Home – Home – Jornals – "Philosophy of Education" 2016 number 6

The general evolution of planets in the Solar System is discussed with a focus on the structure and history of Venus compared with the Earth. The history of the planets of the terrestrial group has been similar and included at least six correlated stages. Many common features the terrestrial planets shared in their early and late evolution have been due to their common origin from the protoplanetary gas-and-dust nebula and plume magmatism widespread on all the planets of the terrestrial group. The characteristic features of the structure and evolution of Venus are most brightly manifested in the specific composition of its atmosphere and of plume magmatism. Venus, with its surface as hot as 450 ºC and the near-surface pressure of 92-93 bars, has a hot and dense atmosphere 93 times that of the Earth in mass. Most of its atmospheric mass (99%) belongs to the 65 km thick troposphere consisting of CO2 (96.5%) and N2 (3.5%). The upper troposphere includes a 25-30 km thick cloud layer composed mainly of sulfuric acid droplets, water vapor, and SO2. At the height of 49.58 km, the clouds approach the conditions of the terrestrial surface and might be hospitable to bacterial life. Volcanism, the most active and widespread process of Venusian geology, maintains continuous SO2 emission. There are diverse volcanic edifices on Venus, which are most often large and are similar to the Earth’s plume-related volcanoes. The evolution before 1 Ga, as well as the share and the role of alkaline rocks and carbonatites among its volcanics, are among the most debatable issues about Venus. Being located closer to the Sun, Venus cooled down more slowly and less intensely than the Earth after the primary accretion. In the Proterozoic, it began heating and reached its present state at ~1 or 2 Ga. In the future, as the Sun becomes a red giant, the Earth is predicted to begin heating up in 500-600 Myr to reach the temperature of present Venus in about 1.5 Gyr.

The Novosibirsk H5/6 ordinary chondrite has signs of shock metamorphism, such as dark shock-melt veins (SMVs) crossing the chondrite host rock. The plagioclase composition grains (Ab78An14Or7) with jadeite were found in the host-rock fragments inside the SMVs. Jadeite has an unusual radial-concentric spherulite-like microtexture. The spherulite-like jadeite formed from the molten plagioclase grain under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions during an impact event. The crystallization was accompanied by Na-K differentiation between coexisting jadeite and residual melt. The PT -conditions of jadeite formation were estimated to be 3-14 GPa and 1400-2150 ºC. Jadeite crystallization, Na-K differentiation, and the pressure-temperature estimates of jadeite formation in the Novosibirsk chondrite are very close to those in the Chelyabinsk LL5 chondrite. The spherulite-like microtexture and jadeite-glass coexistence, most likely, point to a high cooling rate of the SMVs at the pressure release stage of the metamorphic process.

Dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating, with reference to remote sensing, digital elevation modeling, geological, and geomorphological data, provide new age constraints for the Jombolok lava field in the East Sayan Mountains (Siberia). The Jombolok lava field originated in the latest Late Pleistocene and underwent at least four phases of volcanic activity recorded in lava flows. Two earliest phases followed shortly one after another more than 13 kyr ago. The third phase corresponding to eruptions of Kropotkin Volcano can be timed only relatively. The fourth phase has been dated by dendrochronology and AMS 14C of well-preserved wood buried under the youngest lava which occurs among older lavas near the Jombolok River mouth. The age of this activity is bracketed between the death of trees caused by eruptions 1268-928 years ago and the beginning of new tree growth on the surface of the most recent lavas 900 years ago.

We present the chemical and isotope compositions of the water and gas phases of the unique Mukhen cold high- p CO2 spa. Estimated δ18O, δD, and δ13CTIC values and data on the geology and hydrogeology of the studied area indicate that the source of the groundwaters is meteoric waters, whereas carbon dioxide is of deep genesis and numerous regional faults are gas-feeding channels. Calculations of equilibrium reactions in the water-rock system show that the upper-aquifer waters (HCO3-Ca-Mg) with low TDS are undersaturated with carbonate minerals, montmorillonites, and aluminosilicates but are oversaturated with kaolinite, whereas the lower-aquifer waters (HCO3-Na) with high TDS are oversaturated with calcite, dolomite, and clay minerals but are undersaturated with main aluminosilicates. We propose a new concept of the formation of these groundwaters, demonstrating that the long interaction between rocks and groundwaters in the presence of CO2 and the considerable deposition of secondary minerals are responsible for the high TDS of the lower-aquifer waters (up to 14 g/L) and their geochemical type (HCO3-Na) and unusual isotope composition (δ18O = -25.2 ‰, δD = -69.0 ‰).

The mineralogical and geochemical features of the Khoito-Gol ecosystem (fresh thermal waters-microorganisms-travertines) of the Baikal Rift Zone and the aspects of the interaction among its components were studied. The research has shown that the behavior, distribution, and accumulation of trace elements are determined mostly by the geochemical barriers of geologic and biologic genesis in the flowing-water habitat of bacteria of the Khoito-Gol spring. Formation of biominerals by different functional groups of its bacterial community is considered.

