Home – Home – Jornals – Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves 2016 number 1

The article claims that an effective use of the findings from a study of innovation in the reproduction process may result from revising the role of regions in the spatial diffusion of innovations. Regions are mostly able to develop actively various forms of cooperation, including ones with neighboring territories and foreign companies when these processes are systematically coordinated by the government and serve the interests of the entire Federation and not just individual regions with objective benefits or special investment support from the government. Converting regions into the drivers of innovative development will require expanding their powers at least to the level stated in the Constitution of the Russian Federation as equal subjects of the Federation, obliged and able to guarantee the extended innovative development of an area. There is a need in elaborating, deliberating and implementing a national (federative) plan of innovative development of the country that will involve all federal subjects, municipalities, and market agents by selecting programs and business projects on a competitive basis. Economic science aims at formulating ways and methods to restore and strengthen the innovation-renovated manufacturing status of Russia - by consolidating the community through systematic modernization, organizing innovatively active population, rationally distributing innovation powers and available resources among all the parties to socio-economic and social relationships

The article presents the results of a study of regional differences in spatial bank distribution between Moscow, Russian federal districts, subjects of the Federation and their capitals. We define three-stages of fluctuations in the number of banks in a region. Using an example of the Siberian Federal District, we characterize each step fixing real institutional changes in power, particularly the state participation in the banking sector, as follows: liquidation of captive banks owned by regional authorities and reduced focalization of banks in regions. We test the hypothesis for a positive connection between the regional economic potential (according to its GRP) and the allocation of regional banks and branches of Moscow banks. The article describes the features relative to the existing hierarchy of regional financial centers and factors explaining the reasons why such centers emerge outside the capital. Despite the financial institutions concentrated in Moscow, regional financial centers have also evolved. It means that some metropolitans attributes are somewhat present in other cities besides Moscow.

This article systematizes the objectives for the state regulation of regional development. We describe an ideal multiregional system model and analyze the barriers to an efficient regulation of regional development. We formulate approaches to evaluating the impact that a public socio-economic policy has on regional development. Here we propose a concept for coordinating macroeco-nomic and long-term regional solutions following the transfer of defining scenario conditions over the levels of the territorial hierarchy of the economy. We present a framework and structure for the four-level system of hierarchical calculation that assemble the outline of inter-level and horizontal data flows of incoming, defining and estimate indicators. As for the eastern regions of Russia, we provide a roadmap segment for transferring macroeconomic scenario conditions to the federal subject level and some test results

Since the beginning of market reforms in Russia, the spatial structure of its economy has been transforming much faster than it did in Soviet times. The article discusses the peculiarities of the period between 1999 and 2013 regarding formal (statistically registered on a current value basis) and real changes in the spatial structure of the economy calculated with quantum indices, differences in the spatial structure of employment, and the dynamics of power consumption. The author concludes that the real changes in the spatial structure of the economy are far less dramatic than the ones shown by statistics because the region where the results of economic activity are registered does not always coincide with the region where the actual product manufacturing and transportation take place. The article reveals another aspect of the problem: a very high interregional differentiation of GRP per capita. It is mainly caused by substantial discrepancies in value added per employee among industries. They cannot be eliminated; moreover, under the current unchangeable regional specialization, the existing interregional differences in per capita production rates will maintain in the long term

The Program for Reindustrialization of the economy of Novosibirsk Oblast until 2025 was prepared by a team of researchers at the Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering of SB RAS as assigned by the Oblast Government. The article uncovers the peculiarities of the program, its ((architectures, the reindustrialization potential in the form of nine integrated flagship projects reflecting strong competence of science and industry in Novosibirsk Oblast. We show the formation trends for the innovation and engineering belt at the Novosibirsk Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences and academic science. A special emphasis is put on strategic initiatives-the creation of the Siberian Science City, which may become the largest area of advanced innovative development. We conclude that the Program for Reindustrialization of the economy of Novosibirsk Oblast should be an essential element of strategic planning for the region and can be seen as an important pilot project of federal significance that could serve as an example to process new elements of interaction between government, business, and science to enhance innovative areas of regional development. We demonstrate that this Program and its participants have a strong integration potential mobilized thanks to the public nature of its development.

