V. V. Pavlovskiy
Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University, 90 Mira Str., 660041 Krasnoyarsk
Keywords: российская система образования и воспитания, гуманизм, авторское определение гуманизма, авторская трактовка стадий становления гуманизма, частичная гуманизация, формирование личности молодых людей, Russian system of education and upbringing, humanism, author’s definition of humanism, author’s interpretation of stages of humanism, partial humanisation, formation of young personality
National researchersfocus of the problem of humanismin Russian education and upbringing lies as it is of great importance for development of the society. Reformation and modernisation of education in our country turned out to be really contradictory and destructive.Drawing upon Marx’s work Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, his concept of humanism, the author defines humanism and considers this phenomenon from protohumanism to its modern form, which is assumed as partial humanism and its subsequent forms in the future.The author’s opinion is concerned with partial humanism, partial humanisation in the national system of education and upbringing, subject to objective and subjective factors.The formation of students’ human and civil personality traits, securing the quality of education and appropriate training of professionals and specialists imply concrete historical humanism element of education and upbringing.
The article explores issues related to application of competitive techniques and diagnostic self-assessments along with traditional methods of quality assessment activities inhigher institutions.The author shows the main difference of self-assessment from measuring the quality of activity; the method of self-assessment is applied in licence, accreditation and self-investigation. The publication focuses on application of competitive self-assessment by national universities. The author suggests applying of complex integrated model, demonstrates interaction between different methods of activity assessment and makes prospective students, partners and society sure that higher institution provides high-rank and competitive education.
Y. D. Ovchinnikov, O. G. Lyzar
Kuban State University of Physical Training, Sport and Tourism, 161 Budenny Str., 350015 Krasnodar
Keywords: профессиональные и общекультурные компетентности, система работы, семинары, логико-компетентностный подход, профильный предмет, обучение, анализ работы, professional and common cultural competence, work system, seminars, logical competence approach, profile subject, training, performance review
The authors show their own opinion on a topical issue , i.e. working with competences in higher institution and suggest their own ways of solving this problem. They highlight teachers’ and students’ misunderstanding of the competencies, it is necessary to trace the causality of the problem. Logical-competence-based approach in working with competencies involves building a system of work. One of the stages of this system work is development of information and methodological directions. The main point is the dissemination of the methods of work with competence, self-education of teachers and students on the leading thematic areas, as well as the feedback. Seminars are structured; they are held throughout the academic year by a certain methodical concepts(presented in the article). Comparative maps FSES3 and FSES+.will help to see the problem and to fix the problem in the new standards. The article explores possible development of competence in curriculum and the consequences of it. The accumulated experience shows that significance of competencies in theoretical and specialized subjects is different. The article demonstrates correlation between theoretical and practical material in development of the profile subject to the specialist degree with obtaining proof of theoretical knowledge and practical skills. Speaking about possible outcomes of prospective specialists, the authors make conclusion that innovative methods do not always provide state security and human health, so human factor is considered to be the factor of professional expertise.
M. P. Yatsenko1, D. S. Chernyi2 1Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation 2Kurgan Border of Federal Security Service of Russia, Kurgan, Russian Federation
Keywords: глобализация, информационное общество, информация, информационное управление, Globalization, information society, information, information management
The relevance of the study of modern contradictory processes of globalization in the context of information is explained byprogressivesocietywich is subject to universalization. The authors highlight that globalization and internationalization focus on the inevitable departure of sovereign countriesfrom the historical stage. The article underlines the necessity to differentiate the concepts of “globalism” and “globalization”. Theappropriate review of the information aspect of global managementassumes the use of the term “interdependence”, which reveals a latent process toward global modernity. The authorsunderline that globalism implies an objective state of the universal connection of all the relations of world society subject to a single core. However, the information component plays a leading role in the modern pressure of Globalization, where the West is the core and imposes western values by means of massmedia to the whole world. Generalization of various conceptual approaches to modern globalization allows shifting several peculiarities of information society of the modern world. The information changed the era of post-industrialism as the information revolution led to a global information space, characterized by a huge flow of information, the ability to use it, and a giant impact on all life processes, consciousness and behavior. Information mechanism of global management is expressed in in appeal to public opinion, which is the subject of all sorts of manipulations.
T. A. Tsytskun
Kuban State University, Novorossiysk, Russian Federation
Keywords: экономическое образование, глобализационные процессы, государство, Economics, globalization processes, the state
The article analyzes the situation that has arisen in modern Economics. The author shows that many problems related to education are determined by the general ambiguity that exists in the economy, not only Russian but the world one. This policy focuses on the liberal concept of the “free market”directed at deregulation, since education is rendered as a private affair of the student. As the new model of economic education is being developed, it is necessary to take into account that Economics in modern Europe and in the United States is largely formalizedas teaching theoretical notionsis concerned with many graphics and mathematical formulas. The author explainsthe social necessity in development of new economic education due to intensified globalization in the world and particularly in Russian Federation. However, Russian scientists have to take into account as much as possible domestic experience of economic management, as well as to revive the unique theoretical proceedings of Russian scientists. The unresolved social and economic problems of the modern Russia more actualizes the problem of development new economic education, which considers the peculiarities of our history and contemporary life.