Magnetite microspheres from the Carboniferous deposits of the Usolka reference section were studied by probe microanalysis, with comparison of the distributions of chemical elements and microspheres. The presence of microspheres in sedimentary strata is considered an additional factor for stratigraphic correlation between sedimentary sections. The microspheres are shown to be of cosmic nature. The Late Paleozoic paleoclimatic changes (extreme cooling) and biotic crises were caused by the periodical Solar System motion in the Galaxy, cosmic-dust fallout, and meteorite bombardments of the Earth.

Investigation of the Upper Callovian to Lower Kimmeridgian microfossils from the Makar’yev reference section (Unzha River, East European Platform) has been carried out. The section is characterized by ammonite debris and abundant associations of benthic and planktic foraminifera. It is a perfect object for stratigraphic and paleoecological researches. The biostratigraphic distribution of foraminifers from the Makar’yev section allows one to identify standard foraminifer zones of the East European Platform, as well as to upgrade some of them. The analysis of vertical and lateral ammonites and foraminiferal distribution, completed with lithostratigraphy, has precised the stratigraphic volume and position of boundaries of several lithological units. An improved stratigraphic scheme for the Kostroma area of the Moscow Depression is proposed. Analysis of the composition, structure, and dynamic changes of the foraminiferal assemblages has been performed. The morphofunctional analysis of foraminiferal genera has for the first time identified how foraminiferal morphogroups differing in their life style and feeding strategy varied with short-term paleoenvironmental changes. These morphogroup changes allow establishing four ecostratigraphic levels. These paleoecological data have been calibrated along with geochemical factors. They have shown a crisis of foraminiferal association during the Late Oxfordian and Early Kimmeridgian. A similar crisis has also been discovered in the north of Siberia, which may be an argument for its global distribution. The analysis of the taxonomic composition and the density of foraminiferal associations, in parallel with the structure of the association, has revealed a succession of transgressive and regressive events during the Late Callovian-Early Kimmeridgian. It allows the typification of each assemblage in relation with each event and underlines the occurrence of second-order sea level changes (middle Middle Oxfordian and the earliest Kimmeridgian).

We discuss the results of paleomagnetic studies of the Upper Cretaceous and Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary deposits in the south of the Kulunda basin (Alei area). Cores of two boreholes with a total thickness of 305 m were studied. Based on the revealed characteristic component of natural remnant magnetization (ChRM) in the studied deposits, we constructed paleomagnetic columns for each borehole and compared the borehole sections. Using the paleomagnetic, geological, stratigraphic, and paleontological data, we compiled the magnetostratigraphic section of the Upper Cretaceous and Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary deposits in the south of the Kulunda basin and recognized five magnetopolar zones within it: one of direct polarity and four of reverse polarity (Upper Cretaceous and Lower Paleogene deposits). The lower part of the Gan’kino Horizon, of direct polarity, forms one magnetozone of direct polarity N , and the upper part forms two magnetozones of reverse polarity, R 1km and R 2mt. The Lower Paleogene Talitsa and Lyulinvor Formations form two magnetozones of reverse polarity, R1zl and R2i. The compiled magnetostratigraphic section of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Paleogene deposits is juxtaposed with the magnetochronological scale. Two variants of juxtaposition of the lower directly magnetized part of the section with the Gradstein scale are considered.

The study area is the Erzurum pull-apart basin located in the East Anatolian Tectonic Block (EATB), which is under the control of a strike-slip neotectonic regime since the beginning of the Quaternary. The Quaternary Erzurum pull-apart basin is an about 1-30 km wide, 90 km long and actively growing strike-slip depression. It is bounded by the Erzurum-Dumlu sinistral strike-slip fault zone to the east-southeast, by the Aşkale sinistral srike-slip fault zone to the north-northwest, and by the Başköy-Kandilli reverse fault zone and the N-S-trending Ilıca oblique-slip normal fault set to the west. The Erzurum pull-apart basin was evolved by the deformation and subdivision of an E-W-trending older intermontane basin. The new basin has a 0.5 km thick, flat-lying (undeformed) and unconsolidated fill, which overlies, with an angular unconformitry, the deformed (folded and faulted) basement rocks of pre-Quaternary age. Basin fill consists of coarser-grained marginal facies (fault terrace, fan, fan-apron, and superimposed fan deposits) and finer-grained depocentral facies represented by floodplain to organic material-rich marsh deposits. All gradations are seen among these lithofacies. The seismicity of the Erzurum pull-apart basin is quite high. The magnitude of the peak earthquake to be sourced from the active faults (e.g., the Erzurum fault) is about Mw = 7.0. This was proved by both the historical and recent earthquakes. Numerous settlements in the size of a large city (e.g., Erzurum), county, town, and small villages with a total population of over 766.000 are located in and along the active fault-bounded margins of the Erzurum pull-apart basin. They are under the threat of destructive earthquakes to be sourced from the margin-boundary faults. Therefore, based on both the active fault parameters and the water-saturated basin fill, a large-scale earthquake hazard map has to be prepared. This map has to be used in both the earthquake hazard to risk analyses and the redesign of city planning and all type of constructions in Erzurum and other settlements in this region.