The article evaluates standards of living and employment, attitudes to work and education for senior citizens in the northern regions of Russia. We show Russian major pension coverage trends, the ratio of average pension to wage, and the ratio of average pension to the subsistence minimum for a pensioner. In the majority of northern territories, especially in regions rich in raw materials, the pensioners' financial standing should be considered more problematic against the background of the generally high cost of living. Based on a sociological survey, we have discovered social feeling and employment characteristics of the third age population, assessed elders' cognitive abilities, and identified basic determinants of labor activity in older age groups. The study shows that two-thirds of survey respondents of retirement age estimate their income as sufficient and acceptable. Until the age of 65, people have a strong desire to work. Pensioners have an attitude to work equally as exacting as working-age people do: about a third of them would like to change their place of employment. Almost one-fifth of unemployed senior citizens want to find a job. The strongest determinants of labor activity for the elderly are age, level of education and attitude to education. Thirty percent of respondents not only recognize the ability of older people to learn but also would personally like to acquire new knowledge and skills. We conclude that any form of age discrimination in employment and education should not be practiced; instead, it is necessary to create conditions for the better use of the resource potential of older people.

The article shows that the particular imbalance problem of markets of educational services and labor, which emerged in the post-Soviet period, is currently growing into a more general contradiction between the process of human development and the public demand. Using data from the state statistics, sociological surveys of the economically active population and employers, interviews with various experts (representatives of administrative struclures, educational institutions, enterprises, and organizations), the authors found out that the process of modernization of the Russian professional education system, whose terminal indicator of success is graduate employability, still does not radically improve the conditions of human development of youth. The observed imbalance is expressed at the behavioral level in a way that young professionals cannot unlock their professional potential while employers are not satisfied with the available competencies of young employees.

The paper considers the dynamics of spatial redistribution of labor resources in Irkutsk Oblast, characteristics of labor supply and possible reserves of economic activity. The choice of this region derived from the fact that Irkutsk Oblast concentrates problems typical of many regions of Siberia and the Far East (high dispersion of settlement, migration outflow and relatively high unemployment). We show how migration affects the age structure of the region population and give the characteristics of jobs and employment by type of settlements, as well as the features of unemployment. Data collected in sociological studies show that, starting from the age of 45, the share of employment monotonically decreases while the proportion of people who do not want to work increases. At the same time, there exists a strong group ofpotential labor-force participants (age group of 61 to 63 years) who would like to work. An analysis of labor force participation at older ages captures differences in the levels of participation by types of settlements. As factors limiting the participation, we consider job characteristics, the prevalence of labor commuting and rotation-based work, and weak demand in the labor market. The article outlines the assumptions about reserves of economic activity in the region and the conditions for their utilization.

The capabilities of innovative development, as well as designing and devising an innovation-oriented model to explore natural resources in a region, have numerous aspects. Among them, the most crucial ones are regional factors and conditions. An analysis of controllable factors is ofpractical interest. The article examines the theoretical base and innovation development experiences of most successful primary producing countries. The analysis shows that the state assumes the key role in the development of innovation; national innovation systems are forming with due regard to the specific commodity-centered nature of the economy. Government control focuses on comprehensive promotion of entrepreneurship and private sector initiative; therefore a significant proportion of R&D investment is provided by the industry. The practices of inno-vatively developed Russian regions rich in raw materials (Tomsk Oblast, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and the Republic of Tatarstan) assure that the development of the innovation sphere helped improve their public image and conditions for attracting investment and highly skilled professionals. An innovative component can give impetus not only to developing traditional industries but also addressing social and economic problems of territories. There is a tendency to take into account the peculiarities of commodity profiling in strategies of regional innovation development, but a deficiency or absence of relations between the innovation sector and mineral companies in a region are still present. The share of minerals sector in the economic structure is not a determining factor allowing for successful innovation (or preventing it) because there exist other relevant factors and conditions. The regional level of government plays a critical role in forming and developing innovative processes: along with technological innovations, managerial, organizational and marketing ones are becoming increasingly important; institutional change, political competence and the role of regional authorities are coming to the fore; good performance can be achieved through active participation in federal initiatives devoted to promoting innovation.