L. M. Struminskaya
Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: качество образования, организация мониторинга, критерии мониторинга, оценка деятельности вуза, рейтинг, quality of education, organization of monitoring, monitoring criteria, university assessment, rating
An effective management of educational quality needs to be based on systematic information, which is provided by monitoring. Monitoring of higher institutions is carried out at different levels, the widest monitoring is implemented at the university level. Monitoring assumes a process of lifelong scientific observation of changes in the scientific and academic activities of higher instituition with the aim of including the results of such observations into the management of the higher education institution. The goal of monitoring is to systemize information, to make a certain picture of changes occurred in the activity of higher institution at the definite periodand develop prospective activity plan based on the obtained data that would help to develop positive changes and prevent from the undesirable changes. The author analyzed the results obtained at various stages of monitoring and made cocnlusion they make a basis for the administrative decisions related to changes in education. In order for the monitoring to become a management tool, monitoring has to be organized. The author implies good organization of monitoring in order monitoring to become a real instrument of management. Monitoring arrangements deal with specific and appropriate combination of various forms, types and ways of monitoring. The article explores monitoring of quality of education in higher institutions. The author summarizes briefly external monitoring endorsed and regulated by Federal Law „On education“. The most part of the article is devoted to the internal monitoring of education, which is methodologically developed insufficiently. University envirnment consists of structural components related to each other. This assumestasks and aims of monitoring, objects of observation, subjects of arrangements and implementation of monitoring, a complex of evaluation criteria and indicators, methods of gathering information, which contribute monitoring measurements. The paper does not explore monitoring in the "teacher - student“ paradigm.
The article explores the content of education in the field of traditional arts and crafts, as the leading component in moral education of young generation. The authors consider the mechanism of sustainable development of folk art education to be necessary in order to enlighten the young generation, teach and train prospective artists able to produce highly artistic works and keep national traditions; and train teachers in the field of folk culture. The publication characterizes successive interrelation of the content of education to folk art in different institutions. The authors observe positive tendencies for modernization of art education on the basis of Federal State Educational Standards of the primary education, compulsory and higher education, and Federal State requirements to additional preprofessional education as well. Receiving arts by children's schools and art schools of the status preprofessional education, introduction of Federal state requirements to a contents minimum, structure and conditions of implementation of the additional educational preprofessional program, development of standards of an average and higher education in the field of arts and crafts and national crafts. The authors analyze curricula of compulsory and additional education and define the problematic fields revealed in low level of teachers’ professionalism in this aspect, lack of high-rate training of students for entering vocational art schools and higher institutions, discrepancy of the maintenance of educational programs to the leading problems of education in the field of national arts and crafts.
V. I. Kudashov1, M. K. Mosienko2 1Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny str., 660041, Krasnoyarsk 2Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University, 3 Mira str., 88, 660049, Krasnoyarsk
Keywords: образование, обыденное сознание, наркотизация, наркотик, рефлексия, education, common mind, narcotization, drug, reflection
Nowadays a lot of societies are facing the problem of growing casual drug abuse. This challenge isn’t new to humanity, but it has been modified by the modern world conditions and has acquired new aspects: drug use is no longer a peripheral phenomenon limited to local traditional practices, but a widely accessible means of recreation. The ontological basis of narcotization problem is the experience of being detached from the world that comes from subject-object cognitive frame arising from the corresponding basic language structure. Education has the potential to counter this problem. In order to use this potential it is necessary to realize what causes narcotization as well as the appropriate strategy of solving this problem. The major points of this strategy are: to create and to popularize an alternative lifestyle image; to inform the participants of education systems that the problem is not their unique experience, but a long-standing issue well-known to humanity; to establish obligatory medical control in educational institutions. Authors analyze the basis for addiction development in common mind as well as antinarcotization potential of education. The first part of the article is devoted to common mind specific inner causes of addiction development analysis. The second part of the article describes the “major” and the “minor” narcotization problems and estimates the potential of education as a factor which could counter them. Potential strategies involving educational tools that could solve the “minor” narcotization problem are suggested.
V. A. Danilenkova
Kaliningrad State Technical University, 1 Sovetsky Avenue, 236000 Kaliningrad
Keywords: экологическая образовательная среда, стрессоустойчивость, экология образовательного процесса, ecological educational environment, resistance to stress, ecology of educational process
The ecological educational environment of technical university is directed on increase of resistance to the students’stress by means of ecology of educational process. The ecology of educational process includes the contents, forms, methods, means and technologies of training aimed at resistance to the students’stress that takes place due to use of new interactive forms of education, health saving technologies, a combination of theoretical and practical training of students. The ecological educational environment of technical university assumes the balanced of personal and behavioural components of resistance to the students’stress and problems of preservation, providing favorable ecology educational process which is interfaced to a high intellectual and emotional pressure of students. Resistance to stress in the ecology of educational process is caused by many external and internal factors among which play the correct organization of the mode of study and rest, the healthy lifestyle of students including health saving technologies large role. The research assumed development of the content of experimental work, the including personal and behavioural components of resistance to stress of students. Levels of motivation, knowledge, socialization and personal features were determined by personal criterion: «high», «average», «low», «unsatisfactory», in percentage expression. The behavioral criterion was determined by existence of ways of management of behavior of students, by existence of methods of providing and the maintenance of ecology of educational process: «yes» and «no». In the experiment, we use interactive methods and technologies will be in the classroom for the environment, which, in combination with modern information technology can improve the students' level of information, thereby increasing the personal and behavioral components of the stress the students.
The article is devoted to the core revelation of leading mechanisms of psychological and pedagogical conditions, aimed at cadets’ intellectual-creative potential during foreign language lessons in a military high school. The following process is represented by five main conditions: the formation of steady emotional-volitional personality features; building up an inner pillar of spirituality and moral values aimed at edifying and creativity; application of complex methods, forms and measures of cadets’ intellectual-creative potential in a military high school, providing system character and integrity during foreign language training; building pedagogical sphere of cadets’ intellectual-creative potential development; consistency of educational, scientific and characterbuilding types of activities in the sphere of intellectual-creative potential stimulation; dialogical co-creation of a teacher and cadets. . These conditions are based on the principles of motivational and creative activity, problematicity, integration and practical orientation. Each stage of psychological-pedagogical conditions assumes certain components development for further formation of intellectual-creative potential.We assume the notion of intellectual-creative potential as an integrative feature of personality, representing a series of motivational, cognitive, practice-organizational and reflexive aspects.All these aspects are to be forwarded and applied in order to reach particular goals both instrumental (providing temporary values) and existential (providing potential broadening of self-realization and development). The article points out that development of intellectual-creative potential assumes development of inner personal reserves, personal breakthrough, which will definitely promote a prospective specialist in military sphere with constant desire and everlasting opportunity for self-development during all daily professional living activities.
