Home – Home – Jornals – 2016 number 5

The aim of the article is to study the cult of fire of Khakasses in its material manifestation such as a fetish of Chalbach tös. To achieve this goal the author sets and solves the following tasks: defining its sacred significance and its role in the worldview and ritual practices of the Khakass people; analysis of its external characteristics; revealing variations of its symbolic design and considering the ways of ritual interaction with this sacred object. The chronological scope of work covers the period from the late XIX to the mid-XX centuries. Selection of temporal boundaries of the study is determined first of all by the status of the source base related to the topic of the study. The main sources are archival and ethnographic materials. The work is based on a comprehensive, systemic-historical approach to the study of the past. Research methodology is based on historical and ethnographic methods - scientific description, specific historical method and relic. In the worldview and ritual practices of the Khakasses considerable attention is given to the cult of fire. In traditional consciousness, the fire is endowed with protective and patronizing functions. It was believed that the fire possessed the properties of purification, healing, etc. The image of the spirit of fire has found its vivid expression in the fetish of Chalbach tös. All major sacred qualities of this supernatural creature transferred to the ritual object. A special system of rites was formed in connection to it. This idol was perceived as one of the most important tribal family spirits-patrons. There was a wide-spread belief that the people’s health, well-being and economic success to a large extent depended on its benevolence.

The article deals with demographic transformations of the ethno-local groups of Kumandins and Chelkans as a result of the Great Patriotic War as exemplified by the age-sex structure. The Great Patriotic War produced catastrophic demographic effects on the indigenous peoples and resulted in more than 1000 deaths. The analysis of age-sex structure allows to reconstruct these effects. The research objective is to consider demographic transformations of the indigenous peoples as a result of the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) by the example of ethno-local groups of Kumandins and Chelkans. Despite the considerable volume of publications about the Great Patriotic War, the problem of participation indigenous people of Siberia and the North in this war remains understudied. In particular, there are virtually no studies on the demography of indigenous peoples during this period. Research is based on data from the registers of farms of the Nizhneneninsk and Suzop Village Councils, the Solton district of Altai Region, and Malocheben Village Council in the the Turachak district, Oyrat Autonomous Region (now Altai Republic) dated to the early 1950s. In general, the data on the age and sex composition of the Kumandins of the Nizhneneninsk and Suzop Village Councils, as well as the Chelkans of Malochebechensky Village Council indicate that there was a demographic crisis during the postwar period. It was characterized by a gender disparity in favor of females, reduction of the share of children in the general structure of the population as a result of the low level of birth rate, increasing share of the elderly, a regressive type of age structure. Combat losses, along with the increased mortality of indigenous people as a result of deterioration of living conditions were the main causes of demographic changes.

The objective of this article is to consider the history of development of several South Russian settlements in the Minusinsk region and their architectural traditions. The culture of South Russian resettlers is less studied than that of the old residents. It analyzes the issues related to the formation of the group of South Russian settlers in the Minusinsk uyezd; touches upon an issue establishment of several settlements; describes traditions of house construction, including the rituals of the domicile. The paper is based on the materials of expedition organized by the Minusinsk local history museum in 2015. The expeditionary work was carried out in the villages of Minusinsky, Kuraginsky, Krasnoturansky, Idrinsky Districts of the Krasnoyarsk Krai. Traditional culture of the South Russian resettlers was studied during a short-term trip. The main forms of work were interviews with audio recording and photography. The majority of South Russian settlements in the Minusinsk uyezd had been formed since the late XIX - early XX centuries. Stolypin agrarian reforms largely contributed to the process of resettlement. However the first descendants from the South Russian territories came here as early as in the early XIX century. It was the time when the village of Kavkazskaya was established. The settlers were immigrants from Mogilev, Orel, Kharkov, Tambov and Poltava provinces of the Russian Empire. The buildings in the above settlements continued the South Russian architectural traditions: the immigrants used to build dugouts (zemlyankas), mud huts (mazankas, mazanuhas), trampled huts (toptankas), houses of sward layers; hutches of sun-dried bricks were also wide-spread due to the lack of building timber. To some villages it was brought from the sub-taiga areas. Houses of sun-dried bricks prevailed in those villages that had neither wood nor possibilities to import it from other areas. The author notes that some superstitions connected with housebuilding, moving home and house-warming parties (vlazyny) have survived up to our days.

The article analyzes mechanisms of creating the sacred landscape, including the worship of a water source and a revered stone. In the Trans-Urals and Siberia some “holy places” remain understudied, while relevant materials are to be introduced for scientific circulation. For the purposes of a systematic presentation the object of research are the mechanisms of creation of the religious landscape. The subject of research is the specifics of veneration of a water source and a stone in the village of Rafaylovo in the Isetsky district of the Tyumen region. The research is based on the published sources and field data (oral reports, interviews, discussions, participant observation) collected in 2012-2013. Analysis of field data collected in the peripheral rural areas reveals specific practices of the religious worship of shrines. These practices developed under the conditions of the secondary cultural landscape formed by the resettling population in the territory of the Trans-Urals. Furthermore, the research materials, which include the new sacred objects, demonstrate the new ways of sacralisation of natural objects. Analysis of the above materials leads to the conclusion, that the sacred landscape is actively being created in the territory of a historic religious center. In Soviet times the village of Rafaylovo was completely devoid of Christian symbols (the sacred markers). Nowadays it is re-acquiring them owing to the active participation of the locals, especially the head of the local religious community. In order to improve the sacred status of the territory in the process of “new colonization” a water source and a stone (a fragment of the Holy Dormition Cathedral of the Simonov Monastery) were added as new objects of worship. New religious symbols form a new image of the sacred landscape, which is purposefully constructed thanks to the adequate strategy developed by the stakeholders, and especially by the Russian Orthodox Church, which is typical for the whole territory of Siberia.

