Home – Home – Jornals – Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics 2017 number 1

In the report results of the first field experiments on multiple-address bistatic (over-the-horizon, non-line-of-sight (NLOS)) optoelectronic communication systems in the UV wavelength range performed at the IAO SB RAS are considered. Experimental estimates of the error probabilities and their standard deviations are presented.

Eleven resonance functions of the theory of the broadening of molecular lines by foreign atomic gases are calculated for very low temperatures. These functions correspond to the atom-atom potential and to the potential V ( R , ) written as a series in Legendre functions. The functions are presented in the analytical form. The calculations of the broadening coefficients g are performed for the CO lines perturbed by the He and Ar for the temperatures T from 300 to 2 K. It is shown that the dependence g( T ) for low temperatures T is determined by the deep of the potential. For CO-He system the comparison with the experimental data is presented.

We suggest a technique for preparing nanoporous samples with adsorbed gas for the spectrometric experiments, which allows one to determine the concentration of the absorbed sample gas molecules using a buffer chamber of a large volume in the vacuum system. We also suggest a method which allows a decrease in the sample cleaning time from the absorbed molecules by about an order of magnitude comparing with the sample cleaning time at a room temperature using simultaneous pumping and contactless gas sample heating by radiation of a halogen lamp. The technique and the method tested in simple laboratory experiments of water vapor sorption by silicon (SiO₂) airgel.

FIRE-ARMS software was supplemented with the vector radiative transfer model VLIDORT. The new version of the software allows a simulation of the outgoing thermal infrared radiation (TIR) from Earth and solar short infrared radiation (SWIR) reflected from the surface, taking into account multiple scattering for the same model and atmospheric sensing geometry. We performed spectra simulation of the outgoing radiation in TIR and SWIR with multiple scattering in a cloudless atmosphere and comparison of the spectra simulated with the spectra measured by GOSAT satellite spectrometers in cloudless atmosphere over Western Siberia. Calculated weighting functions show that simultaneous use of TIR and SWIR will improve the height resolution in vertical profiling of methane concentrations in the atmosphere.

The model of the atmosphere in the form of thin homogeneous layers is considered, which is converted into two homogeneous layers without changing the power of the outgoing radiation in the studied spectral region of the methane absorption bands 1220-1260 cm^-1. The observed distortion of the spectrum of outgoing radiation of the Earth with consideration of atmospheric model in an equivalent homogeneous layer does not affect the correlation analysis. The system of equations relating changes of methane content in each of the homogeneous layers with the change of power of the outgoing radiation is given.

The spatial distribution and amplitude characteristics of the absorbed power inside multilayer particle-microcapsules consisting of a liquid core and one or more polymer shells when changing the thickness and refractive index of the external shell was studied in detail. The position of the field localization when varying these parameters was defined. This is important for the solution of practical tasks associated with opening the microcapsule shells in appropriate spatial areas.

With the use of ground-based and satellite measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) an analysis of the reason of the increase in CO over European Russia (ER) in the summer of 2016 was carried out. The results showed that the increase in the CO content was due to the long-range transport of combustion products from wildfires in Siberia. Predominant location over the central part of Northern Eurasia of the high-pressure area to the north of the area of low pressure, which is characteristic for the dipole type of atmospheric blocking, contributed to the anomalous transport of CO from east to west.

The dynamics of the surface air layer in the Northern hemisphere is studied by the method of allocation of structures with the use of the air pressure field. The spatial distribution of the fields of monthly average values of pressure in the Northern hemisphere is found and mapped; their dynamics is estimated in the period 1955-2000. The pressure field class distribution maps have been built over the Northern hemisphere and the typical fields were found.