The paper is devoted to the empirical analysis of the Russian urban system. As sources we use official data of the Federal State Statistics Service and resources from the «Economy of Russian cities» database. Analysis methods are kernel estimates of density functions, Zipfs curve, statistical functions of average, variation and dispersion, as well as Herfidal-Hirshman index. Estimation results show that the Russian urban system did not demonstrate the rapid growth expected at the beginning of the market reforms, the main reason for which was an unfavorable demographic situation in the country. The concentration characteristics of the Russian urban system are comparable with the ones of developed western economies. There are significant interregional disparities in the Russian urban system; they are related to the size and structure of the regional urban population. An essential heterogeneity among federal subjects is observed in the concentration of the urban population and the variety of the cities' sizes. Our conclusion is that a universal spatial policy is probably ineffective; we need to study regional and municipal experimentations to find successful models of urban system governance.

The article analyzes the methods and models of urban agglomerations management in Russia to find effective management models that meet the requirements of the local self-government reform. Under the conditions in contemporary Russia, the models based on inter-municipal cooperation proved to be impracticable, and now it is required to devise new approaches. This study follows data obtained while examining legal framework and practical experience in shaping urban agglomerations in Siberia and the Far East. We conclude that, in the current Russian economic and political situation, urban agglomerations management and development can only be implemented at the state level

The article studies the dependence of competitive intensity in a horizontal economic system on the specifics of this system. The analysis was carried out using agent-based modeling in the case of a conventional cluster. It has been shown that systems with the maximal intensity of internal competition operate in highly profitable fields and are characterized by high market concentration. Two fundamental processes that are often opposed to each other in clusters, namely competition and cooperation between agents, are linked within one model. We have found out that cost-free imitation of technologies generally does not affect competitive intensity within the cluster while costly imitation decreases internal competition. In both cases, the profitability factor is more significant than the structure one (or market concentration). Competitive intensity within low-profitable clusters with the prevalence of small business decreases as imitation costs grow. The highest level of competition under the costly interaction of cluster's participants, characterized by a different ability to sustain contacts, could be achieved in companies systems with more connections. In the clusters of this type, competitive intensity increases with growing imitation costs. We have demonstrated the possibility to achieve different combinations of competition and cooperation processes, which could be independent, contra- and co-directional under different conditions. These results confirm a necessity to consider the typological features of a managed object while developing regulatory mechanisms.

The article analyzes the evaluation rules for large-scale capital-forming projects implemented by the commercial state-controlled natural monopolies (Gazprom, Transneft, and Russian Railways). It demonstrates that the evaluation techniques developed by the monopolies or suggested for them by government agencies do not account for uncertainty. In addition, the Gazprom's method evaluates only commercial efficiency, whereas the public efficiency of its gas projects of multinational importance is not under analysis. Although they operate within the same country, all three strategic players in Russia's raw materials sector employ substantially different evaluation models for their strategically significant projects. We conclude that the main direction to improve methods for evaluating large-scale investment projects does not only consist in improving evaluation tools, but also in identifying the «naturalness» of monopoly abuse in relation to the implementation subjects of these infrastructure projects, as well as in changing the character of their interaction with the state.

Multiphase reactive systems can exhibit highly dynamic combustion phenomena that could be better understood by using recently developed high-repetition-rate optical diagnostic and imaging approaches. Here, we present an overview of recent activities using high-speed (5 kHz) OH planar laser-induced fluorescence to visualize and make measurements in several multiphase reactive systems. This technique is used to visualize the dynamically changing OH concentration in the gas phase near the surface of solids, liquids, and gels. In addition to gas-phase OH imaging, condensed phases of various solid propellants, gels, and liquids are found to fluoresce when exposed to the laser radiation centered at 283.2 nm. Simultaneous imaging of condensed phases and gas-phase OH radical fluorescence has proven to be particularly useful for various measurements, and several examples are presented.