This paper presents an integrated measurement technique based on DC methods (vertical electrical sounding, electrical resistivity tomography) which was used to identify faults and determine their geoelectric parameters in the western part of the Chuya basin. New information on the structure of the Chagan River valley located in the zone of the disastrous 27 September 2003 Chuya earthquake has been obtained from the results of these methods. Geoelectric cross sections of the sedimentary sequence and the upper part of the basement were obtained from VES data, showing the block structure of the study area. Electrical resistivity tomography sections confirm the presence of a major fault between basement blocks of different heights and indicate the presence of faults bounding the valley on its right side and in the southwestern part.

This paper presents the results of magnetotelluric (MT) studies performed within the West Transbaikalian segment of the Central Asian Fold Belt along the Selenga River delta-Krasnyi Chikoi Village profile. The data are interpreted using the results of recent geological, petrological, geothermal, tectonic, and geochronological studies of the Mongolia-Transbaikalian part of the Central Asian Fold Belt, including large heterochronous igneous provinces and zones. The studies have shown that the investigated area has a complex geologic and tectonic structure produced by extensive rifting leading to the formation of large crustal blocks and by intense magmatic fluid activity along deep fault zones. The investigated profile is characterized by a combination of blocks with different types of geoelectric section-mountain ranges and intermontane basins separated by long-lived deep fault zones.

Aerosol radiative characteristic variability stipulated by brown carbon and black carbon content variations in megacity smogs for Beijing, San-Paulu, Santiago, and Mexico have been analyzed by AERONET data. It is shown that the brown carbon contribution into the imaginary part of the refraction coefficient for a wavelength of 440 nm in smogs can exceed the black carbon contribution more than threefold. In megacity smogs the spectral dependencies of the aerosol optical depth absorption can be approximated by power function with satisfactory precision excluding some Beijing smogs at wavelength of 400 nm when relative concentration of the brown carbon is big. It is shown, that the coarse mode contribution into total aerosol optical depth extinction in smogs can constitute from 6 to 20% for wavelength of 440 and 1020 nm respectively and contribution into aerosol optical depth absorption - from 22% for wavelength of 440 nm to 38% for a wavelength of 1020 nm. The megacity smog aerosol distinguishes from the smoke aerosol formed during large-scale fires in the boreal forests of Russia by increased contribution of the coarse mode in total volume of the aerosol and high values of the imaginary part of the refraction coefficient and therefore by more greater values of aerosol absorbing ability.

During the last week of January 2016 total ozone values ca. 200 DU was detected over the northern Ural and Siberia. Such phenomena was classified as ozone “mini-hole”. There was the first time during all the monitoring period since 1970 when ozone “mini-hole” formed here in the first half of the year. Possible causes and factors of extremely low ozone values initiation during the winter 2016 in comparison to other Arctic winters with sufficient ozone losses were analyzed. A primary role of dynamic processes in ozone anomaly formation in January 2016 was shown. The assumption was made that the greater negative ozone anomalies are likely to appear over Arctic in future.

The comparison of results of ozone fields numerical modeling with various experimental data allows assessing the quality of models for using them in predicting the ozone layer development. We compare satellite (SBUV) and ground-based (IFS Bruker 125HR) measurements of ozone in two atmospheric layers (0-25 and 25-60 km) with numerical simulation data (Lower and Middle Atmosphere Model) over St. Petersburg for the period between 2011 and 2014. We analyze the differences between coincident data pairs for daily and monthly averaged values. In general, model describes the experimental ozone with good or satisfactory accuracy. However, we observed some systematic differences between measured and modeled ozone contents for some periods. Usually, model overestimates the ozone columns compared to satellite measurements in 0-25 km layer and underestimates them in 25-60 km layer for the autumn-winter period. The same features we observed for daily and monthly averages. In some cases, model describes high frequency fluctuations of ozone columns, which are not observed in experimental data.

The article analyzes the main factors leading to the rise in intensity of coniferous forests focal drying out on the territory of Southern Siberia, recorded during 1990-s. It has been shown that a significant factor weakening the resistance of coniferous trees, could be a long-term ozone depletion due to the constant presence of stratospheric volcanic aerosols caused by frequent Plinian eruptions of tropical belt volcanoes with VEI ≥ 4, which is why South Siberian region has been under continuous exposure to high doses of short-wave UV-B radiation since 1992 to 2012.

The work presents the results of the study of long-term changes in average seasonal surface air temperature in the Siberian region for the last 43 years (from 1973 to 2015), as well as for the periods from 1973 to 2005 (when there was the most intense global warming) and from 2006 to 2015 (the period of global warming slowdown or even a cooling in some regions). It is shown that winter and spring seasons have made major contribution to the rise in surface air temperature over the territory of Siberia during the period from 1973 to 2015. A cooling in the Arctic regions of Siberia in the winter season, as well as a cooling in the Western Siberia and in the south-western part of Eastern Siberia in the autumn season made the greatest contribution to reducing the intensity of the warming over the last decade.