The long-term series of regular measurements of the carbon dioxide concentration in the surface water and СО₂ fluxes in the littoral zone of Lake Baikal has shown that diurnal variations are observed during all open-water period (May through December), which are related to the processes of photosynthetic activity of plankton. In order to isolate the role of photoperiodic process on the background of the effect of many factors of different nature on the change of the concentration of carbon dioxide in the surface water and its fluxes in the atmosphere - water system, the scheme of diurnal behavior of the concentration and fluxes of CO₂ in the littoral zone of Southern Baikal in 2004-2015 is considered in the coordinates of the sunshine duration. It was calculated on the basis of theoretically possible sunshine duration (from sunrise until sunset under cloudless sky and open horizon conditions). The proposed parameterization algorithm for retrieval of the values of these characteristics for any time moment can be used in the models of the carbon dioxide cycle and will be useful for planning the study of biological and chemical processes in Lake Baikal.

The knowledge of the errors of measurement methods is very important for the assessment of the quality of experimental data. We compare the results of various measurements of total ozone content (TOC) near St. Petersburg between 2009 and 2015. We considere the TOC datasets of ground-based measurements in Voeykovo (Dobson spectrophotometer and M-124 ozonometer) and in Peterhof (Bruker 125HR spectrometer) as well as OMI and IASI satellite measurements. With the aim to assess the errors of the each individual method, we formed three datasets of coincident TOC measurements, depending on the number of comparisons and different criteria for selection. First, we calculated the means and the standard deviation from the means for the TOC differences in pairs of coincident datasets. Second, under the assumption of a horizontally homogeneous and stationary ozone field during each day of measurements, we assessed the random and systematic errors of the individual methods. The mean random error of the TOC measurements totals 2.9 ± 0.5%, 2.8 ± 0.7%, 1.2 ± 0.2%, and 1.4 ± 0.1% for IASI, M-124, OMI, and Bruker 125HR, respectively. The systematic error relative to the standard Dobson measurements amounts to -1.7% and -2.1% for OMI and IASI, respectively, and is equal to + 0.5% and + 2.1% for M-124 and Bruker 125HR, respectively. OMI and Bruker 125HR TOC measurement errors are resistant to atmospheric condition, whereas errors of IASI and M-124 TOC measurements are highly dependent on the state of atmosphere.

A system has been developed to monitor anthropogenic pollutions of remote inaccessible wetlands in the northern oil-producing areas of the Tomsk region. It combines the use of geoinformation and remote technologies with laboratory investigations. To assess the scale of pollution and identify pollutants and processes of hydrocarbon transformation we used simulation techniques based on the analysis of the materials obtained in field investigations and processing of ASTERGDEM and Landsat satellite data. The state of vegetable cover has been estimated depending on the pollutant concentrations and the activity of biocenosis enzymatic system. A normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), which reflects the vitality of the vegetation in the polluted area, has been calculated, as well a pollution factor of small rivers flowing through the territory of the Sovetskoye oilfield. We have mapped catchment area of the Vasyugan river, tributary of the Ob river, with a high risk of pollution, where there are nearly 400 sites of the pipeline crossings through a network of small rivers - tributaries of the Vasyugan river. The values obtained were proved by the data of physicochemical and microbiological analyses of the soil and water sampled in the area under study. The number and destructive activity of soil microflora has been determined depending on the pollutant concentrations.

The article presents primary results of the study of sediments in the composition of the snow cover background territories of taiga zone of European North-East of Russia using the method of dynamic light scattering. The average size of particles in the snow is 828 ± 311 nm, and the average volumetric fraction of particles less than 1000 nm in samples of melt water is 66.6%. Spatial differentiation in the distribution of particle sizes in the snow of the areas under study is detected. The conclusion about the possible impact of the relief on the granulometric composition of the particles is made. The relationship between the content of elements in suspended particles of snow and their size fractions is shown.

An asymptotic theory of the neutral stability curve for a supersonic plane Couette flow of a vibrationally excited gas is developed. The initial mathematical model consists of equations of two-temperature viscous gas dynamics, which is used to derive a spectral problem for a linear system of eighth-order ordinary differential equations within the framework of the classical linear stability theory. Unified transformations of the system for all shear flows are performed in accordance with the classical Lin scheme. The problem is reduced to an algebraic secular equation with separation into the "inviscid" and "viscous" parts, which is solved numerically. It is shown that the thus-calculated neutral stability curves agree well with the previously obtained results of the direct numerical solution of the original spectral problem. In particular, the critical Reynolds number increases with excitation enhancement, and the neutral stability curve is shifted toward the domain of higher wave numbers. This is also confirmed by means of solving an asymptotic equation for the critical Reynolds number at the Mach number M ≤4.