The article explores adaptation of foreign students to new cultural environment, which is an important modern problem and deals with development of education in the context of globalization. The relevance of this topic is explained by integration of different cultures, which takes place in the global world over the past decade. Training of foreign students is one of the prior tasks for Russian higher education. The researchers and policy makers speak about increasing number of foreign students in Russian universities, which can contribute to position and status of Russia in the world. However, learning and adaptation of students who are considered to be carriers of original mentality and culture, involves considerable difficulties. The paper reveals the characteristics of human mentality, as a manifestation of deep-seated attitudes of the collective consciousness of a people. Foreign students are carriers of a certain system of values and norms, which causes a kind of way of thinking and seeing the world. Sometimes vision of different cultures bases primarily on stereotypes, which may explain the distorted phenomena and processes of the surrounding reality. Adaptation to a new culture can become quite painful and not always be successful, which certainly reduces the effect of training. Thus, institutes have to take into account the mental peculiarities of foreign students (belief, values, norms, behavior patterns) and use them to improve the efficiency of learning and the integration of foreign students in the educational space of Russia.
The current state of higher education is concerned with development of e-learning, transfer of education to the open information-educational environment, increase of the volume and importance of strengthening the training of students' independent work, mainstreaming the quality of educational services. At the same time, the pedagogical community is concerned with weakening of students’ cognitive abilities and low quality of their independent work. Generally, students carry out independent work in the Internet, which deals with peculiarities affecting its quality. However, the problem of the quality of education is characterized as being in the new phase, which assumes development of education,its guarantees and quality management of education. Detailed quality management of education reviewed as the quality management of individual educational processes solves this problem at the level of a teacher and a student. The research objective is to specify pedagogical instruments contributing to quality management of students’ independent work. The article deals with the urgent methods of management and applies peculiarities of students’ independent work. They are indirect pedagogical management; student self-management; joint management of a teacher and a student. The paper highlights three types of management, which have led to searching for methodological approaches appropriate for each of the type, topic of research and peculiarities of students’ independent work in the Internet. The authors explain the necessity in application of environmental, subject-activity and polysubject approaches to quality management of students’ independent work.
The article explores the problems of foundation and development of professional students’ guidance in higher education. The authors analyze the research results and professional students’ guidance and put forward a hypothesis about the conditions of foundation and development of professional self-determination of students in university-managed development of the individual. The paper investigates the concepts of individualization and personalization in educational space. The article considers organizational and pedagogical conditions that support professional students’ guidance at engineering universities in frames of individual and personal education in the aspect of employment. The publication puts forward application of system-activity approach in the foundation and development of professional students’ guidance. Particular attention is paid to creating a model of pedagogical support of professional students’ guidance through 3 related subjects included into curricular of Tomsk Polytechnic University. The results of sociological research of students’ personal and professional characteristics and opportunities for their development in the educational system of the university are investigated. The authors highlight the research results of TPU students on their future professional career and their views on blue-collar jobs, industrial training and research and academic training. The article underlines necessity for students’ career guidance in engineering professions.
V. V. Nikolina1, A. V. Sharina2 1Nizhniy Novgorod State Institution of Further Training, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russian Federation 2Arzamas Commerce-Technical College, Arzamas, Russian Federation
Keywords: инновационное развитие, предпринимательская активность, процесс, развитие личности, innovative development, entrepreneurship, process, personality development
The article explores peculiarities of building students’ entrepreneur skills in vocational schools as a factor of sustainable economic development of the country. The authors consider people with up-to-date professionalism, managerial skills and economic way of mind to be the necessary ones for innovative breakthrough. These people have innovative mind. The vocational students must demonstrate applied professionalism, psychological resistance, creativity and ability for self-realization in the labour market. The authors make conclusion about solution of the problem, which assumes the government and pedagogical community being aimed at searching for new ways of increasing of people’s entrepreneur skills and particularly students’ ones. The authors suggest the unique model of building entrepreneur skills of students trained in vocational schools. The publication considers building of entrepreneur skills as process of student’s personality development in order to get values, skills and knowledge in the area of entrepreneurship and application of interactive methods, forms and means. The suggested model is based on modernization of vocational training and applying pedagogical potential aimed at building entrepreneur students’ skills. The authors highlight valuable and target component, substantial component, process component, technological and estimation ones. The model contributes to economic training and teaches entrepreneurship.
S. S. Tsukarev, Yu. A. Bychenok
Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: грант, социально ориентированный проект, поэтапный процесс НИРС, мультипликативный эффект, мастер-класс, волонтерство, пенсионер-онлайн, grant, social target project, stage process of students’ research work, multiplier effect, a master class, volunteering, pensioner-online
The paper analyzes problems related to research activity of students and searching for new forms for assessment of students’ research activity in the Chair Student Research Group. As it is known, students’ research work contributes to continuing participation of students in the research work during their training at university. Taking into account career guidance of students, the Chair of Public and Business Administration involves students into the research work, which conforms to curriculum, study programme, and considers further defense of final theses. Participation in the Students Research Group is volitional; it depends on the topic of research and degree both a student and scientific supervisor are interested in the research. Many researchers devoted their publications to this problem, but they are related with arrangement of students’ research activity at university or its methodological support. The authors suppose evaluation of students’ research work results to be necessary for consideration. The authors approve the approach of some institutions of Novosibirsk, which suggest applying various scoring models and control. Otherwise, it is more pleasant for a student to get not only scores but also financial benefits. Therefore, we correlate the timelines of the topic with its demand in the regional market of social service clients. This is a market approach, but the third project appeared to be socially significant and received funding. This became an additional stimulation and motivation for young researchers and students participating in the project. The publication describes the main processes starting from Students’ Research Group formation to development of grant projects.