The article is devoted to studying the interaction between civil and military authorities while they were addressing problems concerning provision of the Russian troops’ material needs in the 18th-century Siberia. This was clearly a key aspect of securing the Russian empire’s borders east of the Urals. Its study can help to estimate precisely the efficiency of local authorities’ operations and their specific relations with the Siberian corps’ command. The author focuses on one of the episodes in the history of the Siberian governor D.I. Chicherin’s activities in that field. The article is based on archival sources: two books from the Senate fond in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts and one file from the fond of the General Auditor expedition of the Collegium of War in the Russian State Military History Archive (Moscow). Several conclusions have been drawn from the study of archival materials. First, objective difficulties, due to the remoteness of the region and home stations of the military units, certainly, hampered purchase and delivery of food supplies. However, Chicherin’s excessive efforts led to enormous expenditures of the state treasury’s funds and unnecessary accumulation of provision for many years into the future. Second, overlapping functions and indistinct differentiation of powers between the military command and civil authorities had obviously facilitated many abuses. The losses resulting from such abuses often were irretrievable for the state treasury. On the other hand, the Russian empire’s supreme power paid much attention to the questions of state defense and maintenance of army’s fighting efficiency throughout the XVIII century. Therefore, the civil and military powers managed to ensure adequate performance of the army supply system even under such conditions, in this far outlying region of the Russian empire, at the cost of great financial expenses.

Based on the newly discovered documents from the Russian State Archive of the Navy the paper aims to look more closely at the biography of N.I. Myagkov before he was appointed Head of the Yakutsk Oblast. In Post-Soviet Russia due to the digression from the Marxist-Leninist teaching and use of the new methodological approaches researchers have been paying more attention to the tsarist authorities. One of them was N.I. Myagkov, Head of the Yakutsk Oblast (1826-1831), a man who greatly contributed to the development of his region. He occupies a special place among other Yakutsk regional heads. The study of this historical figure is relevant due to the fact that at the current stage researchers have information only about his activities in Yakutia as well as some brief facts about his early years. The principle of historicism provided the methodological basis for the study. The author used a historical-biographical method (reconstruction of the process of formation and development of N.I.Myagkov’s personality before his activities as Head of the Yakutsk oblast) and a problem-chronological method (studying it in a time sequence). The major finding of the study is that for the first time in historiography it describes in depth the process of formation and development of N.I. Myagkov’s personality before his activities as Head of the Yakutsk oblast. The author also presents new facts about his early period of life (his studies at the Gentry Sea Cadet corps, military service in the Baltic Fleet, work at the Governing Senate and Admiralty Office, appointment as Head of the Yakutsk Oblast).

The provisional regulation of 1898 on peasant and indigenous officials was implemented in Siberia in 1898-1917. The attempts to apply the law in the northern territory of Asian part of Russia, were rejected by the government. The analysis of service records proves that 35,5 % of peasant officials in the governorates of Western Siberia were from commoners, in Irkutsk - 65 %, in Eniseysk - 68 %, in Transbaikal area - 96 %. The officials holding university degrees comprised 32 % in Western Siberia, and 25 % in Eastern Siberia. The peasant officials owned neither immovable nor acquired property. According to the Table of ranks 50 % of the peasant officials held ranks from the 14 to 8. The peasant officials’ average salary was 1500 rubles in Western Siberia and 2000 rubles in Transbaikal area. 91 % of them were Christians. There was a high turnover among the peasant officials in Siberia. Their subordinate areas differed in size. Prior to their appointment to the new position they were engaged in a wide range of professional activities (from military and police officers to medical attendants and teachers), or did not have any profession at all. The work of peasant officials was characterized by abuse of position, corruption, and forced conversion of non-Russians to Christianity. In 1912 a program of examinations was introduced for the candidates running for the post of peasant official. This program had been developed for the purpose of improving the “qualitative composition” of the newly appointed officials. It was not implemented because of the First World War. Even under these circumstances the government took measures to improve the qualitative composition of the peasant officials, exempting them from military service etc. However all these attempts were unsuccessful. By 1917 the share of nobles among the Siberian peasant officials had not only failed to increase but actually decreased. The number of Orthodox officials reduced as well. The number of officials with higher education remained at the same level as in 1914. After the fall of the monarchy the situation radically changed. On July 29, 1917 the Provisional government decided to abolish the institution of peasant officials.

The purpose of the study is to show the illegal activities of the Omsk organization of the Socialist Revolutionary Party in the early 1920s. The author used new archival documents that can help to disclose hitherto unknown episodes in the activities of the Omsk municipal and provincial organizations of the Right-Wing Socialist Revolutionaries under Soviet rule. The presented study applied comparative, structural and logical methods of analysis. Based on the interrogation records related to one of the leaders of the SRs’ local party organization in Omsk the author reconstructs a picture of Party life in Omsk in the early 1920s; describes how the SRs went underground and restored their Party structures at the municipal and provincial levels; analyzes personal composition of the executive bodies. The analysis of Lunegov’s interrogation records allowed to obtain a new information about the organizational structure, quantitative and qualitative composition of the executive bodies of revolutionary organizations in that period. Special attention is paid to the analysis of basic activities of the Omsk municipal committee and illegal forms of the SRs’ work with the population. The author believes that the party leaders were not able to deploy a large-scale party work among both the SRs and various groups of population during the period under study. The author considers the fact that the local bodies of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission had quite detailed information about the illegal activities of the Right-SRs, except for the intra-party information. This gap was partially compensated during Lunegov’s interrogations. Based on the obtained information the author concluded that the Omsk SRs tried to intensify their party activities with the beginning of the new economic policy. This motivated the Bolshevik government and the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission’s local authorities to take appropriate actions which paralyzed the activities of the Right-SRs and then helped to initiate the process of self-dissolution of the Socialist Revolutionary Party in the Omsk province.