A one-dimensional model is proposed for transportation of a two-phase fluid (sand-containing fluid and pure fluid) in the Hele-Shaw cell with permeable walls through which the pure fluid can escape as the sand concentration increases. The model describes the process of pure fluid displacement with the emergence of the Saffman — Taylor instability and extends the Koval' model to the case of sand concentration variation owing to pure fluid outflow through the cell walls. The Riemann problem is analyzed. New flow configurations, which are not predicted by the Koval' model, are discovered.

The behavior of hydrogen molecules in carbon nanopores of different shapes (slit, cylindrical, and spherical) is investigated using the molecular dynamics method. It is shown that an adsorbed molecular layer with increased density is formed near the nanopore walls, and dynamic equilibrium is established between this layer and the gas in the central region of the nanopore. The distribution of the density of gas molecules over the cross section is found to depend on the size and curvature walls of the nanopores: with a reduction in the size of the nanopores, the density of the adsorbate increases more rapidly in spherical nanopores, whose walls are characterized by greater mean curvature.

The principle of the exchange of stabilities for magnetohydrodynamic multicomponent convection is established. If this sufficient condition holds and there are perturbations, oscillatory motions of neutral or growing amplitude can exist in the fluid. The upper bounds for the complex growth rate of such motions when at least one of the boundaries is rigid are obtained.

This paper considers the dynamic coupled problem of harmonic oscillations of a layered inhomogeneous electromagnetoelastic medium subjected to an oscillating mechanical or electrical load under various electric and magnetic field conditions specified on the surface and internal boundaries of this medium. Green's function for the medium is constructed. Dispersion curves and phase velocities for different boundary conditions and materials are obtained.

Simultaneous effects of heat and mass transfer in peristaltic transport of a viscous fluid are considered. Mathematical modeling is provided in the presence of the Joule heating and the Soret and Dufour effects. The analysis is performed using the long wavelength and low Reynolds number considerations. Perturbation solutions are obtained for a small Brinkman number.

A steady two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic stagnation-point flow of an electrically conducting fluid and heat transfer with thermal radiation of a nanofluid past a shrinking and stretching sheet is investigated numerically. The model used for the nanofluid incorporates the effects of the Brownian motion and thermophoresis. A similarity transformation is used to convert the governing nonlinear boundary-layer equations into coupled higher-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The result shows that the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are significantly influenced by the Brownian motion, heat radiation, and thermophoresis particle deposition

This paper presents the solution of the linear hydroelastic problem of stabilized forced vibrations of a semi-infinite ice cover under the effect of localized external load. The ice cover is simulated by a viscoelastic thin plate, the thickness of the liquid layer is assumed to be small, and the shallow water theory is used. The liquid is limited by a solid vertical wall, and the straight edge of the elastic plate adjacent to the wall can be both free and clamped. The solution is obtained with the help of the Fourier integral transform. The behavior of the ice cover is studied in terms of the frequency of the external load and boundary conditions on the edge of the plate. It is shown that, in the case of a free edge of the plate, there are considerable bends on the edge, which could be comparable with bends at the center of the pressure impact region. It is established that, due to the existence of wave movements of the type of edge waves, the external load energy is transferred to larger distances along the free edge, and there are significant bending moments on the edge of the clamped plate, which can lead to fracture of the ice cover at sufficiently great intensity of the external load.

Fifteen Brunnera sibirica cenopopulations were studied. Morphological and genetic study revealed increase of variability and a high level of correlation of morphological features (together with decrease of sizes of vegetative organs) during the first years after deforestation in fir and aspen forests. High morphological and genetic diversity is typical of mountain fir forests, pine-birch and pine forests.