Global information and socio-economic changes in the post-industrial society have led to its evolution, changes in social relations, human activities, also to institutional changes in the education system. Material and socio-cultural environment in which the socialization of the younger generation and individuals happens is changing. Standards, values and socio-cultural patterns are changed in the process of social transformation and in the changes of the value orientations of young people in various fields of modern Russian society. Youth reflects the realities of time and problems of Russian society as a reflection of the entire social space. Social group of students has become so massive that can carry projections, reflect changes of the social life of Russia. In our scientific research we consider the main social factors that influence the formation and establishment of the transformed value orientations of modern Russian students. We put forward the fundamental differences between two alternative paradigms: the technocratic and humanistic, in interpretation of phenomena of dialectically opposed systems of value orientations in regard of a person (group of people) to nature, people, work and person to himself. Currently the social space of value orientations of modern Russian youth is contradictory and vague and fundamentally paradoxical. «Centaur-problem» in the minds and behavior of students is as an eclectic mix of alternative principles of humanistic and technocratic paradigms that are in dialectical unity. We identified the transphenomena expressed in contradictions of value orientations that we call the trans-values. In general the education system contributes to this. The main direction of transformation of students’ value orientations has antisocial orientation. The author suggests application of paradigmatic analysis for the detailed analysis of the ongoing social processes and phenomena, situations and scientific theories.
M.V. Mersh
Altai Institute of Agribusiness Staff Further Training, Barnaul, Russian Federation
Keywords: трудовые ресурсы, воспроизводство трудовых ресурсов, кадры, кадровые службы, сельское хозяйство, экономика АПК, экономика сельского хозяйства, human resources, reproduction of labor resources, personnel, personnel departments, agriculture, agribusiness economics, agricultural economics
The article represents the survey results of personnel departments staff of agricultural enterprises of the Altai Territory. The survey is aimed at identifying features of reproduction of the labor force. The publication explores the activity of the Government of Russia and regional authorities in the aspect of reproduction of labour forces at agricultural enterprises. The author makes conclusion that implementation of the strategic objectives of agricultural production, including reproduction of the labor forces, is related to qualitative transformation of the system of further training and increasing of the staff professional rank.
V. N. Chizhov, N. A. Ryzhkova
Altai Institute of Agribusiness Staff Further Training, Barnaul, Russian Federation
Keywords: маркетинговая деятельность, система индивидуального сопровождения, квалификация, эффективность деятельности кадров АПК, marketing, individual support, qualification, efficiency of agribusiness staff
The article explores the role of agricultural staff in the aspect of import substitution. The article mentions strict requirements to the chiefs and personnel employed in agribusiness. These requirements assume agribusiness specialists’ high qualification and a special type of mind. There is a relation between production efficiency and personnel qualification, which depends on lifelong learning. The publication describes briefly elements of marketing approach, which are applied in development of individual support.
The paper considers the issues ofspecialists’training in the system of industrial training. Today the general model of interaction betweenthe industrial enterprises and industry-oriented universities involves targetedspecialists’ training for the industry under the joint development of specialized training programmes. New social and-economic conditions, structural changes within the company OAO “RZhD” (Russian railway) lead to new requirements to specialists’ training. The industry-oriented education in the railway industry should be directed at the solution of the problems faced by theentire national transport network. Thus it is necessary to take into account such factors as: 1) compliance of transport education with the existing and long-term demands of the transport industry; 2) role of the transport industry in the development of industry-orientededucation; 3) place of the industry-orientededucation in thesystem of vocational education in Russia. The strategy of the transport network development in Russia identifies the role of the transport industry in the industry-orientededucation. Taking into account the multifaceted character of the industry-oriented education, the author presents the structure of the industry-orientededucation as a dynamically developing multifunctional educational cluster. Within the implementation of supplementary training programmes on the request of the industry, the Siberian State Transport University has made an attempt to combine the educational business processes existing in the university through training according to the speciality, organization of the students’research and simultaneous English language training based on the academic and professional mobility. Under such organization of training the development of communicative competence becomes an effective means of professional competence development. Thus, the development of the industry-oriented education enables to combine vocational education with the labour market needs and to improve the quality of training for the industry, and therefore, to increase the competitiveness of the transport university graduates in the labour market.
V. V. Petrov
Institute of Philosophy and Law RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: университет, производство фундаментального знания, академическая наука, глобализация, регионализация, university, fundamental knowledge production, fundamental science, globalization, regionalization
The article declares about education as being institutionalized sphere of human activity. It is included into fundamental social institutions as a form of social relations and life support of humanity, stability and development of public life, inheritance and succession of social and spiritual experience of generations. Russian universities have overcome the millennium crisis and they are still aimed at knowledge transfer and training staff but not at the research. These systems include a variety of social organizations and assume the net of institutions aimed at reproduction of attributive social relations, and each component of this complex has its own ontology. Globalization and world traditions imply technological transfer and reproduction of fundamental knowledge by means of university centres. Otherwise, science in Russian universities is characterized as being significantly behind the fundamental science. The publication insists on interaction between the research institutions of the Academy of Science and university centres in order to get fundamental knowledge. The author explores possibility of interaction of this kind in the region and takes into consideration the regional specific features.