Contemporary studies on the Soviet man identity shows that there were ambiguities in the ways of its development. Many Soviet people (regardless of whether or not they were famous) were forced to pretend to be ideological Communists, to lead a double life, fabricate a fake biography. Many active “builders of communism” with party tickets unenthusiastically received and obeyed the orders from the Bolshevik power. Among the well-known members of the Soviet press there were many people of that sort. The paper aims to show that even the most active propagandists of the Soviet system often were hypocritical. Many professional and well-educated Communist media employees were secretly critical of the dogmas of propaganda. They considered them primitive and criticized them, while some Bolshevik journalists renounced their Communist views. The article shows how dissent manifested itself among the prominent representatives of “ideological front”, for the most part in Moscow. People’s commissars L. Krasin and G. Chicherin were known for their great skepticism regarding the world revolution. In communicating with each other many famous Communists invented epigrams and jokes about the Soviet regime. Many provincial journalists also showed dissent. In the years of the Great Terror, even the most loyal servants of the regime were willing to criticize the policy of repressions. Thus, the journalistic elite was dominated not by the ideological fanatics, but by conformists, who agreed to accept the Bolshevik policy. Their articles and books written in dogmatic spirit often contained hidden criticism or irony. Some journalists believed in communism and criticized the Soviet regime in order to improve it. Other propagandists defended their personal interests and therefore agreed to lead a double life. Some propagandists associated with the anti-Stalinist opposition sharply criticized the foundations of Bolshevism. Thus, in the Soviet Union the ideological sphere was sometimes marked by rejection of the tenets of communism which was not always concealed.

The article analyzes relations between the leadership of West Siberian regional committee (Kraikom) and Politburo on the issues associated with the grain procurement campaign in 1931-1932. Such analysis will help to better understand the role of party regional representatives in Stalin’s agricultural policy. While on the whole remaining supporters of changes that took place in the Soviet countryside, the regional authorities could also adjust their course. In terms of grain procurement it led to controversy with the Central Commitee on timing and volume of harvested grain. The final plan for grain procurement campaign of 1931-1932 in West Siberia was a result of long negotiations between central and regional leaders. Unrealistic objectives set by Politburo, caused a negative response from the regional committee. R.I. Eikhe, First secretary of West Siberian regional committee, repeatedly appealed to the central government to reduce the plan. In August 1931 he proposed to reduce the grain procurement quota from 100 to 65 mln. puds, explaining this by drought and crop failure that struck the main grain-growing areas of the region. This argument was supported by disappointing messages about the scope of disaster. In addition, R.I. Eikhe received moral support from the heads of other regions, who also had to ask Politburo to reduce the grain procurement plan. The West Siberian regional committee serving its own interests took a defensive stance that fit into common actions of other regional party organizations. Politburo had to make concessions, reducing plan to the proposed 65 million puds. It is noted that the final plan was a result of compromise. Procurement organizations collected required amount of grain, but this was detrimental to the food, forage and seed funds of collective farms. It also impacted negatively on agricultural economy of region and material well-being of peasants.

In the late 1920s - early 1930s the state farms played the most important role in modernization of agricultural sector of the Soviet economy. The government relied on organizing the large specialized farms. Since 1928 the construction of grain state farms became a priority as the latter were intended to become a major force in grain production and delivery and to demonstrate the advantages of large socialized production to the peasants. Until 1931 the number of grain farms increased due to the construction of new farms, however they didn’t meet the Soviet government’s expectations. The state made significant investments in material, technical and financial supply of state farms, but their level of production and profitability remained unsatisfactory. Poor organization of labor was one of the sources of the crisis in grain-producing state farms. It was the main reason for failure to implement the plan for grain delivery by the state farms during 1930 - 1932. Moreover, agronomic standards often were violated. Irrational use of agricultural machinery had a negative impact on harvesting. Efficient management of state farms was often hampered by their extremely huge size. The need for restructuring grain-producing state farms became increasingly apparent. Further policy of the state pertaining to sovkhozes was to optimize and increase the effectiveness of the existing farms instead of establishing new ones. Reorganization of state farms led to their downsizing and conversion. It was intended to increase significantly the manageability of farms and positively affect their production results. Since 1935 transfer of state farms’ lands to the collective farms had been widely practiced. In conjunction with the reorganizations the system of public sector management in agriculture underwent permanent changes.

The article analyzes problems of agrarian and economic history of the USSR in the second half of the 1960s - the first half of the 1980s that have been insufficiently addressed by prior research. These issues are related to the government’s attempts to increase the productivity of farms by limiting policy diktat in planning production and procurement as well as by increasing investments in agricultural sector. Based on the materials of Western Siberia, the author proves the thesis that mechanisms of economic incentives and improving welfare of the state and collective farms in the second half of the 1960s contributed to the recovery of agricultural production; while strengthening of administrative and tax diktat against the farms in the early 1970s led to the subsequent decline in the industry’s development and to a crisis in the agricultural sector in the early 1980s. The crisis of 1980-1982 accompanied by a decrease in production and in volume of public procurement was considerably complicated by the unfavorable weather conditions, however, its main cause lay in imbalance of economic mechanism and actual bankruptcy of the majority of agricultural enterprises. The Food Program adopted at the Plenary Session of the Central Committee of the CPSCU in May, 1982 was aimed at solving the aggravated food problem. It provided the implementation of complex measures to improve the farmers’ well-being, to expand residential and community construction, to improve health and consumer services in rural areas. The government restructured debts of agricultural enterprises and raised the purchasing prices. Since the beginning of implementation of the Food Program, the situation in the agricultural sector stabilized. Agriculture in Western Siberia in the second half of the eleventh five-year plan was increasingly dynamic.

