Home – Home – Jornals – Siberian Journal of Forest Science 2017 number 1

The paper explores a possibility of inclusive development in resource regions. We evaluate the degree of inclusiveness of Russian regions' socio-economic development for the period between 2008 and 2014. The article defines a set of indicators that reflect the state of the system under study and its components with regards to development inclusiveness. It substantiates the calculations algorithm and resultant index principles. Our findings show a mixed picture whose analysis helps to identify the factors specific for resource regions and affecting the degree of inclusiveness of economic development. The results aimed at both improving the methodology for the research of regional socio-economic issues and obtaining a practical impact expressed as a contribution to management practices.

The paper analyzes the contemporary ecological situation in Russia, characterized as steadily negative. It presents a forecast of the environmental load for the period 2016-2020 obtained using the dynamic input-output model with an ecological module. We consider two Russian economic development scenarios: one was designed at the Institute of Economic Forecasting, RAS, the other at the Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering, SB RAS. According to the forecast for both scenarios, the environmental load will further increase. We estimate the necessary size of ecological taxes for negative impacts on the environment and provide a rationale for some ways of improving the government environmental policy.

The article deals with the development of transregional interaction between the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation. Basing on the analysis of Russian andBelarusian regions' experience, we reveal the main problems of such a cooperation. It is shown that, within the context of the Union State, the major obstacle to making contacts between regions and creating transregional connections in economy, culture, science, and education is the complications resulting from of the countries' federative and unitary structures. We discover that current contacts are geographically diversified. We give our recommendations for the development of foundations for cooperation in innovative sectors of the economy.

The article analyzes modern problems of local government, their dynamics, and guidelines for their solution. Based on annual surveys conducted among heads of municipalities in Russia, we reveal trends implying a changing role of local government in the economic crisis. The existing regulatory framework is shown as imperfect as it is limiting the opportunities of local government. We also discuss the results of the latest stage of municipal reform. By analyzing the change trends for organizational forms of local government, we discover a reorientation from direct elections of heads of municipalities to competitive job substitution procedures. We study the benefits and drawbacks to various models of local government organization envisioned by the newest stage of municipal construction. The article demonstrates divergences between legislatively established and the most expedient (from the standpoint of heads of municipalities) models. The conclusion is that there is a need to monitor the effectiveness of the changes to the legislation and consider the opinions of heads of municipalities when designing a research-based development concept for the system of local government.

The Rayleigh-Benard convection in a chemically active gas in the chemical equilibrium state is numerically studied in the Boussinesq approximation. A flat layer with isothermal horizontal boundaries free from shear stresses is considered. Thermodynamic parameters of the gas (hydrogen-oxygen mixture) are calculated by the previously proposed model of chemical equilibrium. It is shown that the allowance for recombination and dissociation processes leads to the emergence of an additional factor at the Rayleigh number. An expression for the growth rate of infinitesimal perturbations and a relation for the critical Rayleigh number as a function of temperature are derived. It is found that the neutral curves consist of the upper (instability due to heating from below) and lower (instability due to heating from above) branches. Results calculated for a nonlinear steady mode are reported.

The interaction between natural convection and the heat explosion in porous media is studied. The model consists of a nonlinear heat equation coupled with the Darcy equation for the motion of an incompressible fluid in a porous medium. Numerical simulations are performed using the alternate direction finite difference method and the fast Fourier transform method. A complex behavior of solutions is observed, including periodic and aperiodic oscillations and an oscillating heat explosion. It is shown that convection can decrease the risk of the explosion due to additional mixing and heat loss, but it can also facilitate the explosion due to temperature oscillations arising as a result of instability of stationary convective regimes.

The characteristics of soot particles formed during combustion of liquid hydrocarbons in a laboratory version of an original burner with injection of a superheated steam jet into the combustion region are experimentally studied. The concentration and particle size of soot formed in the burner plume are measured by a diffusion aerosol spectrometer. It is shown that the majority of the primary particles have sizes ranging from 20 to 60 nm. The particle concentration in the external flame rapidly decreases with distance from the burner exit from 10⁸ to 5x10⁶ cm^-3. The images obtained by transmission electron microscopy demonstrate a chain-branching (fractal-like) structure of aggregates. The primary particles composing these aggregates have a bulbous structure with the interplane distance between the layers smaller than 1 nm. Compact aggregates with sizes up to 500 nm are observed in cooled combustion products. The content of soot in combustion products is 35 mg/m³, and the mean particle mass is 7x10^-12 mg. Results measured in the combustion modes with injection of a superheated steam jet and with injection of an air jet are compared.