The impact of experimental high intensity fire on components of an ecosystem and post fire succession was studied in middle taiga of pine forest over 20 years. About 44 % of forest fuel loads burned down during the fire. The emission of carbon was about 18 t C/he. The trees died for the first three years after the fire and there was essential accumulation of fuel loads. Twenty years later the fuel loads exceeded that before the fire by four times, which opened up possibilities for repeat high-intensity fires. The initial stage of post fire succession is specified by forest growth conditions and occurs with change of dominants of herbaceous-dwarf shrub cover in the pine forest. The agrochemical and hydro-thermal soil indicators changed after fire, which promoted natural regeneration of pine trees enough for formation of forest stand.

Ground fuel loads and structure in the dark-coniferous forests with the dominance of Siberian pine were studied in the Central Siberian State Nature Biosphere Reserve located in the middle taiga of Central Siberia. The impacts of surface fires of various forms and severities were studied. Low- to moderate-severity fires were found to decrease ground fuel loads from 35-49 t/ha to 26-28 t/ha, while moderate- to high-severity fires - to 17-18 t/ha. Consumption of down woody debris varied from 3 to 29 t/ha depending on the prefire fuel characteristics, fire form and severity. Steady fires spreading under the fire danger index PV-1 of 3919 ± 482 resulted in carbon emissions of 14.0 tC/ha and 24.6 tC/ha due to fires of low- to moderate- and moderate- to high-severities, respectively. The lowest carbon emissions (10.1 tC/ha) were estimated to be due to fast-moving fire spreading under PV-1 of 1167±386.

We studied features of algal communities in forest litters of natural and artificial forest biogeocoenoses in the steppe zone. The greatest resemblance was observed between algal communities formed in the litters with a similar composition (leaf or needle litter). The complex of dominants and the structure of algal groups varied by seasons and subhorizons of the forest litter, which characterized the specifics of the forest litter as a medium of existence of algae with high dynamics of changes in thickness, chemical and physical properties as a result of processes of abiotic and biotic degradation of plant residues. Needle forest litter was characterized by the predominance of green and yellow-green algae, both in the number of species and its percentage in the total number while leaf litter - by green and yellow-green algae with significant contribution from Cyanoprokaryota. When some leaf litter was added to the needle one, it resulted in the increased diversity of algae.

In this study, amphipods Eulimnogammarus vittatus were evaluated as test organisms for use in aquatic toxicity bioassays. Dependence of the time of departure of organisms from the light on presence of toxicants was studied. The most rapid response to light was established in pure Baikal water. Presence of pollutants retarded moving of E. vittatus individuals to the dark areas. A similar effect was observed in the experiments with heavy metals, detergents, and petroleum products. The results obtained indicate good prospects of using this test reaction of E. vittatus as a biological assay for toxic contamination.

⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs accumulation in the march frog were studied in the regions of the Beloyarskoye (discharge channel) and Verkhnetagilskoye (the Tagil river downstream of the dam) reservoirs. ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in the animals from the discharge channel varied from 2 to 25 Bq/kg, from the Tagil ri ver - from 1 to 13 Bq/kg, ¹³⁷Cs concentrations were 8-26 and 11-100 Bq/kg, respectively. No distinctions in ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs accumulation depending on age and sex were found. Accumulation levels in the march frog were compared with those in other representatives of the water ecosystem of the discharge channel. It was found that the population from the discharge channel accumulated significantly more ⁹⁰Sr and less ¹³⁷Cs than the population from the Tagil river. Evidently, ¹³⁷Cs was transferred to the Tagil river from a certain unknown source of radioactive pollution.

Kyrgyzstan is a natural repository of genetic resources and the diversity of species and natural laboratory, where at the small area are represented almost all altitudinal belts, ranging from semi-desert, ending with glacial-nival belt. This article discusses water-protective, water-regulating, anti-erosion and anti-mudflow functions of each forest category. It analyzes the main factors affecting the degradation of forests and reduction of forest cover in the study area. The complex of silvicultural measures on reforestation in the country and, in particular, the improvement of the forest seed business. It notes the importance of mountain forests in the national economy, and examines prospects for their conservation and restoration. Protection and rational use of forest genetic resources, which are an integral part of the global ecosystem, began to take on a special significance in recent years. Due to the high sensitivity of mountain ecosystems of the Tien Shan to human impact, there is a need for particularly careful monitoring of wildlife. The practical solution of many problems for the protection of mountain ecosystems directly or indirectly linked to the protection of the unique vegetation of the mountains. To solve these problems we should use the objects of flora and fauna on a legal basis under the rules and regulations set by laws and other normative legal acts of the Kyrgyz Republic, as well as to benefit from the commercial and other utilization of genetic resources. Such sharing shall be on mutually agreed terms with the local authorities and local communities in their jurisdictions providing such resources.