Three types of coal gangue are compared systematically. The burnout index and the comprehensive combustibility index are found to increase significantly as the ash content decreases. The Arrhenius activation energy is obtained by using the Ozawa–Flynn–Wall and Vyazovkin models.
A. V. Fedorov
Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia fedorov@itam.nsc.ru
Keywords: смесь газа и твердых частиц, давление фазы частиц, структура ударной волны, замороженные и дисперсионные ударные волны, mixture of a gas and solid particles, particle phase pressure, shock wave structure, frozen and disperse shock waves
The shock wave motion of a mixture of a gas and fine solid particles is considered with allowance for the difference in velocities and the particle phase pressure, which is described by Anderson-type and other equations. Various forms of the equation of state for the particle phase are described. Graphical illustrations are given for the equation determining the composite type of this model with the particle phase pressure being neglected. Under certain assumptions, the complete model can be reduced to a hyperbolic system of equations. Types of shock waves formed in such a mixture are determined for this system of equations. The statements are illustrated by results of numerical simulations.
F. A. Bykovskii, S. A. Zhdan, E. F. Vedernikov, A. N. Samsonov
Lavrent'ev Institute of Hydrodynamics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia bykovskii@hydro.nsc.ru
Keywords: непрерывная спиновая детонация, синтез-газ, воздух, поперечные детонационные волны, камера сгорания, структура течения, continuous spin detonation, syngas, air, transverse detonation waves, combustor, flow structure
Regimes of continuous detonation burning of syngas–air mixtures in transverse (spinning) detonation waves in a flow-type annular cylindrical combustor are considered. Mixtures of carbon oxide and hydrogen in proportions of 1/1, 1/2, and 1/3 are used. The varied parameters are the combustor geometry and the fuel injection system, as well as the flow rates of air and syngas. The influence of additional supply of air to the products on the detonation wave parameters, pressure in the combustor, and specific impulse is determined. The range of realization of continuous spin detonation of the syngas–air mixture in terms of specific flow rates of the mixture is expanded from 25 to 786 kg/(s⋅m2). It is shown that additional supply of air increases the pressure in the combustor, the thrust, and the number of detonation waves, but decreases the detonation wave velocity. The flow structure in the domain of detonation waves is studied. For some values of the combustor expansion coefficient, a chart of detonation regimes in the coordinates of the fuel–to–air equivalence ratio and specific flow rate of air is constructed, and the specific impulse of the thrust force is calculated.
A. P. Ershov, A. O. Kashkarov, E. R. Pruuel
Lavrent'ev Institute of Hydrodynamics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia ers@hydro.nsc.ru
Keywords: детонация, инициирование, конвективное горение, переход горения в детонацию, двухфазные среды, detonation, initiation, convective combustion, deflagration-to-detonation transition, two-phase media
Injection of a hot gas flow produced by an external source into a powdered explosive allows very fast (within a few microseconds) deflagration-to-detonation transition. Under this high-enthalpy initiation conditions, the process begins with the stage of convective combustion, and the initial velocity of the wave is about 1 km/s. The combustion kinetics known from the literature does not provide the observed rapid development of the process. Various mechanisms of acceleration of the reaction are considered. Results of calculation for a two-phase gas-dynamic model are compared with data of synchrotron diagnostics (set of density profiles in the wave).
Some important aspects of rotating detonation waves are discussed: specific features of recording and interpretation of trajectories of rotating transverse waves onto a moving film, relationship between the acoustic velocity of reaction products and the velocity of rotation of transverse waves, energy release and deficit of velocity of a rotating detonation wave, and multifront structure of rotating transverse waves.
J.-M. Li1, K.-M. Chung2, Y.-C. Hsu2 1National University of Singapore, 119077 Singapore 2National Cheng Kung University, 711 Tainan, Taiwan kmchung@mail.ncku.edu.tw
Keywords: переход горения в детонацию, детонация, распространение через границу смесей, диафрагма, пропан/кислород, deflagration-to-detonation transition, detonation, transmission across the interface, diaphragm, propane-oxygen
An experimental study is conducted to investigate the effect of the diaphragm thickness on the transmission of an incident detonation wave from a propane–oxygen mixture (donor) to a propane-air mixture (acceptor). Quenching of the incident detonation wave near the interface is observed for all test cases. The presence of a diaphragm results in a longer distance required for re-initiating the detonation wave in the acceptor. In the presence of a diaphragm with a thickness smaller than 50 μm, the velocity of detonation wave propagation approaches that of the test case with a slide gate valve (no diaphragm).
I. I. Kochetkov, A. V. Pinaev
Lavrent'ev Institute of Hydrodynamics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia avpin@ngs.ru
Keywords: электрический взрыв проволочки, плазменный пузырь, ударная волна, скорость звука, жидкость, пузырьковая среда, пузырьковая детонация, electrical wire explosion, plasma bubble, shock wave, sound velocity, liquid, bubbly medium, bubble detonation
The structure of unsteady shock waves and bubble detonation waves generated by electrical explosion of a wire in water and chemically inert and reactive bubbly media was studied at a capacitor energy storage of 8÷81 J. The formation and expansion of a plasma bubble after wire explosion in water and bubble media was investigated using optical recording. The formation of cavitation zones and the breakdown characteristics of the liquid and bubbly media in short strong shock waves were established. It is proved that the initiation of bubble detonation by wire explosion occurs by a resonance shock–wave mechanism. A comparative frequency Fourier analysis of shock waves in an inert bubble medium and bubble detonation waves was performed.