Issues of explosion and fire safety of silane during its transportation and storage are intimately related to its possible catastrophic leak off from tanks if they become cracked. It turned out that silane self-ignition is possible at some leak off velocities. The interest of the aerospace industry to problems of ignition and combustion of silane combined with other fuels should be also noted. Experimental investigations of such problems, which are rather expensive and labor-consuming, provide primary information for the development and verification of mathematical models of physical and chemical processes, capable of predicting the characteristics of silane mixing, ignition, and combustion induced by its exhaustion. Recent experiments of Prof. Chen and his colleagues from Taiwan allowed them to determine the critical length of the silane jet (distance from the tube exit where ignition of exhausting silane occurred) and the time of silane ignition. In the present work, an attempt is made to simulate these phenomena within the framework of the concept of the critical concentration of silane with studying the dynamics of silane leak off from a tube.

This paper presents experimental dependences of the temperature, thermo-emf, speed and width of the combustion wave of a heterogeneous mixture of 5Ti + 3Si on the pressure of quasi-isostatic compression. Combustion parameters are calculated from measurements of the temperature gradient and the difference between the electrical potentials in the combustion wave. It is shown that under quasi-isostatic compression conditions, the maximum burning rate is 90 mm/s and the width of the combustion wave is 10 mm. It is found that the voltage-temperature characteristic of combustion of a heterogeneous mixture of 5Ti + 3Si has a hysteresis shape. The cause of the hysteresis related to a change in the bulk concentration of electric charge carriers in the combustion wave is discussed.

This work demonstrates that the heating of fracture fragments of rods made of VT1-0 commercial titanium and its alloys OT4-1 and PT3V in gaseous oxygen at a pressure p _O2, which is accepted in this paper and in the works of other researchers as critical pressure p *, only leads to melting of individual regions of the formed juvenile surface, which differ from each other only by obstructed heat sink, and the metalì-oxygen interaction does not transfer into combustion. However, this interaction does transfer into combustion during which the bulk of the metal burns out at a slightly higher pressure p **, which can be calculated from the thermal explosion equation for temperature T * that is equal to the melting point of titanium, with account for the dissociative absorption of oxygen molecules on the melt surface and the heat exchange coefficient corresponding to the case where the heat is transferred from the melt hemisphere to the semibounded solid body.

The ignition mechanism and the dependence of the composition of the products of combustion or thermal explosion in a mixture of 2Zr + Al + C on the initiation temperature and heat transfer conditions were studied. Heat transfer conditions were changed by varying the size of the samples and the gaseous medium in which the experiments were performed. Two contusion regimes were found: a low-temperature regime in which zirconium aluminides formed and carbon and part of the zirconium remained unreacted and a high-temperature regime in which the reaction products were carbide and zirconium aluminide. Upon re-initiation, the low-temperature combustion products reacted in the high-temperature combustion mode. The observed dependences are due to parallel reactions in the three-component system.

This paper presents a numerical study of the effect of burnout on the ignition delay of a typical thermoplastic polymer (polymethylmethacrylate) by a metal particle heated to a high temperature. The initial temperature of the power source was varied from 960-1150 K. Three ignition modes of the polymer are distinguished according to the temperature of the heat source, ignition delay, and the position of the ignition zone in the vicinity of the hot particle. It is found that under local heating conditions, the burnout of the heated area of the surface layer affects insignificantly (by less than 5%) the increase in the basic characteristics of the process - the ignition delay. At the time of initiation of the combustion, the degree of thermal degradation of the polymer (degree of conversion) does not reach even 15% in the section corresponding to the maximum heat flux from the heat source. It is shown that the ignition delay increases more significantly when accounting for the temperature dependence of the thermal properties of polymethylmethacrylate than when accounting for the burnout factor. The induction period is increased by 15- 25% due to an increase in the polymer storage capacity and heat transfer rate from the heated the area of the surface layer deeper into the material.

Multiwave regimes of continuous spin detonation in syngas-air mixtures in a flow-type annular cylindrical combustor 503 mm in diameter are obtained. Experiments are performed for mixtures of carbon oxide and hydrogen with the ratio of the components equal to 1/3, 1/2, or 1/1. The varied parameters are the flow rates of air and syngas, the ratio of these flow rates, and the combustor length. Scalability of the continuous spin detonation process is demonstrated: at identical values of the specific flow rate of air and the combustor expansion ratio, the number of transverse detonation waves increases with increasing combustor diameter. In the examined ranges of combustor lengths and specific flow rates of air, the frequency of these waves is independent of the combustor length, except for narrow regions where the number of waves (and, correspondingly, the flow regime) changes. The structures of transverse detonation waves in regular regimes are almost identical for all examined syngas compositions. It is shown that detonation can be initiated by a jet of combustion products. The minimum diameters of the detonation chamber for different flow rates of the mixture are estimated.