We discuss the results of studying the physical-chemical composition of the atmospheric aerosol during expedition onboard RV “Akademik Nikolaj Strakhov” carried out during winter of 2015/2016 on the route from Colombo to Kaliningrad (via Suez Canal). In comparison with the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic (near Europe), the atmosphere of the Arabian and Red Seas was characterized by higher values of most aerosol characteristics: 3-5 times larger aerosol optical depth (AOD), 4 times larger aerosol number concentration, 1.5 times larger concentrations of continent- and sea-derived ions, as well as more abundant gaseous admixtures (SO₂, HCl, HNO₃, NH₃). At the same time, two seas of the Indian basin show substantial differences in aerosol composition, caused by outflows of aerosols of different types from the continents. The largest concentrations of black carbon (2.14 µg · m^-3, on the average), sea-derived ions (Na⁺, Cl^-, Mg²⁺), and NH₃ are observed over the Arabian Sea; and larger values of fine component of AOD and concentrations of “continental” ions (SO₄^2-, Ca²⁺, NO₃^-, NH₄⁺) and gaseous admixtures SO₂, HCl, HNO₃ are found over the Red Sea. With respect to ion composition of aerosol, most stable concentrations are noted in Ca²⁺ ions (less than 15% difference among the seas), and maximal spatial variations are found in NH₄⁺ ions (a difference is up to a factor of 40).

Comparisons of model forecasts (XTM CHIMERE and COSMO-RU7-ART) air pollution with data of measurements in Moscow in 2015 are presented. Both HTM use predictive fields of meteorological sizes according to model of the atmosphere of COSMO-RU7. It is established that models underestimate average daily concentration of PM10 and predict with an error on the average of 0,01-0,02 mg of m^-3. Concentration of dioxide of XTM COSMO-RU7-ART nitrogen is counted with a margin error on the average by 0,01-0,02 mg of m³, CHIMERE - 0,02-0,03 mg of m^-3 (summer of 0,05-0,08 mg of m^-3), systematically overestimating NO₂. Most often COSMO-RU7-ART underestimates concentration of carbon monoxide (by 0,1-0,2 mg of m^{-3, a daily maximum on 0,4-0,6} mg of m^-3); CHIMERE, on the contrary, systematically overestimates WITH (on 0,2-0,35 mg of m^-3, it is frequent on 0,4-0,5 mg of m^-3 in the summer). Some results of experiments about influence of a way of definition of height of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) on model calculations of concentration of CO are discussed. PBL paid off: a) directly in XTM CHIMERE, b) in COSMO-RU7.

In the article, evidences of really observed regional transport of air pollutants onto Lake Baikal are compared with calculations with the use of mathematical model. According to observed data the highest air pollution over the lake is connected with atmospheric transport of sulphur and nitrogen dioxides from largest coal Power Plants situated around Irkutsk and Angarsk cities as well as from the side of Buryatia (Ulan-Ude and Gusinoozersk). Particularly strong transport of sulphur and nitrogen dioxides into Baikal atmosphere happens at a night time, due to inversed meteorological condition, with weakly dispersed plumes from high stacks of Power Plants. Data of automatic measurements of sulphur and nitrogen dioxides demonstrate that real mechanisms of pollutant’s transfer on the Lake Baikal are more complicated and varied as compared with simulated results. Simulated estimations of SO₂ concentrations are close to month average observed concentrations, but they do not describe some special events of extremely high concentrations of pollutants in Baikal atmosphere.

Snow samples are selected and the composition of PAHs in sediments of solid snow in the city of Bratsk is studied. A comparison with the industrial towns of Shelekhov, Novokuznetsk, and Syktyvkar. A close correlation between the quality (profile) of PAH in the snow cover near aluminum smelters, and emissions from sources of electrolytic shops of aluminium production technology with self-roasted anodes are found. The values of the relations of various PAHs in the gas and dust emissions from the electrolytic process of producing aluminum are found. The possibility of their use for identifying sources of pollution from aluminum plants is shown. It is found that the carcinogenic activity of PAH in the snow cover is formed mainly by the contribution of benzo(a)pyrene.

Stratification of isotropic ultraviolet emission of atmosphere (λ = 1200-1270 Å) by vertical electric field has been considered as a static polarization of highly excited metastable molecules of ozone cycle (O(¹D), O(³P), O₂(a¹Sg⁺)). Thermodynamic valuations and scalability of Van der Waals collective interactions have been obtained based on the concept of the Rydberg fluid of excited subsystem of atmosphere that plays an important role in stabilization of ionic layers. Additions to the classical tensor of electric field tension of atmosphere Tik have been considered within the limits of the model of average self-consistent electric field (nonlinear-Poisson equation). Polarization components of the tensor Tik stabilizing the system have been calculated. The model of dynamic field-adiabatic dielectric permeability ε(r) as a function of local potential has been proposed.