An important stage of the development of promising engine and propulsion systems is provision of an effective process of hydrocarbon fuel combustion. There are many publications with numerical and experimental data on combustion of various gaseous hydrocarbons under laboratory conditions, but there is a lack of data on effective combustion of hydrocarbons in short combustion chambers with a large number of injectors. Results of systematic experimental studies of natural gas (methane) combustion in a high-velocity subsonic air flow in an air-breathing model combustor with a rectangular cross section are presented in this paper.

The distribution of the dynamic and thermal parameters of a gas in the immediate vicinity of a flame stabilizer (behind a rib and a backward-facing step 3 mm high) are studied. Data on the longitudinal and transverse velocity components, velocity pulsations, and correlations of pulsations in the boundary layer with combustion and without combustion are obtained using the PIV equipment. Temperature is measured with a thermocouple. Flame is visualized in the visible and ultraviolet regions. It is shown that in the flow attachment region near the leading edge of the flame, the gas velocity is close to the normal burning velocity. Heat release is estimated from the results of measurements. The presence of regions of volume and frontal combustion and kinetic and diffusion reaction is established. With increasing distance from the stabilizer, the heat-release rate decreases by more than an order of magnitude.

The enthalpy distribution at the front of one-dimensional flames of homogeneous mixtures of hydrogen, propane, formaldehyde, and methanol with air was numerically investigated. It is shown that the enthalpy distribution is more complex than the classical concepts: the enthalpy can both increase and decrease relative to the initial value. The specific form of the distribution is determined, in particular, by intermediate components formed at the flame front as they are also carriers of chemical energy and transfer it due to diffusion.

The upper and lower flammability limits of silane-oxygen and silane-air mixtures at pressures of 0.05-1.1 atm and temperatures of 350-640 K are found on the basis of Westbrook's detailed chemical kinetics. It is demonstrated that the death of OH radicals has a minor effect on these limits (their stability) within the framework of the Arrhenius kinetic model. The effect of the silane-air mixture composition on the flammability limits is found. It is shown that the behavior of the ultimate temperature of ignition is nonmonotonic as the fraction of silane increases.

The problem of the combustion of a methane-air mixture in a slot burner with adiabatic outer walls is solved. The problem is investigated numerically in a one-dimensional formulation and dimensional variables. The range of existence of stable high-temperature combustion of the methane-air mixture is determined as a function of gas flow rate and methane content in the mixture. The mechanism of failure of stable combustion is determined. The effect of heat transfer of the gas insert with an inner insert on combustion stability is shown.

The scope of this expert and analytical review encompasses major achievements in the area of nonlinear geomechanics, geophysics, geomonitoring and advanced information technologies with a view to developing the natural and induced emergency prevention and response technology listed among the “national critical technologies” in the Russian Federation. The topical trends of the related R&D activities are basic research in physics and geomechanics of natural and induced failure source formation and growth in rocks and in mines, and creation of multi-layer geoinformation monitoring system for geomechanical and geodynamic safety in Russia. The authors believe that the described R&D activities may be the basis for an international multidisciplinary mega-project in geosciences: Engineering and Creation of the World’s Multi-Layer Geomechanical, Geodynamic and Environmental Safety Geoinformation Monitoring System.

The authors discuss conditions for sinkholes at ground surface after the active phase of potash mine flooding has been completed. The mathematical modeling shows that interconnected signs of sinkholing are localization of subsidence in a comparatively small area, high gradients of subsidence at the boundaries of this area and occurrence of a solution cavity to accommodate the caved volume. The research findings are promising in terms of adequate space-time prediction of dynamic failure of strata above flooded mines.