A VISAR technique was used to study the structure of the reaction region in PETN for various initial densities and dispersion of samples. The flow in the pressed charges corresponds to the classical denotation model. In the case of bulk density, the properties corresponding to an explosive combustion model are determined. In the vicinity of the initial density of 1.7 g/cm³, a kink is found on the curve showing detonation rate versus density, and the shock-wave initiation of PETN above and below the kink point is studied.

This results of investigation of the influence of the characteristics of porous inclusions on the detonation parameters of emulsion explosives (EMX) are presented. Glass and polymer microballoons, perlite grains, hollow cenospheres, and a gas-generating additive are used as sensitizers. It is shown that polymer microballoons with an ultra-thin wall filled with isobutane are the most efficient sensitizer that almost fully unock the potential of EMX.

Ignition of RDX, HMX, and TATB by a nanosecond laser pulse is numerically simulated. The heat conduction equation in a cylindrical coordinate system is solved with allowance for multiple reflections of the light beam, zeroth-order exothermic reaction, and melting. Despite a small temperature gradient caused by a small coefficient of radiation absorption, violation of thermal equilibrium due to the Arrhenius nonlinearity leads to ignition of energetic materials from the surface. The critical energy density of PETN, RDX, HMX, and TATB ignition by a nanosecond laser pulse is determined. For identical absorption and reflection coefficients, the calculations show that the most sensitive explosive is PETN, whereas the most heat-resistance explosive is TATB.

This paper describes the micro-hotspot model of laser initiation of energy materials. The relationship of the critical energy density and the temperature of the reaction hotspot in PETN with the radii of nanoparticles of 12 metals at a pulse duration at half-height of 14 ns is determined. It is established that, as the nanoparticle radius is about 10 nm, the critical energy density tends to a certain value independent of heat capacity of metal. This is due to the reduction of the ratio of the nanoparticle volume to the volume of the heated PETN layer, which leads to the fact that most of the energy is spent on heating the matrix. It is shown that the critical hotspot temperature depends on both pulse duration and nanoparticle radius. The analytical expressions for the relationships of the critical parameters of reaction initiation with the radius and heat capacity of metal nanoparticles and for the relationship of the critical hotspot temperature with pulse duration are obtained. The invariant binding the critical energy density and the characteristic development time of the reaction is discovered. The results of this paper are necessary for the optimization of the composition of the optical detonator cell.

This paper presents data on laser initiation of low-density PETN mixtures with metal additives with varying dispersion of PETN and particle size of the additives. A laser with a wavelength of 1.06  m and a pulse length of 40 and 30 ns was used. Curves of the threshold initiation parameters on the additive content are shown to have minima. For coarse additives, no significant dependence of the initiation threshold of the mixtures on the nature of the metal at its optimum content (except for aluminum) was observed. For PETN mixtures with an optimum amount of fine aluminum, a significantly greater decrease in the threshold initiation parameters (a factor of 6.2) compared to direct initiation of PETN was found.àIt is shown that the initiation thresholds of the mixtures do not depend on the degree of dispersion of PETN with optimum content of additives. Increasing the degree of dispersion of PETN extends the dependences of the threshold parameters on the additive content while the optimum content is shifted to higher values. The initiation thresholds are found to strongly depend on the density of the mixture charge. The key points of the mechanism of laser initiation of PETN mixtures with additives are formulated.

This paper presents the results of experimental studies of the effect of damage and initial porosity of desensitized HMX samples on the limiting initiation conditions and explosion parameters under impact of steel spherical projectiles weighing 2-100 g. It is shown that preliminary mechanical damage to the explosive samples, as well as reduction in the initial density, leads to a qualitatively similar result - an increase in the limiting impactor velocity, causing initiation of the explosive transformation. The damage structure of the samples in the absence of initiation and the dependence of the physical and mechanical properties of samples on their density are studied.

Depending on the geometry and amplitude-time characteristics of external impact, there may be cumulation of shock-wave energy in the samples, which reduces the time durind which the structural materials retain their functional properties. The dispersion of the free metal surface of samples without and with pre-applied disturbances in the form of pyramids. Under certain amplitude-time characteristics of the external impact, dispersion from the tops of pyramids occurs. The quantitative characteristics of dynamic destructive processes at different amplitude-time characteristics of the external impact are determined for the purpose of introducing them into two- and three-dimensional codes to predict the behavior of metals under extreme conditions.