S.-W. Zhang, C.-L. Liu, G.-W. Ren, Q.-Z. Li
Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, P.O.BOX 919-101, fsp Mianyang, Sichuan, P. R. China zhangswxueshu@163.com
Keywords: предел текучести, упругий предвестник, высокая скорость деформирования, yield stress, elastic precursor, high strain rate
The amplitudes of the elastic precursor in LY12 Al-based alloy samples under different pre-stress states are obtained. Even though the material does not undergo a brittle-to-ductile transition, the amplitude of the elastic precursor still increases with pre-compression. It is demonstrated that the amplitude of the elastic precursor is not only related to the yield stress, but also to the stress state. A method for obtaining a more accurate yield stress of materials under both uniaxial strain and uniaxial stress conditions is presented.
S. N. Sannikov, D. S. Sannikov
Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch, 8 Marta str., 202, Yekaterinburg, 620144 Russian Federation
Keywords: сосна обыкновенная, экология, генетика, география, естественное возобновление, система рубок, Западная Сибирь, Scots pine, ecology, genetics, geography, natural regeneration, logging, Western Siberia
A conception of the adaptation of Scots pine populations to the natural regeneration on open sites with the mosaic retained stand and mineralized soil surface on the basis of the ecological-genetic-geographical investigations in the forests of the Russia and the theory of petropsammofitness-pyrofitness (Sannikov S. N., 1983) has been substantiated. The methods of clear cuts with the seeding from surrounding forest, seed curtains and sufficiently extent of the substrate preparation for the pine selfsown have been selected and elaborated as a main organization principle of the system «felling-regeneration» in the plains pine forests of the forest zone. High regeneration efficiency of this system with the application of original aggregate for the optimal mineralization of the soil substrate (with its synchronous loosing) has been shown on the example of dominating pine forest types in the subzone for-forest-steppe of the Western Siberia. The silvicultural-ecological and reproductive-genetic advantages of retaining seed curtains instead of separate seed trees have been substantiated. The basic parameters of the system «felling-regeneration», which guarantee a sufficient success of the following pine regeneration in the for-forest-steppe subzone, have been determined with the help of the methods of the mathematical imitation modeling of the pine selfsown density depending on the area and localization of seed curtains, surrounding forest and the extent of the substrate mineralization. The zonal differentiated system of the fellings and measures for the regeneration optimization in the climatically substituting pine forest types in the Western Siberia has been elaborated according to the parameters, studied earlier, on the ecological-genetic-geographical basis. The principles of this system in forest zone come to the clear strip-fellings with insemination of cuts from the seed curtains and forest walls, and to the hollow-fellings with the insemination and shading from the surrounding forest walls in the forest-steppe (with the sufficiently mineralization of soil surface in both zones). The approaches and methods of proposed system «felling-regeneration» have been recommended for the plains pine and larch-pine forests of the Western Siberia and geographically substituting forest types in other regions.
S. R. Loskutov, O. A. Shapchenkova, A. A. Aniskina
V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Akademgorodok, 50/28, Krasnoyarsk, 660036 Russian Federation
Keywords: древесина, окислительная термодеструкция, пиролиз, термогравиметрия, кинетические характеристики, дифференциальная сканирующая калориметрия, тепловые эффекты, wood, thermal oxidative destruction, pyrolysis, thermogravimetry, kinetic characteristics, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal effects
Thermal decomposition of wood from coniferous and deciduous species of Siberia has been studied using thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The tree species were larch Larix sibirica Ledeb., Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L., spruce Picea obovata Ledeb., fir Abies sibirica Ledeb., Siberian pine Pinus sibirica Du Tour., birch Betula pendula Roth., and aspen Populus tremula L. Thermal analysis of wood samples was carried out under oxidative (air) and inert (argon) atmospheres from 25 to 700 °С at heating rates 10, 20, 40 °С · min-1 (TG/DTG) and from 25 to 590 °С at heating rates 10, 40 °С · min-1 (DSC). The stages of thermal decomposition, the temperature intervals, the mass loss, the mass loss rate, the temperature of DTG/DSC peaks, and heating effects were determined for each tree species. The kinetic thermal degradation parameters of wood were obtained by the Broido and Ozawa-Flynn-Wall models. The wood of coniferous and deciduous species of Siberia was characterized on the base of analysis of activation energy values at various stages of thermal decomposition and the relations of activation energy on conversion level of wood substance of different tree species, and also the comparison of mass loss at the same stages of thermal destruction, heating effects, residual mass and other parameters of TG/DTG, DSC. In our opinion, the results of this work present interest for researchers and specialists in the field of forest pyrology, wood science, dendrochemistry.
A. A. Aleynikov1, A. V. Tyurin1, L. V. Simakin2, A. S. Efimenko1, A. A. Laznikov1 1Centre for Forest Ecology and Production, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya str., 84/32, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation 2Pechora-Ilych Biosphere Nature Reserve, Yaksha village, Troitsk-Pechora district, Komi Republic, 169436 Russian Federation
Keywords: Печоро-Илычский заповедник, бореальные леса, история природопользования, лесные пожары, пирогенные сукцессии, Северный Урал, Pechora-Ilych biosphere nature reserve, boreal forests, history of nature use, forest fires, after fire successions, Northern Urals
A study of the vegetation cover current state in any area should start from detailed investigation of its land-use history. Historic factors are of particular importance for forest ecosystems of protected nature areas as usually they are regarded as models and their history is neglected. The article describes fire history of the piedmont area of Pechora-Ilych biosphere nature reserve based on high resolution remote sensing data analysis and historical records. Such method allows reconstruction of forest fires back to 150 years ago. Field research of the tree stands age structure is needed to reveal older fires. 89 burns of 78 893 ha total area were detected, which is 11 % of the piedmont area of the reserve. The burns are distributed unevenly across the area: 76 % are in the Ilych river basin and the rest are in the Pechora river basin. All burns are classified into 4 types according to the periods during which they happened. Burned areas in both river basins changed during these periods: major part of the forest cover in the Ilych basin was damaged before the reserve was established, in the Pechora river basin -in the first decade after its foundation. Only 20 burns are precisely dated out of 73 burns happened in the XX century. Causes are also not determined for all fires. Probably both natural (lightning) and anthropogenic factors caused fires. Known anthropogenic fires are allocated to settlements and floating rivers and cover huge areas (thousands and tens of thousands hectares). Natural fires are at distant watershed areas and are significantly smaller (tens and hundreds hectares).