Comparative analysis of development of agro-industrial complex in the post-perestroika period in Russia and Belarus shows that during the period of socioeconomic reforms the agriculture in these countries have gone through several stages of its development and had its own particular characteristics. The specificity of sustainable development of agriculture and the entire agro-industrial complex of Russia and Belarus can be attributed to the growing influence of globalization, Russia’s accession to the WTO, and challenges of the Western world. This leads to increased competition between domestic and foreign farmers, degradation of the internal market. The use of a systematic approach with elements of historical and logical analysis allows to identify the main trends of development of AIC of Russia and Belarus. Crucial domestic actors, intensely affecting the sustainable development of agriculture in Russia and Belarus are agricultural policy, mixed economy, human capital of the village. Diversity in agro-industrial complex develops in a different way, suggesting the existence of human resources capable of working in conditions of economy in transition, the intensive development of the production base and technology. The adjustment of the state’s agrarian policy leads to differentiation of socio-economic space, which is a space for interaction between government and society. The diversity and multidirectional character of changes in socio-economic and political behavior of the villagers makes it necessary to refine and update the theoretical and empirical knowledge of the evolution of socio-economic and political conditions of life of the rural society. Relevance of the study of development of agriculture and rural society is determined by the fact that the problem of rural development under socioeconomic transformations in contemporary Russia and Belarus, and challenges posed by Western countries in the form of international sanctions, is of strategic importance in the context of food security.

The article presents the results of the study concerning the activities of the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan over the last 20 years, from 1995 to 2015. The article emphasizes the relevance of creation of this civil society organization; considers prospects for its development; historical dynamics of development of its political and legal status. It comprehensively reflects the role of the President of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev in the formation and functioning of the Assembly as an institution of nationwide unity. The author stresses that the purpose of the Assembly is to ensure inter-ethnic harmony in the country in order to form Kazakh civil identity and a competitive nation on the basis of the Kazakhstan patriotism, civic, spiritual and cultural unity of the peoples of Kazakhstan where the Kazakh people should play a unifying role. It provides an evaluation of the Assembly’s significant positions in harmonization of international relations, successful implementation of Kazakhstan’s model of interethnic tolerance, peace and social harmony. Mutual respect and equality of all Kazakhstan citizens, regardless of their nationality and religion, the steady strengthening of social harmony and harmonization of inter-ethnic relations have always been and continue to be the key priorities of the state policy. The Assembly of People of Kazakhstan plays a leading role in socio-cultural processes as a link between the civil society and the state. This type of corporativity and responsibility of the state and civil society, which emerged in Kazakhstan in the sphere of inter-ethnic relations, has become a unique phenomenon in the history of modern civilization. This is evidenced by the scope and content, multidimensional nature of social, historical and cultural activities regularly carried out by the Assembly. Experience and prospects of Kazakhstan People’s Assembly activities have significant potential for use in international practice.Thus, the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan represents a synthesis of the state policy and civil society organizations aimed at strengthening a tolerant civil society and social harmony.

The ancient paideia is treated in this article as a source of modern pedagogical anthropology. The author relies in his research on the fundamental work «Paideia. Die Formung des griechischen Menschen» by Walter Jaeger. The main attention is paid to the principles of formation of the person’s character in Plato’s dialogues, where education of the individual was treated as the main task of the entire life.

The article is devoted to the problem of searching for a development paradigm of a new system of pedagogy. The article considers the main features of the new pedagogy, which include the continuity of the ancient forms of educational systems, as well as the qualities of mobility, self-tuning, transformation, cognitivity, stability and so on. Creating new pedagogical concepts is very topical; it involves understanding on the philosophical level of the shortcomings of the existing educational system, determining the root causes of the threat-carrying phenomena, and the producing of another paradigm, which should include the foundations of new pedagogical approaches and technologies. It should be taken into account that the formation of a pedagogy of the third millennium should start with the creation of a philosophy of the third millennium, a philosophy of the new pedagogy. The task of the pedagogy of the third millennium is the upbringing of the generations that have a new type of worldview, based on the paradigm of crisis-free, evolutionary, sustainable and harmonious development of human civilization. At the basis of the new worldview should be the understanding that human being is not the king of nature, but only a part of a harmonious cosmic habitat of infinite number of species of living beings, equally interested in the preservation of the Universe and life on the Earth.

In the conditions of complex systemic society transformations, the Russian universities face new challenges that are connected with the necessity of organizational transformation for their integration into the world scientific-educational community. The relations between a university and its environment are characterized by the increasing asymmetry between the requirements of this environment and the university’s abilities to respond to them. Under the influence of growing and crossing pressure of challenges, the universities have to change their curriculum and faculty, and also to modernize their material resources and equipment: in the conditions of post-industrial society, not only technology transference and knowledge translation are required of the universities but also production of the advanced scientific knowledge. In such conditions, the traditional approaches to organization and practice of university education can no longer allow adequately reacting to the constantly changing requirements of the society. As a result, competitiveness of the Russian universities at the global scientific-educational market decreases: in the system of the world ratings, our universities’ positions are far from the desired. The conducted analysis of the development of the American universities that are at the highest lines in the world ratings helped us to point out the key factors that fundamentally influenced on the success of the scientific knowledge production, its translation and commercialization in the era of complex social-cultural transformations. On the basis of the carried out analysis, it is concluded that the Russian university which is oriented towards the increase of its competitiveness among the leading world scientific-educational centers, and, consequently, towards inclusion into the world ratings has to be more autonomous and to interact closely with the Academy of Science, because fundamentally the systems of fundamental knowledge production in Russia and in the USA are different from the beginning. Such approach helps to react adequately to new challenges of the society, providing high mobility of the research corpus, professorial staff and studentship between different areas of knowledge, various educational bodies and scientific-research institutions that may have a positive effect both on the system of new scientific staff training and on the process of fundamental knowledge reproduction in general.