Strains of microorganisms that have antagonistic and growth-stimulating activity ( Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., Bac. subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum ) were added to the dark-gray soil of a forest nursery (Pogorelsky EEF) and to conifer seeds ( Pinus sylvestris L., Larix sibirica L.). Pre-sowing seed treatments of Trichoderma harzianum , Bacillus sp., and Pseudomonas sp. strains increased Scots pine ground germination in 1.5-1.7 and Siberian larch - in 1.3-5.8 times; improved safety and quality of viable pine seedlings in the 1.4-11.0, larch - in 1.3-3.5 times in the end of the growing season, compared with the control. Morphometric parameters of the pine seedlings increased processing of Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus subtilis , larch seedlings - Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus sp. in 1.5-2.0 times (both). The pine and larch seeds bacterization, initially infected by Fusarium , reduced to 1.2-2.5 times the population of phytopathogen, which helped lower the death of coniferous seedlings. The biologically active microbial strains, which were introduced in the nursery soil, have increased and maintained the total number of microorganisms (ETGM) in conifer seedlings during the whole period of vegetation. It has had a positive effect of bacilli treatment ( Bacillus sp. and Bac. subtilis ) on the dynamics of microbial biomass content, the rate of basal respiration and microbial metabolic coefficient values ( q CO₂). In general, the introduction of spore bacteria ( Bac. subtilis and Bacillus . sp.) and micromycetes ( Trichoderma harzianum ) populations with coniferous seeds increased the biogenetic and productivity of the nursery soil (MB, enzymatic activity, the ETGM number) to 1.5-3.0 times in comparison with the control and, despite of the high values of specific microbial respiration throughout the growing season, had a positive impact on the restoration of the ecophysiological functioning rule of soil microbial community.

The results of long-term research on forests in natural biogeographical corridors (territories with forests, mires, inland lakes and other land categories) connecting the largest bodies of water in Northern Europe (Baltic Sea-Gulf of Finland and lakes Ladoga and Onego to the White Sea) are reported. These corridors link isolated pieces of the Eurasian taiga biome at the boundary between two of Europe’s physiographic divisions - Fennoscandian Shield and Russian Plain. They facilitate the dispersal and migration of plant and animal species. The straight-line terrestrial stretch between the Gulf of Finland and the White Sea is around 320 km, and it falls into three sections in the southern, middle and northern taiga subzones, respectively. The corridors were characterized and assessed as follows: 1) physiographic (landscape) features; 2) key natural characteristics (typological structure, quantitative ratios, spatial arrangement, productivity, etc.), present-day condition of forests, including data from forest management inventories of the past decade; 3) overall assessment of the forest cover transformation by human impact; 4) current system of protected areas and protective forests, and its capacity to fulfill the functions of the corridors (sufficiency).

The paper presents the evaluation of the stock and structure of plant communities formed in the dumps of the Borodino brown coal pit (the eastern part of the Kansk-Achinskcoal basin). A comparison of different age dumps reclaimed with top soil (TS), planned dumps and slopes. The observations cover the period from 2007 to 2009 and 2013. Almost immediately after its creation, on the surface dumps with TS a solid grassy vegetation formed, which was characterized by high productivity. Over the next two decades, a biomass reserve decreased more than 2 times. The major portion of the biomass of 7 and 31-year-old community is concentrated in the 0-10 cm layer. The plant communities amount to the original level of stocks and the structure of the biomass of both aboveground and underground are as no earlier than in 25-30 years. Forest plantations making to force the accumulation of biomass of young biogeocenosis formed on poor substrate (litostratah). The stock biomass of pine man-made stands on 30 % less than in the grass lands to growing on the dumps with TS. Slopes of reclaimed dumps were slowly overgrown and emerging communities were characterized by a low cover and productivity. The major portion of biomass was located above ground. Significant seasonal variations in quantities of above-ground phytomass of plant communities of old dumps, indicating their«immaturity»in spite of thethirty years of the formation of vegetation.