A. V. Manov1, I. N. Kutyavin1, M. N. Kovalev1,2, A. F. Osipov1
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:336:"1Institute of Biology, Komi Republic Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kommunisticheskaya str., 28b, Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, 167982 Russian Federation 2Federal Budget Institution «Russian Centre for Forest Protection», Garazhnaya str., 9, Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, 167000 Russian Federation";s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"html";}
Keywords: ветровал, прирост, фитомасса, валеж, подрост, таежная зона, Республика Коми, windfall, increment, phytomass, dead fallen wood, undergrowth, taiga zone, Komi Republic
Accumulation of organic matter in spruce green moss Piceetum hylocomiosum and pine lichen Pinetum cladinosum forest communities after windfall was investigated. Phytomass of Piceetum hylocomiosum stand is 51.8 t · ha-1, and Pinetum cladinosum stand is 7.5 t · ha-1. Phytomass in the disturbed stands is 3.5 times less than in undisturbed spruce forest and 15 times less than in undisturbed pine forest. The undergrowth accumulates 2.8 t · ha-1 in spruce forest, and 0.9 t · ha-1 in pine forest after windfall. Number of trees, volume of wood, stock of organic matter was determined in coarse woody debris subject to decay class. Most of the dead trees (77−97 %) belong to the second decay class. Reduced competition for light and mineral nutrients influences the intensity of organic matter accumulation by tree plants. We detected that increasing radial growth of spruce and fir began before windfall. This demonstrates the stand drying. However, maximal rate of annual ring increment (2.03−2.17 mm for spruce and 3.98−4.07 mm for fir) was observed in 2009−2010 years. After windfall radial growth of undergrowth increased 2 times in Piceetum hylocomiosum and 7.7 times in Pinetum cladinosum. Height increment of spruce and fir understorey increased 2.2−2.6 times in spruce forest. As compared with undisturbed ecosystems height increment of pine understorey is 1.2−2.0 times higher on windbreak in Pinetum cladinosum .
I. A. Goncharova, A. V. Benkova
V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Akademgorodok, 50/28, Krasnoyarsk, 660036 Russian Federation
Keywords: Hylocomium splendens, годичная продукция, погодные факторы, скользящие функции отклика, условия местопроизрастания, Хакасия, Hylocomium splendens, annual phytomass production, weather factors, correlation, habitat conditions, Khakassia
Dynamics of annual increments of green moss Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G. in the Khakassia forest-steppe zone has been studied. The values of the moss linear and phytomass increments were investigated in different habitats for 6 years. The aboveground annual production of the H. splendens in phytocenosis was estimated. Linear increments of the H. splendens growing under the tree canopy and opening between trees were not significantly different. Phytomass increments under the tree canopy are significantly higher than in the openings between trees. The density of moss mats, proportion between leaves and stems were calculated. It was revealed that climatic factors have a different degree and duration influence on the moss increments in different habitats. Linear increments of H. splendens in different habitats synchronously respond to weather factor changes. The air temperature was the most important at the beginning and the end of the vegetation period; the amount of precipitation was more important in the middle of the growth period. Phytomass increments of H. splendens in different habitats respond differently to influence of weather conditions. Phytomass increments under the tree canopy are not sensitive to air temperature, and more sensitive to precipitations in the middle of growth period than one of opening between trees. The specificity of the climatic factors’ influence on the biomass growth depends on habitat conditions.
N. V. Gerling, V. V. Punegov, I. V. Gruzdev
Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Scieces, Kommunisticheskaya str. 28, GSP-2, Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, 167982 Russian Federation
Keywords: Juniperus communis, эфирное масло, ультраструктура, секреторные клетки, Juniperus communis, essential oil, ultrastructure, secretory cells
The results of determining the qualitative and quantitative composition of essential oil Juniperus communis , growing under the canopy of spruce blueberry sphagnum subzone middle taiga. Juniperus communis essential oil is liquid light yellow color. The content of essential oil was 0.46 % in shoots with needles. 37 substances of components identified. Mass fraction of components in the essential oil of Juniperus communis reached 89 %. The highest percentage of occupied fraction of monoterpenes (82.3 %), the proportion of sesquiterpenes less than 0.5 % of the total composition of essential oils, alcohols 3.5 and 0.7 % esters. In monoterpenes fraction predominant α-pinene (24.5−32.6 %), β-pinene (15−20.3 %) and α-phellandrene (6.4−8.8 %). Essential oil of Juniperus communis is characterized by high content of monoterpenoids in contrast to other conifers of the taiga zone. All stages of biosynthesis essential oils occur in the epithelial cells of the resin channel (terpenoidogennyh cells). An oval shape have epithelial cells of the resin channel needles in transverse sections the Juniperus communis , which is situated vacuole in the center. Large number of lipid globules (up to 40) noted in the hyaloplasm of explored cells. Leucoplasts surrounded by membranes of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in cross sections of epithelial cells in resin channel of juniper. Endoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed in epithelial cells, which corresponds to the low content of sesquiterpenes in the needles during the study period. Development of large leucoplasts and large number of mitochondria associated with predominance of synthesis monoterpenoids the in the epithelium cells resin channel.
