis of the problem of formation of philosophical outlook with the help-means of pedagogical tools has revealed the specifics of approaches to education in the cultures of the West and Russia, in connection with which we can draw the following conclusion: there is no need (and it is even dangerous) to recklessly accept the other-culture’s Bologna postulates of education, which are foreign to our culture, the Russian mentality and Russian real living conditions of people in the beginning of the XXI century. Understanding of the social and cultural specifics of education in the modern world, especially in solving the problems of forming a holistic outlook of the person, does not lead to isolation of educational cultures, but, quite the contrary, can be of great help on the way to cooperation in the sphere of education with flexible interaction and mutual enrichment of cultures of Russia, the West and the East.

The article addressed the issues of inter-subject teaching of physics and chemistry at the General Education School. An inter-subject cases method is developed on the basis of the Modular teaching technology. The peculiarity of the method lies in the uniformity of tutorial manner used for teaching both physics and chemistry. It means that a package of educational materials (inter-subject case) is issued to students at the beginning of study of each module of physics and chemistry. The package includes a questionnaire (plan), a suggested reading list, a typical problem and a list of individual problems and tasks. An inter-subject case in physics also includes semantic structures of inter-subject contents in chemistry and vice versa, the module cases for studying chemistry contain semantic structures of inter-subject contents in physics. The psychological grounds for applying the method of inter-subject cases to the education process are developed in the article. Coordination of the inter-subject cases method with the theory of gradual forming of intellectual actions, as well as correspondence of the method with the factors of educative process efficiency are introduced in the article. Special tests have been developed and carried out by the authors, which included inter-subject tests and tasks. The test results have shown a high level of knowledge of inter-subject connections by the students who were taught by the method of inter-subject cases. For acknowledgement of correctness of evaluation, a method suggested by I.A. Kulak at the end of the last century was used. The final grades of the students obtained by them for the inter-subject tests were compared with the marks calculated using the method of I.A. Kulak. The marks had coincided in 99 cases out of 100. In such a way, the usage of the inter-subject cases method in the course of teaching physics and chemistry at General Education School is substantiated.

The article is devoted to the topical issue for today, concerning the class management. In the process of class management, one should lean upon specially selected and trained leaders. We propose morality as a selection criterion; to measure it, we suggest checking the reaction of students to the proverbs-situations. We present a method of situational matrix, proposed by the authors. This matrix was realized in the process of studying physics by the students of the 10-th grade. The results of its testing are given. The distribution of the moral background in the classroom is shown. The situational matrix allows the teacher to get an idea about the behavior of students in different situations, makes it possible to predict the behavior of pupils in group activities. This facilitates the management of the class and contributes to finding ways to motivate the study of complex material in physics. The picture of moral values of the class outlined by using the elements of the situational matrix can help the teacher to determine a group of students with a high level of morality, who can be considered as potential leaders. Of course, not all students in this group are apparent leaders. But, as practice shows, high moral principles are characteristic of strong personalities capable to disregard their own interests for the benefit of others. Therefore, we hypothesized that extra boosting by the teacher of the authority of these guys in the class, which is set for competition, will foster the establishment of the required psychological «climate» in which there occurs the natural distribution of leaders in the teams. We established a fact of coincidence of morality distributions in two 10-grade classes. A correlation between morality and academic progress has not been revealed. The search for additional resources in the areas of morality and values that can be used in the management of the class is justified and efficient. These resources can contribute to the solution of the problem of increasing the efficiency of teaching physics in modern conditions.

Human perceptions regarding health have been changing during almost all stages of formation and development of mankind. Along with that one can note the multidirectionality of conceptions of teaching and education of all-round, sound person, and the basis of these conceptions is the process of physical development and physical improvement. The evolution of pedagogical idea, starting from the epoch of Antiquity, shows us the multidirectionality of approaches to organization of physical education of the younger generation. For example, in the age of antiquity in the Greek policies there were used two systems of education, Spartan and Athenian. The main aim of Sparta was the education of the rising generation that could win the war under any circumstances. In the Middle Ages not much attention was paid to the preservation of health and longevity. The Christian religion, which played a huge role in the life of a medieval community, established its dominance in the field of training and education. Preaching «austerity» and the sinful character of care for the body, the religion called to care only about the salvation of souls and to prepare for the afterlife. The Renaissance was marked by the struggle against scholasticism, including in the field of education and training. Emerging bourgeoisie could not be satisfied with a religious philosophy and medieval culture, to put up with the ideas of asceticism and contemptuous attitude toward physical development. In the early and developed feudalism there came to the fore the system of military physical training of the Knights, the main features of which is military orientation and class character. The situation began to change in the late feudalism with the emerging bourgeois culture and physical culture and sports becoming its integral part. At this time there appeared humanist, socialist theories of physical education. The beginning of the era of modern times was accompanied by a struggle against medieval traditions and rethinking of human values, which inevitably affected the development of the educational thought of the period. A similar trend of transition from one value to another existed until the early twentieth century. In summary, all the thoughts and ideas of eminent philosophers and teachers can be differentiated on two grounds: the orientation of the personality and orientation system. The essence of the approach that is driven by the system, is that the process of health improvement of children was organized in order to form the individual student in the public interest. In turn, the approach that focuses on the personality of the student presupposes the organization of the process of sports and recreational activities in the interests of the individual child, taking into account his/her inclinations and capabilities.