Article considers results of long-term studies of birch undergrowth in subtaiga subzone and forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia, the features of silver and downy birch seed regeneration under the canopy of parent stands, on logging, burned and abandoned arable lands, and hayfields. The distance of seed dispersal by wind, dynamics of accumulation of self-sown birch after continuous tillage and plough furrows is specified. It was found that seed regeneration under the birch stand canopy is hindered by drying of litter and root competition of the parent stand. A necessary condition for the germination of small seeds and the survival of weak shoots of birches is sufficient rainfall during the period of seed production and careful soil treatment, which provides removal of litter, total removal of herbaceous vegetation and soil reserve of weed seeds: continuous repeated plowing, bulldozing strips or shallow plow furrow with 0.7-1.0 m in width, with their additional cultivation. The most effective way of preparing land for seed regeneration of birch trees in arid steppe conditions is to transfer it under temporary cultivation of grain-crops, providing suppression of permanent weeds. Autumn plowing after harvest will provide annual readiness of the site for seed colonization of the birches. When there is an optimum combination of good seed harvest, rainy weather conditions, and appearance of mass self-sown birch, the land is excluded from the agricultural use. Prerequisites: the presence of seed productive walls of birch with preliminary removal of aspen and undesirable forms of birch. In spring of the next year an inventory is done of wintered self-sown birches, at least on 100 evenly spaced accounting plots. If the self-seeding dies, the site continues to be used by agriculture. Less reliable but acceptable is tillage by bulldozer stripes and furrows with 0.7-1.0 m in width, in a year of abundant seed production, before the start of mass seed fall.

Complex estimation of forest ecosystems dynamics based on detailing characteristics of structure, growth and productivity of the stands and describing general geographical and biological management options for preserving their biodiversity and sustaining stability are discussed in the paper by describing examples of tree stands restored on burned and logged areas in mountain regions of Siberia. On vast areas in Siberia, characterized as sub-boreal, subarid and with a strongly continental climate, forests grow on seasonally frozen soils and in many cases are surrounded by vast steppe and forest-steppe areas and uplands. Developing criteria for sustainability of mountain forest ecosystems is necessary for forest resource management and conservation. It is therefore important to obtain complex biometric characteristics on forest stands and landscapes and to thoroughly study their structure, biological diversity and productivity. Morphometric methods, Weibull simulation and allometric equations were used to determine the dimensional hierarchies of coenopopulation individuals. Structure and productivity of the aboveground stand components were also studied.

Studies were carried out in the lowmountain part of the Kuznetsk Alatau. The spruce stands were studied in the peaty valley of river Tunguzhul and swamp near Agaskyr Lake (valley of river Pechische, basin of river Black Iyus). The objects belong to the group of high ash content flood plain peat lands of cryogenicseries. We have done the evaluation of organic carbon response to physical-chemical properties - decomposition degree, ash content, and bulk density, connected together ( r - 0.5-0.7), that in contrast to carbon, is easy determined analytically. Received results according to stepwise regression analysis characterize the strong conditionality predictors of carbon: multiple determination index R ² - 0.86. The highest partial correlation coefficient with the response belongs to the ash content in range (5-68 %). Partial correlation coefficient values of bulk density and decomposition degree is not significant. The determination index ( R ² - 0.93), constant and negative coefficient of pair regression analysis are highly significant and evidence of the strong bond of carbon and organic substrate ash content. The relative error of approximation is in the range of 2-8 % and characterizes the high accuracy of prognosis. Including only one indicator (ash content) in the calculation formula makes it convenient and simple in practical application for the carbon content prediction on the forest litter, modern peat soils, buried peat and peat-mineral formations with ash content of 5-68 %. We are the first to present the geochemical characteristics of forest swamps peat mine for the KuznetskAlatau intermountain basins.