Results of field experiments performed with bistatic optolectronic communication systems in artificial and natural water reservoirs in 2015 are discussed in the present paper. The experiments were aimed at estimation of the communication quality based on the control of communication error probabilities and their standard deviations. Results of experiments suggest that the OECS can be developed that effectively operate in water and complex media (water-atmosphere and atmosphere-water including ice interface) with communication path lengths from several ten to several hundred meters.

The observation of specular reflection of illuminated underlying surface cloud layer of horizontally oriented ice plates is reported. The conditions and means of observing this phenomenon are described. Certain evaluations of the characteristics of the reflecting layer clouds obtained on the basis of these observations, are presented as well as photographs, illustrating the phenomenon.

Created in Russian space observatory Millimetron with a 10-meter optical telescope has no analogues to solve scientific and technical tasks of research objects in the Universe. The amount of information that can be obtained at this observatory largely depends on the chosen concept and manufacturability of technical means that implement a high image quality in the telescope. The article, based on the analysis of distorting factors, examined ways of possible technical solutions and concepts, which can be the basis for the creation of systems of adaptive correction of the wavefront distortion (WF) of the received radiation. Variants of adaptive space telescope optical system are considered and analyzed. Following the results of analysis the adaptation at the entrance pupil of the telescope is selected and substantiated, are realized by a circuit of parallel information reading petals of the compound main telescope mirror.

New method for wavefront reconstruction from measured gradients is proposed on the basis of the solution of variational problem. Spatial frequency transfer function is obtained for its reconstructor. Accuracy of the restoration is studied, by methods of numerical modeling, at different spatial spectra of wavefront distortions. Reconstructor sensitivity is analyzed in the case of data loss in some nodes of measuring grid.

The purpose of this article is to explain the difficulties in solving some problems the set-theoretic nature by semantic redundancy of language for describing the sets, namely, in the Zermelo-Fraenkel system with the Axiom of Choice and second-order set theory. We describe two approaches to the problem by means of case of the continuum hypothesis, undecidable in ZFC system and decidable in an alternative ZFC2 set theory. It is shown that the basis of difference of interpretations lies in pre-theoretical concepts that allow semantic redundancy.

The article is devoted to the problem of induction; the problem is a topical one, as it has a multidisciplinary and philosophical value. However, some aspects of the problem are not presented in the well-known literature. For example, why science and philosophy hold opposite positions on the problem of induction? As is known, scientific community believes that the problem has already received specific solutions in some sciences. On the contrary, in philosophy starting with Hume, it is assumed that the problem has no reasonable solution. This work aims to explain the basis of different solution evaluation. We show that unequal positions are connected with different methods of obtaining results and different requirements to the credibility of results. For example, in Hume’s empirical philosophy, obtaining results concerning the human nature is based only on observation and Aristotelian syllogistics. However, mere observations are inadequate for obtaining new knowledge Aristotelian logic are indeed not enough for solving the problem of induction. Moreover, he underestimated the significance of probabilistic reasoning and rejected the heuristic character of geometry, because, according to Hume, the correctness of proofs depends on the quality of representation of the statement to be proven. The main idea of the work consists in the justification of the thesis that Hume’s skepticism is connected to high requirements to the quality, precision and reliability of results. That is why, Hume’s epistemology is still of some interest for the methodology of science and different areas of knowledge. In contrast to Hume, in modern science, the pragmatic requirements to probabilistic reasoning prevail. For example, in the probability theory and mathematical statistics, the Cournot principle is used. According to this principle, the low-probability event is not realizable in a single experiment [1]. Furthermore, in modern science and methodology of mathematical teaching, geometrical proofs are valued since many people possess geometric style of thinking.

In the article, the changes in culture, education and science that have been occurring since the 1960s are considered, which are accompanied by a change of epistemological style of thinking. The previous style, described as the operational one, was distinguished by larger clarity, intuitive comprehensibility and included active actions. It was replaced by a more formal and abstract mathematical style. The reasons behind the change of the style in science are discussed. It is shown that the development of mass culture is directed toward primitivization. Education finds itself confined between two opposing tendencies, which cause problems in the school education.