The Murmansk Region in the northeastern Baltic Shield has been for long assumed as aseismic. Initiated in the 1950s, the regular instrumental seismological studies allow new data on the essential increment in seismicity, demonstrated in the maps of the general seismic zoning of the territory of Russia (OSR-97). Powerful mining industry in the Murmansk Region also induces many seismic events. This article analyzes natural and induced seismicity and their cross-effect.

An elastoplastic problem is considered for elliptical, arched, square and polygonal cross-section tunnels on the assumption of Coulomb’s limit equilibrium and varied lateral earth pressure coefficients in intact rock mass. The problem is solved using the method of small parameters and the finite element method. The elastoplastic solutions are obtained for mutually influencing tunnels. The mechanisms of concentration of vertical stresses in a pillar established between mutually influencing tunnels are determined.

The study is devoted to effect of contact friction on failure, ultimate stress and moduli of elasticity in rock specimens under compression. It is found that dependence of the listed characteristics on friction coefficient is incremental. The author reveals zones of full contact and slide.

Transformation of the molecular structure of coal under long-term effect of confining pressure due to strain relaxation is estimated numerically. It is found that both under dynamic deformation, as has been determined earlier, and under relaxation of molecular structure of coal, atoms of methyl group and hydrogen remove from aliphatic fringe, join together and form molecules of methane. It is shown that these molecules immediately form sorbing-based connection with coal. Volumes of methane absorption generated in coal due to strain relaxation of the molecular structure of coal are calculated.

The article reviews in brief application of cyclical-and-continuous method in the conveyor-and-truck haulage in open pit mines. Consumption of materials and power is evaluated as a function of mined rock haulage volumes and depth of crush-and-reload station position in an open pit mine. The change in capital and operational cost to transport ore and hard overburden is studied at varied distances from a crush-and-reload station in open pit to a surface receiving station. Efficiency of the conveyor-and-truck haulage using cyclical-and-continuous method is evaluated. In terms of deep and large mineral deposits, the authors substantiate positions for crush-and-reload stations in large open pit mines.

The article reports the results of estimation of internal dump slope stability in flooded open pit coal mine Tamnava-West Field. The geostatic analysis of stability used methods by Bishop and Morgenstern-Price. The studies confirm that slopes of internal dump are sufficiently stable and sustain stability after drainage of the open pit.

The authors describe experiments on pretreatment of ore by injection of explosive gases before underground leaching of gold in mine conditions. It is shown that injection of explosive gases into opening micro-fractures enhanced efficiency of underground leaching owing to microstructural transformation of ore containing dispersed gold.

The study is focused on the existing methods of long directional borehole drilling in hard rocks in high-viscous oil and natural bitumen field development. The authors suggest improving the hard rock mass drilling process by combining percussion-rotary drilling and positioning systems.

The article describes bench tests and calculations aimed to determining effect of parameters of ring-type elastic valve on variation of average pressure in the valve clearance. The results allow refinement of the design model of ring-type elastic valve and correction of the elastic ring cross-section based on the determined mechanisms.

The experience of engineering a small mobile compression-vacuum machine for seismic prospecting at shallow depths of 100-150 m is described. It is shown that percussion sources are preferable for shallow-depth seismic survey. The article reports laboratory and field testing data. The authors identify ways of further improvement of this class machines.

The determinants are found and the matrix is developed for rate of wear of heading machine cutting tool. Influence of rock strength on active life of heading machines is assessed. The authors describe field studies into the nature and rate of wear of cutters. The design of multiuse tangential revolving cutter of prolonged operating life is engineered and trialed. It is proposed to enhance rock cutting efficiency using a tool with a cutting wheel.