On the basis of the accounting of undergrowth in 5 gradations of crown closure density of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) stands, growing on the dumps in 4 ecological-geographic areas of Kuzbass, inverse relation of parameters of renewal from hydrothermal coefficient of the district is established. Optimum conditions develop in a steppe kernel where the number of shoots, seed production and undergrowth reaches 110 thousand trees per hectare with crown closure of 50 % and density of forest stand of 0.75 thousand trees of the II class of age on 1 hectare. At decrease or increase of forest canopy density of the main tree stand layer quantitative characteristics decrease. The smallest amount of undergrowth is recorded in the mountain-taiga area - from 0.4 to 23 thousand trees per hectare with a tendency to increase in the process of increasing crown closure. Areas of the northern forest-steppe and the southern forest-steppe on quantitative signs of renewal are intermediate. The number of undergrowth has high direct correlation dependence on the size of the current fructification of forest stands - around a steppe kernel ripens to 3.7 million seeds on 1 hectare, in mountain and taiga - to 0.39 million seeds on 1 hectare. Sowing qualities of seeds - the weight 1000, energy of germination and viability, and morphometric characteristics of 2-year seedlings, which are grown up from them - height, diameter and point of a vital state between ecological-geographic areas have no statistically reliable distinctions, but the characteristics stated above, than in the stands on zone soils. It testifies to usefulness of dumps’ conditions for natural regeneration of Scots pine, high actual reproductive opportunities for pine stands in forest-steppe areas and a steppe kernel, and also potential opportunities of the stands in the mountain and taiga region of the southern Kuzbass.

The fire frequency situation in Zabaykal region from 1964 to 2015 is evaluated and discussed in the paper. The main reasons of decadal increase of fire numbers and the area burned are revealed. The main reasons of high fire frequency and the increase of fire activity in the last decades are shown. The characteristics of the weather conditions in the years of high fire frequency are presented. Fire activity was found to increase not only because of the droughts in the last decades but also due to forest disturbances in Zabaykalsky Krai by illegal logging. Based on the data from 170 sample sites laid out with the use of satellite images, forest inventory data and results of ground sample transects, the impact of the wildfires of different type, form and severity on tree mortality in the light-coniferous forests was estimated, as well as the amount of tree regeneration in the forest areas disturbed by fires, logged sites (both burned and unburned), and sites burned repeatedly was evaluated. Wildfires in the Zabaykal region were found to be strong ecological factor influencing on the probability of existence of many forest ecosystems. In case of further climate warming and repeated fires, the part of the forests may transform to the non forest areas. The steppification of the burned sites in the southern forest-steppe regions and in the low parts of the southern slopes at the border with steppe landscapes as well as desertification in the central parts of the region and swamping of burned sites located in the wet soils are observed. Wind and water soil erosion happens at the large burned sites.

A complex assessment of different elevation dark-forest stands of northern, super wet macro slope of Western Sayan was accomplished. Research was conducted during thirteen years (2001-2013) in low mountains (450 m a.s.l.), middle mountains (700-800 m a.s.l.), and high mountains (1450 m a.s.l.). The biocenoses were defined as damaged. The significant differences in the life status of stands are revealed in different elevations. The life status index is varied from 36.4 (in the middle mountains, temperately warm conditions) till 92.0 (in the low mountains, temperately cold conditions). The Siberian pine ( Pines sibirica Du Tour.) haven’t signs of damage, fir trees are drying according to species specific “under the top” type. The biometric signs (increment and needle parameters) of fir shoots of female and male shoots and vegetative shoots are differed. In whole, there are decreases in the middle mountains and high mountains ecosystems. At the same time needle damage (chlorosis and necrosis, in percent) is increased. The element content of needle is changed. In the stands with the low index in the fir needles accumulated potassium, lead, cadmium, and the zinc content decreased. The changes of element content lead to changes correlations in biophillic and technogenic elements Mn/S, Fe/Mn, F/Ca in high mountains (in 2.2-3.6 times) and in middle mountains strongly damaged (in 1.4-3.7 times) stands. It was suggested, that changes in element composition of Siberian fir needle are shown air pollution in the region.