The paper proposes a conceptual description of the nature of visual thinking and visual logic in the framework of philosophical knowledge. In this paper, we study the connection between visual thinking and visual logic on the conceptual level, as well as investigate the inclusion of this logic in the methods of visual explication of the nature of philosophical knowledge. The choice of visual problems of philosophical thinking and visual logic of philosophical constructs as a key subject of research is justified, on one hand, by the growing interest of scientists to the methodological and educational problems of the visibility of philosophical knowledge; on the other hand, by the presence of a certain conceptual gap in the concepts, justifying the methodology and logic of visualization. As a leading paradigm, the author uses the common ideological tenets of the concept of figurative thinking, according to which the standard conceptual thinking is always accompanied by a parallel process of building system of images, which in the framework of the imagination is a heuristic tool for effective cognitive work with intelligible dynamic objects, which under certain conditions can be expressed graphically become integral parts as cognitive models and new technologies of teaching philosophy. The conclusion is that the processes of visualization of philosophy, built on the basis of numerous methods are always associated primarily with the general logical errors, for example, hypostatization, i.e., objectification of abstract entities, and well-known theoretical and cognitive phenomena objects from the course of philosophy, for example, transcendental illusion, i.e., attempts to work on the basis of empirical visual experience with the phenomena of the beyond in relation to the world of intelligible essences. It also advocates the position that the essential difference between visual and formal logic is that the space-time structure of the visual designs vectors defines new theory, not vice versa. In the case of using visualizations, the formal structure of intelligible phenomena is determined by the structure of visual phenomena. Thus, the rules of the spatial relationship of logical objects are in part determined by the structure of elements of visual schematics. On one hand, these rules are determined by successful cases of building a philosophical models (image logic), which are expressed through metaphors; on the other, it is determined by the results of thought experiments with visual expression, formed of a plurality of links defined by synthesis of real graphics schemes, such as the following: Euler diagram, Venn diagrams, Veitch map, parenthesis circuit tree graphs (classification tree), logical square (square of opposition), semantic triangle, matrix table (for example, synchronous, diachronic and others.), mathematical formulas (e.g., functional dependencies), geometric figures, graphs, digital media and more.

The virtual reality technologies (TVR) would not work if the natural virtuality of the human being did not work. The person's ability to experience virtual states, like any other human ability (upright posture, intelligence, labor activity and so forth), remains throughout the years of the development of virtual reality of computers, the Internet and so on outside the focus of the philosophical, scientific and technological mainstream. In other words, it is not considered by the «normal scientific understanding» as a fundamental anthropological constant. As a result, the word «virtual» is understood by scientific mainstream as everything that is happening today in cyberspace. In the end, the word «virtual» means nothing specifically and explains nothing. The author through the concept of virtual conflict, introduced into scientific usage by N.A. Nosov (2002), using the example of asthma sociology, reveals the type of epistemological casus in the sociology of modern philosophy and sciences studying virtuality. Similar casuses are presented by the examples of other idiopathic pathologies (diseases of unknown origin), in the field of flight safety and so forth. The source of a virtual conflict, virtus, is in the knowledge-related, paradigmatic structures of subjects, whose activity leads to a casus «we wanted better, but it turned out as always»: we have kept describing virtuality, and still have failed to conceptualize it in terms of classical and neo-classical scientific paradigms. The article is written in the genre of «philosophy as expertise» (a term by B. G. Yudin), the precedent for which have been the successes: the coming to life of mass user of the technologies of virtual, augmented reality (TVR), developing in the conditions of time shortage to ethically reflect on one’s achievements, their legal regulation and humanitarian support, and a global failure of the scientific mainstream in the understanding of virtuality. Today, there takes place a struggle of meanings for the word «virtual»: between the constant (classical and neoclassical) scientific mainstream outlook and the virtual, post-nonclassical one represented by scientific and philosophical school of N. A. Nosov (1952-2002), still holding the world's priorities in the theoretical understanding of the phenomena of virtuality. The latter were introduced into scientific usage as virtual events in the activity of the test pilots in 1986 by N. A. Nosov and O.I. Genisaretsky. «Computer virtuality» emerged together with other ideas of virtuality in other areas: virtual particles and so on. The modern TVR deceive the human brain! The person's ability to fall into the virtuals, to experience virtual psychological states has met with the technological capabilities to «present information» faster than the 25-th shot and give rise to the phenomenon of «indistinction». It is important to know that, historically, it has been reproduced without computers (!) during a special experiment concerning modeling pilots’ errors: the aircraft landing on the fuselage. Of the same type of errors is «forgetting children» on the back seat of the car by parents. Technologies, knowingly deceiving the human being, should be taken under the humanitarian supervision of the society. In this paper, we carry out problematization of this situation through the challenges to the world outlook of the TVR developers, the philosophical, ethical, legal and other consequences of what is happening in this area are revealed, the necessary arguments, reasoning and references to the works of the «Virtualistics» research group of the Institute of Philosophy of RAS are presented, which are designed to provide an understanding of global paradigmatic turn in the sciences about human being: «Homo virtualis», the virtual person comes to the forefront of his actualization along with Homo sapiens, erectus and others. Finally, there is given a futuristic prosept (a termby OI Genisaretskogo) of staging of the virtual evolution of the human being in the TVR environment. This work is a bridge over the chasm between the «conventional scientific understanding» of virtuality and the postnonclassical worldview, according to which the «Homo virtualis» will finally come to the world!