The key mechanisms of selective recovery of manganese ions from mine water by combination of chemical and electrochemical methods are studied. The authors present the efficient parameters of oxidation deposition of ions Mn²⁺ in electrolysis solutions of active chlorine forms generated in chloride-containing solutions under electric treatment and subsequent removal of dispersed phase manganese from the solutions. The mechanism of generation of dispersed phase manganese by electric treatment of acid mine water at copper-sulfide deposits is offered

The article presents studies of slime formation in processing of Vishnevogorsk columbium ore. The slime formation criterion is assumed as the presence of size grades less than 50 and 5 µm estimated from modern laser granulometer data. The optimal methods and equipment for grinding are chosen depending on rate of slime formation in final products. The studies use centrifugal and rod mills. The rod mill assures the lowest rate of slime formation. Based on the experimental results, the columbium ore pretreatment flowsheet and special ore disintegration methods have been selected. The flowsheet uses crushing machines ensuring the highest rate selectivity-inertia cone crusher and the lowest rate slime formation during milling-rod mill.

Water micro-emulsions of dibutyl xanthate as an active compound of commercial manufacture flotation agent are produced and analyzed using the methods of dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements. It is found that the typical hydrodynamic diameter of xanthate drops is of the order of 300 nm and their zeta potentials are negative. The effect exerted on properties of hydrophobic (pyrolytic graphite) and hydrophilic (silicon dioxide) surfaces by pretreatment with the micro-emulsions is examined using the atomic-force microscopy method and colloid probe (SiO₂ micro-sphere). The long-range high-amplitude attraction forces, probably of capillary nature, are revealed between the probe and surfaces after the contact with dixanthate for 1 min. It is supposed that these forces are conditioned by the action of gas nano-structures (nano-bubbles, nano-cavities, etc.) initiated on the surface rendered hydrophobic by dixanthate.

The industrial-level tests prove efficiency of Pseudomonas Japonica bacteria in production of copper-molybdenum bulk concentrate. Using scanning electron microscopy, it is found that adsorption of Pseudomonas Japonica bacteria takes place at the points of xanthate attachment. The infrared spectroscopy analysis shows that after treatment with the bacteria, C-O and C=S bonds vanish while valence and deformation vibrations in СН₃- and CH₂ groups become less intensive, which may be reflective of desorption of xanthate from the mineral surface.

In focus of the study are the results obtained in flotation testing of products of X-ray absorption separation that enhances 4-5 times WO₃ content of feed for the next flotation stage. The authors estimate feasibility of reducing yield of original ore screenings (non-gradable size) -6 +0 mm and its gravity concentration.

Results of theoretical studies of the thermal decomposition of substances present in the coke residue from primary coal processing are presented. On the basis of the molecular structure of coke residue represented by 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene, tetraphenylmethane, pentaphenylethane, hexaphenylethane, rubrene and benzoquinoline, the mechanism of thermal decomposition is proposed in the form of generalized chemical reactions. The possibility for reactions to proceed is substantiated by the calculated values of Gibbs energy, determined taking into account thermodynamic parameters of the structural fragments modelling the components of high-carbon coke residue. The changes of enthalpy and entropy of the proposed chemical reactions were calculated. The routes to the formation of the components of generator gas during the interaction of gaseous components with high-carbon substances allowing determination of the kinetic and thermal physical parameters of gasification process are shown.

For medical preparations of antidepressant class (amitriptyline, carbamazepine) as examples, experimental evaluation of the dependence of extraction extent on the parameters of alkaline destruction (concentration of potassium hydroxide, hydrolysis temperature, exposure) and organic solvent used to extract the target substances from hair hydrolyzate was carried out.. Relying on the results of the studies, a universal method of hair sample preparation within chemical toxicological analysis was proposed: hydrolysis of the sample in a 1.5 M KOH solution at 60 °C for 1.5 h, subsequent extraction with a mixture of hexane with ethyl acetate at the volume ratio of 5 : 1. The parameters of gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric detection of the target substances were optimized. A procedure for the analysis of amitriptyline and carbamazepine in hair by means of GC-MS was developed. Validation of this procedure was carried out, the working range of the procedure was determined to be 1-100 ng/mg; detection limits for amitriptyline and carbamazepine were determined to be 0.5 and 1 ng/mg, respectively. This procedure was successfully tested with heal hair samples.