M. A. Proskuryakov
Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Timiryazev str., 36d, Almaty, 050040 Republic of Kazakhstan
Keywords: лесные экосистемы, хронобиология, цикличность движения, растения, климат, forest ecosystems, chronobiology, cyclic recurrence of movement, plants, climate
On the basis of generalization of materials of long-term research, it is shown objectively, steadily, continuously and everywhere manifested action of the law of cyclic recurrence of movement of all properties of forest organisms and ecosystems. The Action of this law should be considered, both in research and in use, conserving biodiversity, productivity and resource values of forests. For this purpose, the conceptual solution to a problem of cyclic analysis of spatial-temporal movement of all properties of forest organisms and ecosystems was proposed during climate change thus allowing forest management at lower costs and risks. This solution is based on chronobiological analysis of spatial-temporal movement of forest plants and their ecosystems. The peculiarities of task solution of ecologically ranked distribution of chronobiological permanent study areas were reviewed in this relation. The interpolation algorithms of their observation results were proposed in order to analyze localization coordinates and spatial-temporal movement of properties of forest organisms and their ecosystems. The possibilities of use of chronobiological analysis for assessment of cyclic changes of sensitivity, direction, velocity and value of transposition of forest organisms and ecosystems’ properties were shown. The proposed solution to a problem will increase steadiness and cost effectiveness of forest use during cyclic climate changes and will allow operating forestry at the maximum efficiency and at lower costs and risks under the highest natural productivity of forest ecosystems thus avoiding the areas of climatic adversities. In addition, this solution will help to observe reduced impact forest use and contribute to preservation of forests’ biodiversity in space and time of fluctuating climate. Likewise, it will contribute to development of new actual trends of theoretical and applied surveys. Among them are monitoring of coordinates’ movement of spatial-temporal localization of properties of forest ecosystems, their productivity and protection role; monitoring of coordinates’ movement of habitats with critical transformation of resource value and biological steadiness of forest ecosystems; analysis of cyclic movement of introduction results of forest organisms in new regions; development of reduced impact forest use and creation of new technologies allowing to mitigate adverse cyclic changes of productivity and biological steadiness of forests, their protection, balneological and recreation role. Development of these directions will reduce inefficient labor and time costs for restoration, preservation of biodiversity and forest productivity as the most important everlasting resource of the Earth.
An attempt to reveal some of the unique features of the Kislovodsk medical park landscape and explain reasons for its beneficial effects on human health, which could serve as one of the arguments to justify giving the park the status of specially protected area have been done in the paper. It marked features of the climate of the park, reminiscent of the features of the monsoon - a dry winter and a moderately humid summers. It’s stated, that one of the main features of the landscape of the park is the presence of layers of the upper and lower Cretaceous (former biosphere by V. I. Vernadsky) in which biogeochemical information for many tens of millions of years is compressed. Rocks, coming to the surface, creating a polypaleobiospheris structure of the park. The data on the influence of the chemical composition of rocks (former biospheres) on forest and meadow-steppe formation are presented. It is shown, that the same rock formed a close relationship Ca and Mg in the soil absorbing complex mountain-meadow chernozem (mould humus) and forest soils in the area of nutrition sources and mineral water to a depth of tens of meters in Kislovodsk. It emphasizes the potential of the park selection plants (800 species of herbaceous and more than 250 species and varieties of trees and shrubs) volatile compounds that reflect the biogeochemical characteristics of rock ten tiers of the lower and upper Cretaceous. The geological age of various rocks is recommended to consider with forest plantation and forest typological zoning and development. It is considered appropriate to introduce under the canopy of artificial plants useful forest plants. It’s offered to include in the park area Kislovodsk forestry district and all forests within the boundaries of mountain-sanitary protection zone of the Caucasian Mineral Waters resorts.
L. P. Gabysheva1,2, A. P. Isaev1,3 1Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Lenin str., 41, Yakutsk, 677980 Russian Federation 2Yakut State Academy of Agriculture, Krasilnikov str., 15, Yakutsk, 677980 Russian Federation 3Institute of Natural Sciences, North-Eastern Federal University, Kulakovsky str., 42, Yakutsk, 677980 Russian Federation
Keywords: cryolithozone, forest fires, burnt-out areas, fire-site, Yakutia
Data analysis on the fire occurrence and frequency in Central Yakutia (North-Eastern Russia) has been considered. Calculate the impact of socio-economic and climatic conditions of region on inflammability parameters. A close relationship was found between quantity and density of population and the frequency of fires occurence (0.95−0.99). Not so much negative correlation observed between the amount of precipitation during the fire-dangerous period and the frequency of fire (−0.53). The results of our study relating to the fire impact on microclimatic and soil conditions of the forests of Central Yakutia are brought in the article. Studies have revealed that strong changes microclimate and soil conditions in the burnt areas occur in the first 10 years after the fire. At the young burned out site, soil temperature in average increases in comparison with the forest at a depth of 5 cm in 5.2 ... 5.6 °C, at a depth of 30 cm — in 4.3 ... 6.2 °C, soil moisture — by 1.1−2.3 times in a 1−2-year — fire site, by 1.1−1.7 times in a 10−12-year-old one; seasonally thawed layer thickness is 0.3−0.8 m greater in the burned out areas than in the forest. There is stabilization of the modified conditions in the post-fire period in the course of succession. Essential changes of microclimatic and soil conditions occurring after fires and stabilizing in the progress of succession when fire-sites overgrow with plants have been found. In the burned areas of the Central Yakutia it starts at the age of 20−25 years after the fire.