The authors note that, to determine the level of professional training of students in the system of art pedagogical education, it is necessary to define the main criteria of assessment of student work in academic drawing, which are based on objective regularities of creation of a graphic representation on a sheet of paper. According to the logic of the process of training in the academic drawing, the criteria of assessment of the student work have to be developed on the basis of purposes and problems of training in the academic drawing that lays the foundation for the development of professional art perception and thinking. Also, the assessment criteria should reflect and direct the development of the abilities of students to vigorous educational and creative activity. The process of training in the academic drawing is an integral system which includes: the purpose, tasks, theoretical material, and also methods of formation and development of professional competences of the draftsman in students taking into account their future art and pedagogical activity. Therefore, the planned result of educational activity is the formed professional competence of students in the field of the academic drawing. For successful and high-quality vocational training of students in the system of art pedagogical education, it is necessary to fulfill not only the well-known tasks of training in the academic drawing, but also to focus attention on more complex analytical challenges allowing to reveal spatial and rhythmic communications in natural statement, and also the creative component of graphic activity. In the methodological dimension, this process is considered in two aspects, namely: as a process of mental analysis of natural setting, including its spatial and rhythmic connections, and as a process of material embodiment on the graphic plane. In this context the necessary qualities of vocational training of students in the academic drawing are distinguished: the ability to the analysis and synthesis, the ability to make an emphasis on the internal spatial and rhythmic communications allowing to reach the proportional accuracy, to strengthen dynamics of a form, and also a harmony and expressiveness of an image, ability to schematization, simplification. The authors note that it is necessary to differentiate accurately the content of training during the first years and the senior years, placing accents in compliance with tasks: during the first years the students comprehend an analytical component of the academic drawing, during the senior years they develop more difficult and deep relation to nature and the process of the creating an image. At the final stage, the training is directed on creative mastering of system of imaging which contains a certain complex of interconnected tasks including the graphic and expressive beginnings, whose content in the concrete image assumes harmonization and art integrity of the image.

The article presents the basic views of the authors on the problem of social and philosophical research of upbringing as a factor of sustainable development of the society. The importance is emphasized of searching for alternative ways of social development and problem of understanding of the role of upbringing in this process. The concept of sustainable development of the society is considered by many scientists as, perhaps, the only real possibility of stable development of humanity in the context of modern challenges and crises. Despite the existence of a significant number of deep papers devoted to the sphere of upbringing and the concept of sustainable development, so far no systematic philosophical study has been carried out of upbringing as a factor of sustainable development of society, especially in the context of the Russian transformation processes. The works devoted to these problems are rare and mostly have the character of formulating the problems. The insufficient level of investigation of certain philosophical, methodological and social aspects of the research topic requires integral studying all sides of the formulated problem: the analysis of upbringing as a factor of sustainable development of the society. In our opinion, in studying the indicated problem it is necessary to widely use the methodology of social philosophy (the general), as well as the methodology of philosophy of education (the special). The philosophy of education is a methodological platform of reflection concerning the upbringing concepts. The philosophy of education is a form of philosophical conceptualization of knowledge about education and upbringing, integrating all knowledge that, in one way or another, deals with upbringing. The philosophy of education as an interdisciplinary field allows carrying out a holistic analysis of upbringing as a factor of sustainable development of the society.

The article deals with the concepts of gender, gender roles and self-actualization of the person, distinguishes their main characteristics. The self-actualization conditions of women and men in modern society are considered. The results are presented of empirical research concerning the gender features of self-actualization of the employees of some pre-school educational institutions of the Siberian Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk. The sample included the teaching staff of preschool educational institutions, altogether 90 people. There is presented a comparative analysis of the parameters of self-actualization between the masculine and feminine personality types; between the masculine and androgynous personality types and between the feminine and androgynous types. In comparing the indexes between the masculine and feminine personality types there were received 23 significant differences in the parameters of self-actualization. The respondents with a pronounced feminine type have significantly higher the following parameters of self-actualization: «flexibility in communicating», «scale of behavior flexibility», «scale of ideas about human nature». In comparing the parameters of self-actualization between masculine and androgynous personality types, there were found 17 significant differences, whereas between feminine and androgynous types there were revealed 8 significant differences. As a result of empirical research, the hypothesis has been confirmed that a higher level of self-actualization is prevalent with the teaching staff with the strong masculine personality type rather than that for the respondents with the feminine and androgynous personality type.