The author shows that, in the framework of an alternative version of the Soviet «non-consumptive modern», there was accumulated a potential which allowed the country to start a focal institutional and personal modernization after the war, to become a society aspiring to post-industrial development. This breakthrough was achieved because of total civil initiative activity of the part of the people involved into the process of rising individuation in the sphere of science and education. However, by that time in the country, the erosion of the institutions that supported the possibility of a «social elevator» began as a result of blocking the transformation of a mature order of limited access to an order of open access. In these circumstances, power was taken by a passionate group focused on «everyday prosperity» and the distribution/redistribution of the natural resources rent. At the same time, the part of the society that had risen to the level of the ascending individualization had an innovative intellectual and moral potential and could create a critical mass of the social base of the reforms remained unclaimed by the reformers. A significant number of the bearers of this potential falls into the subalterna position: «a state of abandonment», «put off subjectivity», «borderline consciousness». Moreover, the growth of centric processes determines subalternization also of the bearers of prevailing consciousness. In modern Russia there is a hidden human potential focused on innovative (post-industrial) development, the bearers of which without any horizontal relationships are objects of subalternization. This concerns not only the modernizers «from below» but also those who try to drive the innovative development only «from above».

The processes of globalization expand the diversity of the available range of civilizations and cultures, information range on the whole. On one hand, this is a great benefit and advantage. However, there is erosion of the basic concepts and priorities. There is the problem of preserving the underlying principles and provisions of culture, cultural capital of the country. The problem of maintaining social cohesion and continuity of society is considered. The education system is one of the key social institutions that provide social and cultural stability of society. Translation of values related to regulatory, ethical sphere of society is social and professional function of education system. Legitimate and well-functioning education system is a necessary condition and prerequisite for the social stability of the state. The education and educational activities require a license from the state. The conditions under which the right to educational activity is given are standardized. State control of the education system cannot be transferred to another body. Institutionally organized education and socialization are designed to ensure that new generations enter smoothly into society and the ideological reproduction of the society. Social conditionality of the processes of education and socialization is confirmed by the fact of the expansion of the education system and the inclusion of the population in most modern societies.

In the article, the author considers the problem of monitoring the execution of the laws of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, legislative bodies of subjects of Federation (see journal «Philosophy of education», no. 4(67), 2016). The attention is drawn to the highest responsibility vested in the state power bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the execution of its powers, for the quality of normative legal regulation of public relations arising from the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It is indicated that there are still many contradictions to Federal law contained in the laws of the Federation subjects, one of the reasons of which is lack of parliamentary control over the execution of laws of the subject. The author is conducting own investigation of this issue, analyzing the laws of some subjects of Federation on the subject of content control provisions of legislative (representative) authorities for the execution of its laws. The results of the study concluded that the issue had not been resolved or insufficiently resolved. In this regard, the author proposes to improve qualitatively the Federal law «On parliamentary control», which is a model of the regulation of this issue in the regions. In addition, it is proposed to organize a legal education of civil servants for the activities of deputies of the legislative (representative) bodies of state power of subjects of Federation, first, the permanent (current) theoretical training of civil servants, already in the service; secondly, by analogy with the Federal level, introduce the system of legal education course, and eventually a separate specialization for the training of future civil servants of subjects of Federation, improving and criteria of competitive selection on civil service of the Federation.

This article addresses the issue of the social mission of the university in public diplomacy. The author shows the importance of the organized adaptation of foreign students to provide competitive advantages of Russian universities in conditions of the global education. The used in the article concept of «soft power» opens up new heuristic possibilities for describing the role of Russian universities in creation of geopolitical climate favorable for Russia. The ability of Russian higher educational system to carry out an innovative function in the development of Russian society is the premise that opens this opportunity. However, the Russian higher education system exists currently in the process of reforming. According to international experience, academic reputation of educational institutions is determined by a high degree of university autonomy and academic freedom of its professors. The narrowing of this scope in favor of the notorious manageability, through the reforms, detrimentally affects the prestige of Russian higher education, and hence its attractiveness for foreign students. The article raises the problems and prospects of forming a model of organized adaptation of foreign students. In the article, there is considered a system of priorities that can serve as a basis for the transformation of modern Russian university into an instrument of «soft power» and a successful commercial project. It is concluded about the importance of academicism as a key priority which is the foundation for not only reproduction of knowledge but also its growth. Solution of the contradictions between academicism and managerialism is seen in supporting the «excessive» research and business structures as a part of the university, in reducing the degree of managerial control, in reducing the degree of bureaucratic burden on the employees actually involved in the educational process.

This article looks at the central problem of social philosophy: uncovering the essence of the society, focuses attention on the problems of determination of further perspective of social-philosophical research which are encountered by each philosophers in the modern period. The specific issue of consideration in the article is leadership as a social phenomenon and especially youth social leadership. These problems are very topical for social philosophy and also a number of other sciences such as political science, sociology and social psychology. Article describes the results of research of the process of formation of basic ethical, political and social values of youth in the so-called formative period, explores the youth social leader and his dominant role in youth social group activity, in choice of direction of its evolution and especially socialization of youth social group and its members. A generalized portrait of the youth social leader is given, philosophical approaches to the social leadership typology, conceptual definition «social» and «social relationship» are considered. Author makes an attempt of his own interpretation of definition of the «social».