The questions of the essence, conditions and specifics of formation of patriotism concern the education community, all Russian citizens, who worry about possible scenarios and prospects of development of Russia, its destiny. These issues are increasingly being discussed in the case studies of expert communities; they attract the attention of the elite, the highest echelons of power. The patriotic consolidation of recent years «around the flag» - is it an illusion or a real trend of the spiritual development of Russia? How is this consolidation related to the anti-Westernism and economic crisis, the fall in living standards? The Western Russophobia and the anti-Western sentiments in Russia - are they mobilizing or destroying factors in the formation of patriotic consciousness of the Russian youth? The state of the Russian economy, politics, social and spiritual relationships - whether it weakens or strengthens the Fatherland and patriotism? What social reform, changes in the cultural sphere, educational and educational system are needed for the revival and strengthening of Russian patriotism, love for the country, when the foundations of the former patriotism have been partially or completely destroyed? This article is an attempt to answer these questions. It considers the essence of the modern Russian patriotism, the conditions of formation and revival of patriotic consciousness of the people in Russia. It is shown that Russian patriotism has a qualitatively new content, including traditional and innovative features. The starting point for the analysis of patriotism (as the unity of patriotic consciousness and action at the individual and social, psychological and ideological levels) is the fundamental position that the quality and effectiveness of patriotic consciousness depend on the state of the Fatherland, its spiritual and ideological sphere and the education-upbringing system.

Contemporary world social processes acquire growing dynamics. Under such conditions, the importance is increasing of the social-legal processes and political-legal management of the society, hence the importance of social management control. In the present article, the authors place an emphasis on the problem of the control of Federal Justice administration which is one of the factors of the increasing of quality of laws and, as a consequence, the improvement of the quality of life of society. The significance of the supervision of federal laws implementation by the Parliament of the Russian Federation is studied in the article. It is pointed out that the Constitution of the Russian Federation is a strong basis for that. In the adopted Federal Law «On Parliamentary Control», the formulated forms of control collectively and in a generalized sense set forth everything that has already been covered in special legislative acts. As a topical issue, we identify such negative factor as plethora of laws on introducing amendments to current laws. Sometimes they completely depreciate legislative act, i.e. the executor of the law acquires a psychological attitude of non-obligatory nature of law enforcement. This fact naturally negatively influences the quality of state-legal life, the standards of living of the society members. According to the authors, one of the reasons for insufficient organization level of control of laws enforcement is the absence of special training of public servants providing the support for the activity of both the deputies of state legislative power bodies of federal and regional levels and of municipal deputies. The attention is payed to the fact that this problem requires not only applied but also theoretical interpretation. However, it is impossible to achieve this during the practical activity. Thus a scientific-educational aspect is necessary in the system of legal personnel training. Hence, the given problem rises to the level of innovations in legal education. For a start, the author suggests to organize a special course on the given problem and, in the longer term, to introduce a separate specialization. In addition, specific step-by-step measures to implement the control function of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation are suggested by the authors.

The article discusses various methodological approaches to the content of modern education in the context of new standards. Different points of view on this issue are considered. The author's analysis of the Federal State Educational Standards (FSES) and the model program on the subject of «Technology», created on their basis, as well as personal participation in the development of content of the innovative training programs for the teachers of technology in the aspect of new requirements of FSES for general education and their implementation in Magnitogorsk, the experience of communication with the teachers, a joint analysis of the situation and the official documents, as well as the author’s own practical teaching experience in this area have allowed presenting a synthesis in this article devoted to the characteristics and possibilities of use in the practice of organizational and technological content and structuring components of any educational subject. A particular attention is paid to the understanding of the structure of the training course on the subject of «Technology» which determines the future strategy for the ways of its development and diagnostics. The proposed structure of the levels of subject competence development allows “programming” the whole process of learning so as to consistently and systematically organize the study of large volumes of information, and, which is the most valuable, implement a complex system of development of the «personal potential». The article reveals, in considerable detail, the topic planning for the «Technology» subject, based on the integration of the content of the educational material of the course as a system of contextual problems that contribute to the integrated use of the systematic knowledge from various fields of science. The author notes that the proposed combination of sections in the framework of introduction of innovative teaching methods allows fulfilling several requirements of the Federal Standards without losing the quality of education: such integration within the same topic allows achieving both intersubject project interaction of several teachers, combining all aspects of the practical and theoretical activities, and organizing extra-curricular educational activity for the students of one teacher, solving the problem of motivation to study the subject. Thus, such methodical organization of the training process has continually evolving nature, which corresponds to the requirements of modern education: the student independently adjusts the pace and the quality of his/her training, understands the limits of his/her capabilities, thus demonstrating creativity and realizing reflection.

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the Russian education system in terms of development of information society and the integration of Russia into the global education system. The authors examine the specifics of implementation in the educational process of new information and communication technologies and analyze these technologies allowing for the formation of professional competence in the study of special subjects in the technological university. The authors argue that the use of independent work of modern information technologies, interactive e-learning courses and involvement of students in project activities increase motivation to learn, and its effectiveness. In general, this process is considered as the creation of an educational electronic environment, where tools and forms of education, based on new information technologies have become an important part of a single information and educational space.

This article addresses the problem of developing morally significant behavioral models in public consciousness. It is substantiated that the anti-normative trend initiated by postmodernist relativism has become increasingly ineffective at this time of increasing global challenges. The author proposes a memetic approach to ethics: meme-ethics. The importance is noted of establishing universally agreed bases for coexistence and mutual understanding in the process of forming a global ethos. The article reveals the role and significance of rational public discourse in developing a wide consensus on moral issues. The resulting collective reflection creates a discursive legitimization of moral norms with the possibility of giving epistemological legitimacy to a pragmatic basis of morality. Public discourse (including social networking) as a kind of deliberative democracy (participatory democracy) requires the pre-existence of a common basis for discussion shared by participants in the local and global discourse. As such a basis, the author proposes the humanist values and principles enshrined in many of the fundamental documents of the UN and the European Union. A problem remains regarding the level of moral and social maturity of the majority of the participants in public communication, as well as the level of their ethical and humanistic literacy. In this regard, the author emphasizes the importance of the continuing promotion of ethical discourse in the public space by the scientific and philosophical community as a means of socialization, education and cultural emancipation. In the search for new approaches and technologies of the information-communicative influence on the public discourse, this article analyzes a memetic approach. Based on the presented review, the author proposes a new paradigm, meme-ethics, as an innovative method of promoting and disseminating ethical concepts and moral norms in the media and cyberspace. The meme-ethical approach is based on the concept of memes applied to ethics, an ethical meme-plex, where moral principles and values are considered as units of cultural information (replicable concepts) that are being disseminated through communication, imitation and repetition. The author describes the characteristics of meme-ethics as forms of moral philosophy that both present moral ideas and inspire moral feelings. An integrated approach to communications based on this concept will require a variety of tools and technologies (advertising, PR, TV, journalism etc.) to gain the attention of a wide audience, engage them in the moral-ethical sphere of communication, and initiate moral reflection. The author concludes that meme-ethics can become a form of global communication, involving its participants in discursive interaction on the creation of a general moral continuum. The meme-ethical approach can be considered as a new direction of communicatory post neo-positivism, whose main objective is to research questions of the adaptation, transfer and diffusion of ethical and philosophical knowledge to assist in the development of a new global ethos. The results of the conducted research provide a deeper theoretical justification for the application of modern media technologies to the field of ethical education and upbringing. The meme-ethical approach promotes, together with the growth of ethical and philosophical knowledge, the possibility of designing and managing public ethical discourse. The realization of the full potential of this new approach will require an expansion of research in this field.