The article is devoted to the study of the history of the origin and development of volunteering in Russia and abroad. The authors raise a very relevant to the present day problem. Modern society is experiencing an acute need for teamwork, mutual aid, compassion, selfless help to others - all these qualities are an integral part of volunteering. Volunteering at the present time is one of the most popular types of volunteer work. Selfless service to the humane interests of the people takes many forms, is manifested as an aid at the local, national and international levels. Today, the volunteer organizations exist in over 80 countries. In the nineties of the XX century, in this activity there was involved nearly half of the citizens in the United States and European countries. To date, the total number of volunteers in Russia accounts for only 2% of the population; however, volunteering in Russia is being reborn. The article gives a comparative analysis of the development of volunteerism in Russia and the world, the concept of «volunteering», specifics, significance and problems of development of this phenomenon in Russia. The authors consider the volunteer activities necessary for a full spiritual development of modern society.

The article deals with an interdisciplinary approach uniting architecture and philosophy of the age of Enlightenment and the Romantic Era. The philosophical foundations of interdisciplinary approach can already be seen in antiquity as an ideal of unity of knowledge, in modernity, in an effort to overcome the Cartesian dualism and the opposition of real and ideal by the representatives of German classical and romantic philosophy. In order to reveal the integration of philosophy and architecture, it is important to study the periods of paradigmatic shifts in culture, when close relationship between different areas of culture and similarities between categorical apparatus of the two disciplines can be observed. The origins of interdisciplinarity in Russia since the middle of the 18 ^th century are connected with the desire to develop the whole, enlightened, fully harmonious personality. The opening of the Academy of Arts chronologically coincided with the period of transition from baroque to classicism, which involved a new view on the combination of professional and general scientific disciplines. The transition from classicism to eclecticism in the first half of the 19 ^th century also coincided with a qualitatively new stage in the development of architectural education, philosophical and aesthetic thought. The development of Russian aesthetics of this period, the idea of union of art and philosophy was greatly influenced by the German classical and romantic philosophy, particularly by the ideas of F. W. Schelling. In the context of philosophical and aesthetic views of F. W. Schelling concerning the unity of ideal and real, professor of Мoscow University N. I. Nadezhdin creatively developed the idea of a union of the classical and romantic art. A philosophical orientation, the desire to understand the role of their profession, to respond to major, fundamental questions of the architectural theory were successfully implemented in the Moscow Palace Architectural School. A certain correspondence was found between the critical works on architecture by N. I. Nadezhdin and essay themes which were given to the students. The article considers the possibility of using the results of the research in the educational process in modern architectural school.

The present interdisciplinary research is dedicated to the major problems that the Buddhist church faced with in the Post-Soviet period. We analyze the large-scale transformations in its structure and activities that started in 1990-s and continued during the entire transitional period. This seems to be the most important because on the basis of the findings it is necessary to adjust the taken actions of resolving the issues and to define a strategy for the further development of the church. In addition, it is topical to identify the main problems that are faced by the leadership of the Buddhist Sangha in the period and to evaluate the ways of their solving. At the same time, a problem is set to consider the value foundations of Buddhist philosophy, which is apparent in the strategic management actions at the time, and to determine their role in the transformation process. From the philosophical point of view, we identify the axiological foundations of Tibet Buddhism which can be seen in the educational, local and international politics and in the revival of national culture. The most significant results of these changes are creation of the Buddhist educational institute «Dashi Choinkhorlin», increase of interest to Buddhism among the Russian population, formation of positive relations with the local and central government, and also the integration of buddhists of Buryatia, India, Mongolia and other countries.

The author of the article considers a topical problem of preserving the student body of the children’s music schools as a social problem and offers to use Internet-forums as a way of conducting polls and one of the methods of monitoring of the public attitudes towards music education and its quality. The historical succession, interconnection of the aims and goals of children’s music education during the Soviet and post-Soviet periods, their direct dependence on the social, economic and cultural realities are traced in the article. From this point of view we analyze the relation of the music school to the pupils, a changing role of the pupil in the education process, the interrelations in the triangle «school - family - pupil», the problem of formation of highly professional stuff, their aspiration for self-education and the issue of engaging the young specialists.