The development of the issues of systemic realization of educational potential of the Abkhazian national pedagogics in the preschool educational institutions of the Republic of Abkhazia is very important for a complete research of the problem. The relevance of the article is due to the fact that the potential of the Abkhazian national pedagogics in the structure of integral pedagogical process of preschool educational institutions of the Republic of Abkhazia is not fully used as a means of formation of individual qualities of the personality of the child, his/her physical or moral, esthetic or labor training. The author convincingly proves the need of use of the Abkhazian national pedagogics for the system of upbringing and education in the preschool educational institutions of the Republic of Abkhazia.

The article gives the author's justification of comprehensive approach in pedagogics which is nowadays adopted by a number of leading educators. In spite of that, the crisis of the Russian education does not decrease in recent decades, it is increasing. There is devaluation of the best values of national education and national traditions in pedagogics in favor of imposed one-sided approaches in education. Primitivization in teaching grows according to a well-known policy based on which it is much easier to control uneducated population. These negative processes in national education make us turn to the problem of comprehensive, holistic, culture oriented education and upbringing, based on the best national traditions. In modern scientific and theoretical-methodological knowledge there are arguments which should be used for consolidation of the position of national holistic pedagogics of education-upbringing in order to steer Russia out of the heavy education crisis of the turn of the XXI century. In the end of the XX century, the principles of Soviet, comprehensive, holistic, spiritual and moral, civil, and profession-oriented education still were present in the Russian education. In the first decade of the XXI century, this national basis began to gradually degrade and grow weak. And since the second decade of the XXI century, the processes of active deconstruction of comprehensive, multilevel Russian education, and active initiation of decline processes in teaching at all the levels - beginning from preschool up to higher education - have been going on. The health of students also declined, and the disciplines aimed at widening the worldview and the basics of healthy lifestyle (conceptual foundation of modern natural science, ecology, valeology) were excluded. Worldview basis of consciousness formation of the person, especially of the teacher, disappeared. The restoration of the best holistic education traditions is necessary, amongst other things, with the help of pedagogics.

From the point of view of philosophical knowledge, one of the problems of the language is a problem of national security in the context of language education. Global problems have changed the social role of language. There is a loosening of the rules of language at all levels, which in turn leads to the fact that the harm that is applied to the native (Russian) language contributes to a weakening of the nation. The place of the native language in the education system as a whole must be based on the task of not losing the language identity. The ability to think is formed in the native language. Degeneration of language education narrows the ability of cognition that makes us human beings. Reducing the intellectual level of the population leads to the degradation of the nation, reduction of intellectual potential, low level of economic development, the low state of competitiveness on a global scale that threatens national security. Language education should respond to the dynamics of social institutions, as the decision of language problems could help to resolve the contradictions that are directly related to social phenomena, including the national security issue, as the people’s losing their own language can be seen as its denationalization.

The article analyzes the possibility of aesthetic upbringing in the process of art education. The main attention is paid to the most pressing problems that require multilateral research. In the article, it is specified that esthetic perception develops in the course of contact of the person with esthetically significant objects and phenomena. Gradually there is an accumulation of various impressions: color, sound, tactile. On the basis of it, the feeling of harmony develops, esthetic selectivity by the principle of preference arises, then conscious acquisition of knowledge, the abilities promoting conscious deepening of esthetic assessment begins. It is emphasized that art creativity is based, first of all, on esthetic assessment of the represented reality, and emotions and feelings always intensify esthetic perception that affects formation of figurative ideas of the person. Full process of the depiction is based on a harmonious combination of the emotional and rational principles in the knowledge of surrounding reality and comprehension of figurative and expressive forms of its materialization using specific art materials. However, in special literature, due attention is not paid to this major methodical problem, because there are no obvious criteria for evaluation of this process that complicates experimental work. In the article, it is mentioned that still scientists have not come to a consensus about harmonious interaction of these principles in the dynamics of formation of the creative person of the child. Some methodologists make emphasis just on the emotional principles in graphic activity, others suggest developing creative activity through comprehension of the graphic diploma. However, the harmony of interaction of literacy and expressiveness of the image can be reached only in the context of the accounting for psychological and physiological features of development of the personality.

The profession of a doctor is one of the very first in human civilizations. It springs from still more ancient traditions of healing sick people by shamans and witch doctors, from thousand years experience of healing, folk medicine, priesthood knowledge. With the development of skills and later, the professions on scientific basis, doctor's profession does not disappear but acquires key significance in all the countries where the health of population is considered to play the leading role in the future of the country. Nowadays students acquire the profession of a doctor at higher educational medical institutions (universities, academies, institutes). Students study diverse sciences, technological and socio-humanitarian disciplines, get a high potential of knowledge about different medical professions. Future doctors obtain practical experience during clinical training at hospitals. But besides that, students, future doctors, must have their own high physical, psycho-emotional and moral-spiritual health potential which is necessary for this versatile occupation. To a large extent, students accumulate their own health potential in the process of physical training culture mastering both during the lessons according to the discipline program and during extra-curricular activities when they go in for sports at different sports groups and take part in various sports events, passing GTO standards. The article traces interconnection between psycho-physical qualities of young people, necessary for the future doctor's profession, and those physical and psychic health components which are formed in the process of planned health and fitness as well as sporting and mass work during students teaching at the higher education institution.