In the article we investigate regional features of realization of the strategy of national policy in the sphere of education. On the example of the Novosibirsk region, we consider the mechanisms of harmonization of the ethno-confessional relations among the student youth. The author analyzes positive tendencies and negative effects of administrative-command regulation in the sphere of interethnic and inter-confessional relations among the youth. The sociological data confirm strengthening of religiousness among youth. It is shown that introduction and expansion of the course «Foundations of Religious Cultures and Secular Ethics» can lead to complication of the interfaith relations in the future. Heads of schools note that administrative requirements of obligatory registration of migrants’ children and their parents transfer the activity of establishments from the educational-upbringing plane to the plane of controlling functions, and promote isolation of separate schools on the basis of ethnicity. The compulsory character of obligatory participation in the mass actions directed to fostering patriotism leads to strengthening of mistrust towards these actions and psychological estrangement of their participants. In conclusion, author notes that in Novosibirsk a rich positive experience has been accumulated on strengthening and harmonization of the interethnic relations among the youth. While introducing new approaches in the realization of ethno-cultural ad ethno-confessional policy, it is necessary to positively stimulate the creative potential of teachers and pupils, taking into account their needs. Strengthening of formalism and bureaucracy is especially dangerous in this sphere and may promote development of negative tendencies.

The article is devoted to the concrete definition of competency-based approach concepts in educational practices and to the contents of educational achievements, which are to be obtained by its means. Concrete expressions are given to provide the basis and institutionalization for new forms of educational achievements evaluation within the framework of the competency-based and functional paradigms. The paper also presents the differentiation between productive and reproductive competencies as two types of educational results, predetermining different types of educational contents, forms of the educational process, and forms of educational achievements evaluation. Within the framework of this differentiation, especially in the framework of productive activities, the person’s ability to act in the moments of uncertainty when the question of possession of specific competencies becomes acute, adopts a special meaning. The author adheres to the opinion that the students have to be emerged exactly into these situations when evaluating the competency achievements, which requires adopting new methods and forms of evaluation. The author believes that modern educational practices are to make a step towards the formation of productive competencies, and also perform a number of fundamental changes in the structure and contents of the educational process. Performing such a shift may provoke major reconsideration of the evaluation format which is not similar to the traditional one. The article is aimed at shaping the base principles of the educational achievements evaluating and at reconstruction of some of their bases. The paper also provides a critical analysis of the project method of teaching as one of the methods claiming to provide setting up the productive competencies. The peculiarities of the practice-oriented education as providing self-determination and engaging students into the spheres of practical tasks are revealed. The article provides grounds to support the idea that in the process of formation and evaluation of productive competencies, an open-type problematic material should be used as a unit. The work also features an attempt to formulate some modern fundamental competencies at the edge of teenagers, at tracing which the new forms of evaluation of educational achievements should be aimed at.

Form is one of the key concepts in modern educational theory and practice. The results and effects of educational systems mainly depend on how a specific field of knowledge, the educational process and its components are shaped. Today it is inappropriate to question the primacy of form or contents as form is substantial and contents are modeled. These categories have an immediate correlation. The article is devoted to the concrete definition of one of the central didactics concepts, the definition of «form». The paper includes a historical reconstruction of this concept and its hermeneutic analysis. Three notions of form differentiation are provided: an object’s structural organization, a situational structural organization, and a subject's structure. The fact that for modern didactics the form is not a means of «packaging» the knowledge and not a means of its transmission, but rather an activity management structure is presented. The grounds are presented for claiming that education set up in a reproductive form is certainly decelerating compared to education set up in a productive form, which has a chance to become leading. Didactics can be viewed as a narrow applied discipline based on logical and psychological models, building up schemes of an optimal cognitive process and mastering new knowledge. This setting can be clearly traced in classical researches implying the pupil’s passive role of the object of education (it was accurately formulated by I. Y. Lerner), and in the works created in the framework of functional approach, in which the pupil is meant to be the subject (with the understanding of subjectivity reduced to logical or psychological notions). Another setting can be considered: viewing education as a philosophical practice with expanding the subjectivity problem, as a problem of involving the person into cultural practices and forms of activity, his/her self-determination and self-actualization as a socio-cultural subject able to set his/her own, not motivated by school objectives. This concept that has been developing in the classical European rationalism tradition is rather abstract as a philosophical concept. This is why the way to constructing the real educational theory calls both for addressing the philosophical category system, especially for understanding the subject and the form structuring and compiling the subject, as well as for those educational practices, in which this wide frame of concept is contained.