Percent of latewood of Boguchany and Suzun Scots pine climatypes has been studied in two provenance trials (place of origin and trial place). For Boguchany climatype the place of origin is south taiga of Central Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Krai), the place of trial is forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia (Novosibirsk Oblast) and vice versa for Suzun climatype - forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia is the place of origin, south taiga is the place of trial. Comparison of annual average values of latewood percent of Boguchany climatype in south taiga and forest-steppe revealed the same numbers - 19 %. Annual variability of this trait in south taiga is distinctly lower and equal to 17 %, in forest-steppe - 35 %. Average annual values of latewood percent of Suzun climatype in the place of origin and trial place are close (20 and 21 %). Variability of this trait for Suzun climatype is higher than for Boguchany and equal to 23 % in south taiga and 42 % in forest-steppe. Climatic conditions in southern taiga in Central Siberia in comparison with forest-steppe in Western Siberia make differences between climatypes stronger. Differences between climatypes are expressed in different age of maximal increments of diameter, different tree ring width and latewood percent values and in different latewood reaction to weather conditions.

The results of the study of morphological features variability of the Siberian larch seed scales are presented in the paper. Variation of seed scales size, forms of flat and scale edge ofithave been analyzed. Population analysis has been carried out on the phenotypic races and, depending on growing conditions. Four races of the Siberian larch have been investigated. The populations from highlands and low mountains sites of every race have been studied. Samples of seed scales have been selected from thirty trees on each plot. The length and widthof the seed scale, the form index of scaleand the edge form ofseed scale have been considered. The classification of trees on tight scale, wide scale and intermediate forms have been carried out in accordance with the index form of seed scales. The geographic variation analysis of seed scales sizes showed the differentiation of features between races, and, depending on growing conditions. The trees with small scales dominate in larch populations of Baikal race of this species. The largest seed scales have been found in the trees of Sayan race populations in the Kuznetsky Alatau low mountains sites. Polymorphism in the form of seed scale and form its edge has been detected in the studied larch populations. The dominance of «wide scale» and «intermediate» forms trees have been observed in the northern populations (the polar race). The «intermediate» form trees on type flat seed scale predominate in populations of the Sayan race. The most variability of seed scale forms have been found in populations of the Altai and Sayan races. Increased occurrence of wide scale form in the upper mountain belt have been found in both races (more than 50 %). In contrast, more than 50 % of the trees that have cones of tight scale form have been revealed in populations of the Baikal Olkhon Island at altitude of 500 meters above sea level.

Diagnostics of infectious diseases of trees is based on anatomical and morphological characteristics of the tree damage and determining the participants of this process. In the study of tree diseases caused by fungal pathogens their presence and description of morphological characteristics is necessary. Thus, the studies of the causes of the trees diseases are only possible fora limited amount of time, the determined period of the formation of fruiting bodies of fungi. Keep in mind that not every year the natural conditions are favorable for the basidia formation. The diagnostics of pathogen is complicated in the absence of fruiting bodies. In this case, it is required to carry out additional measures on the cultivation of fruit bodies or obtaining a pure culture of the fungal mycelium to determine the cause of the disease. According to the literature, the genus Armillaria fungi are the most common wood destroyers in all forest areas. In addition, they are found in the botanical gardens, parks, urban areas and on private garden plots. Unlike other fungi that destroy wood trees the mycelium complex Armillaria mellea sensu lato has bioluminescence. This feature allows you to identify them among other basidiomycetes growing in Russia. In this article, based on the experimental results is discussed a method for determining the infestation of trees by root pathogens complex Armillaria mellea s. L. by recording luminescence wood samples. It has been shown that the registration of bioluminescent signal of wood samples can be performed at any time of the year, not just during the growing season. It is supposed the possibility of identifying trees that are infected by mycelium of pathogenic fungi genus Armillaria in the absence of fruiting bodies. It may allow probably early detection of infected trees.