The goal of the paper is to consider the philosophical categories of the singular, special and universal in the aspect of adaptive physical education for the people with speech pathology. In the study the categories of singular, particular and general are analyzed through the prism of the adaptive physical education regarding people with speech disorders. These categories, reflected in the adaptive physical education, are refracted in the paper as a methodological basis for correction of general speech underdevelopment. They are also positioned as the initial provisions of a new principle of the adaptive physical education - the connection between physical development and speech, which is taken as a basis for correcting general speech underdevelopment by means of physical training. The problem of the categories of the singular, particular and general in the adaptive physical education has not been adequately considered, especially with regards to the individuals with speech disorders. Using the categories of the singular, particular and general in physical culture as a methodological basis for correcting general speech underdevelopment is a new approach. The categories considered in this paper are studies for the first time as the core of a new principle of the adaptive physical education. The principle of connection between the physical development and speech has been developed using the methods of philosophy: the scientific, dialectical, axiomatic, hermeneutic, formal logical, empirical cognition and deduction. Its development was based on the mutual links of the categories of the singular, particular and general. With regard to the technique of correcting general speech underdevelopment through physical training, this principle means the following: - Physical development is very important for the normal development of the child's speech, whereas for kids with speech pathology it plays a crucial role as it serves as a mechanism for correcting the speech sphere, as a trigger for speech. Without achieving an appropriate level of physical development, speech is impossible for children; - Physical development affects speech, including the writing skills: the better the physical development, the higher is the level of speech development; and, vice versa, the worse the physical development indicators, the lower is the level of speech development. The principle of interconnection between physical development and speech can be used in the adaptive physical education regarding different nosology, since the speech function is impaired also along with abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system, mental retardation, impairments of hearing and vision and autism disorders. The developed principle should become a basic for the methods to correct general speech underdevelopment through physical training. Thus, the researchers in the field of philosophy of education, including that of sports, adaptive physical education experts, may find this paper useful.

The idea of purposeful protection of children from the adult world is quite evident in modern educational practices. In the educational system, interactions between lower age children and older children are disrupted with the purpose of greater risk reduction; this can be noticed in the example elementary schools occupying a separate wing of a school campus with a playground and other necessary facilities. Such measures are applied on the assumption of teachers and parents that young children may learn something bad or immoral from older children. The consequences of the «protective» discourse in providing children’s security find a reflection in the growing patronage tendency and in the inability of children to control their life activities (inability to make decisions on their own) and to find a way of actions in problematic circumstances (inability to find a solution in unusual and problematic situations). People in Russia are aware of the abovementioned problems. A child’s life safety and health protection are among the most relevant objectives of preschool education. The formation of safe behavior in private and social life is one of the components of the preschool socio-communicative development established by the Russian preschool Federal State Learning Standard. It is fair to say that providing children’s life safety is not restricted to regulations and social control by various services and state authorities. Not only does the social safety category cover the outer social environment, but it is also related to the children’s abilities and aptitudes, which have to be developed beginning from the preschool age. The authors believe that the problem of formation of the safe behavior culture and safety competency is conditioned by ignoring the principles of functional approach by the modern socialization institutions. One of productive ways of overcoming this contradictory problem lies in considering the importance of game formats and their development in modern educational practices. The article is devoted to the role of game forms in the safe behavior culture formation for the preschoolers. The role of game forms is justified by the game being the main age-specific knowledge forming activity for the preschoolers. The article analyses the experience of using game forms in safe behavior culture formation in the Russian Federation, Germany and Anglo-Saxon countries (Great Britain and the USA).

In the article, we substantiate the topicality of studying the process of visual perception in the context of training in the fine arts. The authors focus their attention on that the interest in formation, development and functioning of visual perception is conditioned by practical application of its results in the course of training in the fine arts. Efficiency of implementation of various modern innovative techniques directed on achievement of personal, metasubject and subject results of assimilation of training programs is not reached without understanding of structure and functioning of visual perception of the artist. On the fine arts classes, there takes place stimulation of the visual perception of pupils directed not only on mastering the technical aspect of graphic activity, but also understanding the essence of creative process.

The authors note that during the period 1980-2000, significant changes occur in the role of arts and crafts in the cultural space of the country and the principles of their use in education for development of the younger generation, upbringing its artistic culture. The analysis of the trends occurring in the decorative and the easel arts has allowed to understand that there takes place a sharp demarcation of the folk and professional arts, the decorative art becomes an integral part of the environment approach, at the artistic enterprises there comes forward the master artist, whose work becomes synonymous with the trade as such. All this leads to the fact that arts and crafts turned are turning into manufacture with samples and copies. This leads to proliferation in the period 1970-80 of the most known crafts and types of decorative art. Copying becomes the base of studying the trade or the types of applied art. In contrast to this attitude to the indiscriminate spread of traditional Russian crafts, there arises a conservative-protective theory in the art study and, as a result, a regional component of the school curricula. The regional approach allows including more actively into the curriculum the acquaintance of students with local artists and masters of decorative arts and crafts. Thus, in the school curricula and programs of additional education, the process of attracting material on local crafts and crafts is more and more active. The article presents the dynamics of studies in the field of art education, dedicated to the role of the arts and crafts of the country. The authors, based on the analysis of scientific research, highlight a number of areas that address the incorporation of arts and crafts into the educational process, which are critical to this period: 1) aesthetic and labor education; 2) creativity in all its forms; 3) preservation and development of folk and national art; 4) methodological and organizational development of training; 5) improved training for teachers on specific types of decorative and applied art.

Detailed quantum mechanical calculations of the interaction of cyclodextrin (α-, β-, and γ-CD) with 4-nitrophenol (I), 4-nitro-2,6-dimethylphenol (II), 4-nitro-3,5-dimethylphenol (III), and their anions (IV-VI) with the formation of intercalation complexes are carried out for the first time. The calculations of the compounds are performed within the density functional theory by the hybrid Becke-Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP) method with LanL2DZ basis sets. For the α-CD+III and α-CD+VI complexes it is shown that a nitrophenol molecule of III and a nitrophenolate anion of VI are not contained in the α-CD torus, which agrees with the experimental equilibrium constants. It is found that the calculated equilibrium constants of the formation of guest-host complexes with phenolate anions are much larger than those of neutral molecules. The most stable CD complexes with nitrophenols and their anions should be expected for γ-CD. The β-CD complexes when the guest enters into the host cavity are formed only with compounds I, V, and VI.

Within the supermolecule theory, the intermolecular interaction of a monomer, a catalyst, and a solvent involved in the polycondensation of pseudochloroanhydrides of aromatic o -ketocarboxylic acids is simulated. A transition state is found in the dimerization reaction of the simplest representative of the class of 3-chloro-3-phenyl phthalylidene monomers under study. It is established that a solvent molecule (nitrobenzene) can coordinate through the functional chlorine atom of 3-chloro-3-phenyl phthalylidene, thus hindering the formation of the active center, and hence, the growth of the polymeric chain. As a rule, in the presence of nitrobenzene the activation energy of the dimerization reaction of 3-chloro-3-phenyl phthalylidene slightly lowers as compared to that in the gas phase.

On the example of a simple mechanical model (a linear chain of three bound atoms) it is shown that the equilibrium conditions of forces and force moments completely determine the linearly elastic properties of the structure and make it possible to find the number of free parameters of the quadratic force field.

A genetic algorithm (GA) coupled with a tight-binding (TB) interatomic potential is used to search for the low-energy structures of medium-sized Ni_n (n = 36-40) clusters. Structural candidates obtained from our GA search are further optimized with first-principles calculations. The medium-sized nickel clusters ranging from 36 to 40 atoms are found to favor the double-icosahedron-based structures with a Ni₇ core (a pentagonal bipyramidal structure) except Ni₃₈ cluster. The lowest-energy structure of Ni₃₈ can be considered to be a magic cluster, which is a typical face-centered cubic structure with large stability and magnetic moment.

In this work, an atrinuclear-oxo-centered complex of the CrFe₂ type with the CF₂ClCOO^- bridging ligand is newly synthesized. The complex is characterized by experimental and theoretical methods. The optimized geometry and theoretical vibrational frequencies are computed using the density functional theory (DFT) method. Also, the AIM analysis was applied to study changes in topological parameters such as the electron density at critical points of all the bonds of the complex. In the optimized geometry of the complex, three metal ions form a trigonal-planar structure with a m₃-O atom in its center. Each of M³⁺ metal ions has an octahedral coordination environment of oxygen atoms. The DFT results are in agreement with the experimental ones, confirming the validity of the optimized geometry for the complex.

The structures and properties of two diamond-like C-LA3 and Si-LA3 phases with crystallographically equivalent atomic sites are calculated by density functional theory with the exchange-correlation potential in the generalized gradient approximation (DFT-GGA). For these phases the structural characteristics, cohesion energies, densities of states, and bulk moduli are determined and powder diffraction patterns are calculated. It is found that the cohesion energies, band gaps, and bulk moduli of C-LA3 and Si-LA3 phases are smaller than the corresponding values of cubic diamond and silicon. Possible methods to obtain experimentally diamond-like C-LA3 and Si-LA3 phases are also analyzed in the paper.

The work demonstrates the results of quantum chemical calculations of ¹⁹F and ¹³С NMR spectra of model fluorocarbon C _n F_{2 n +2} molecules with various configurations and hydrocarbon chain molecules. The possibilities to determine the chain length, formation of branches, identification of fluorine substitution for hydrogen during the fluorination of hydrocarbon paraffins and polymers are discussed.

On the example of bismuth-containing glasses based on InF₃ and ZrF₄ the effect of bismuth on the glass formation, properties, glass structure, and also the appearance of broadband luminescence in the low-wave region of IR spectra of fluorozirconate glasses is considered.

Solid solutions Ba₂In₂O_5-0.5yF_y with the structure of brownmillerite are studied by IR and ¹Н MAS NMR spectroscopy. During the fluorine doping the nearest oxygen environment of indium atoms is distorted and a part of In-O bonds is shortened. It is shown that partial fluoride ion substitution for oxygen atoms results in an increase in the proton mobility in hydrated Ba₂In₂O_5-0.5yF_y x nН₂О phases.

¹⁹F, ¹H NMR and DSC methods are employed to study the ion mobility and phase transitions in hexafluoro complex compounds of tantalum(V), niobium(V), and titanium(IV) with a tetramethyl ammonium cation. It is found that the transformation of NMR spectra observed in the temperature range 77(130)-450 K is due to a change in the form of ion motions in the anionic and cationic sublattices of the compounds under study. The main forms of ion motions in the temperature range 170-450 K are isotropic reorientations of TaF₆, NbF₆, TiF₆ octahedra and tetramethyl ammonium ions. Two endoeffects with the maxima at 232.5 K and 256.5 K for [N(CH₃)₄]TaF₆ and at 235 K and 250 K for [N(CH₃)₄]NbF₆, which are observed in the DSC curve in the range 170-400 K, correspond to phase transitions whose occurrence practically does not affect the parameters of NMR spectra in the temperature range 230-260 K. For the [N(CH₃)₄]₂TiF₆ compound an endoeffect is observed near 422 K, which corresponds to the phase transition from the rhombohedral modification to the cubic one.

Quantum dots (QDs) of zinc sulfide are synthesized by a microwave method in an aqueous medium using sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (DS) or 4,4¢-bipyridine (BP). Based on the analysis of X-ray diffraction profiles the conclusion is drawn that QDs obtained have a structure of cubic zinc blende with an average particle size of 5.6 nm for the ZnS_DS sample and 4.8 nm for ZnS_BP. Transmission electron microscopy images show the presence of spherical aggregates of particles only for ZnS_DS. IR data indicate the presence of sulfate ions in both samples; DS remains in the sample, facilitating the QD agglomeration, while BP is effectively washed out. From the optical diffusion scattering spectra the band gap is estimated, which turns out to be larger than the expected one due to the presence of elemental sulfur in the samples and partial oxidation of the QD surface. The QD structure based on ZnS particles is also modeled in the work. The possibility to employ X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy for the verification of atomic structural parameters around zinc sites in QDs based on zinc sulfide is demonstrated.