Education as a sophisticated open nonlinear subsystem of society seems to be in the state of constant conversion and reforming caused by both the internal and external factors. The process of reforming tends to have a permanent character; one novelty succeeds another exacerbating the conflict between subjective actions of reformers and ontologically given content of education. To resolve the conflict, the philosophical analysis of reflection on theory and practice of education is required. World-view and methodology functions of philosophy are able to reveal the essence of ideas about man, man’s spirituality and sociality. The paper gives the justification of a close connection between philosophy and pedagogical science, as well as of their distinctions. The paper specifies the functions of philosophy of education that provide versatile comprehension of education and its development. As one of the contemporary phenomena of the education, electronic learning is considered from the point of view of ontological approach.

In this article, the authors explore various approaches to the problem of Russia's historic path. In particular, it examines the manifestation of this discussion in educational systems. The authors focus on different interpretations of Russian history. The article reveals the important characteristics of the Russian people, which are reflected in specific historical events. However, the ideologues of globalization are not interested in an objective study of the historical past, because history preserves the identity of the society. They use history in its Eurocentrism form, where there is no place for an objective assessment of the real contribution of each nation in the world history.

The purpose of the article is the analysis of traditions and innovations in a modern paradigm of education, definition of a paradigm of education is given, the main paradigms are identified. The role of the teacher and pupil in the space of educational paradigms is analyzed. The paradigm of formation of traditional society is considered, it is noted that a main objective of this type of education at the first stages was reproduction of the identity of the teacher, later there is a school as a social institute, and the profession of the teacher becomes a mass one. In a paradigm of formation of society of a modernist style, the second step of education, university, is created. The humanistic tendencies appearing in student teaching were inevitably reduced to authoritative and dogmatic types of pedagogical systems. It is noted that recognition of a special role of dialogue in it as principle of existence of various cultural educational models, forming of patriotic education and interest in traditional values is very important for a modern education system.

The processes of integration and differentiation in education occur in a variety of problem areas of modern Russian education. Uncontrolled differentiation can be transformed into disintegration, causing negative effects, as well as excessive integration leads to unification and reduction of the viability of the system. The article is aimed at revealing the essence of these contradictions and suggesting ways to resolve them. Total problematic content of integration and differentiation processes in the system of national education have been found in four levels of the educational system, starting with defining of the content of education, taking into account the methods and forms of organization of educational process in the various educational institutions with access to global supranational level. At the level of the content of education, the conflict between differentiation and integration is expressed in the fragmentation of knowledge, on the one hand, and interdisciplinary integration as a principle of selection of educational content, on the other hand. At the level of organization of the educational process, the problem area is the contradiction between the need for standardization of education and its variability. In the system of education as a social institution, discrete-level training is in conflict with the continuum of life-long learning in the knowledge society. Finally, at the global level, the desire to preserve the identity of the domestic educational tradition is opposed to the objective tendencies of Western-style internationalization of higher education. Recommendations to counter negative trends at these levels include: 1) increase in the number of integrated courses that promote a holistic and conceptual thinking as opposed to fragmented and clip thinking; 2) improvement of the tutoring institute in secondary and higher education, as well as the transition of variable components of the learning process in a virtual educational environment, providing the students a series of online courses to choose from, with the use of adaptive learning technologies; 3) network organization of educational space and the creation of integrative regional educational clusters to build continuity of the educational process; 4) intensified trend towards localization, following globalization, associated with the revival of the national educational tradition (ethnopedagogical neotraditionalism) and its combination with the finest examples of Western individualistic and rational educational tradition and collectivist, humanistic orientation of education in the countries of the East.

The article deals with the problem of education in the framework of increasing communication in the modern space. This topic is relevant and significant for both the philosophy of education and pedagogy. The purpose of the work is to search for new forms of interaction in the upbringing-educational space, when the increase of communications led to the emergence of new technological methods in modern education and upbringing. The basic idea is that the inclusion of educational processes into the communication space is extremely relevant: it contributes to the expansion of the educational process and introduces qualitative changes in the nature of the training process.

The article is devoted to comprehensive analysis of the significance of social memory, its role and place in modern education. The major approaches to studying social memory as a special phenomenon are analyzed, the main concepts are revealed and studied. It is substantiated that the increase in the volume of information in the age of Internet technology makes it necessary to develop algorithms for preserving the content of social memory and to develop socio-cultural identity of modern student youth. We describe the attitude toward the significant historical events twenty years ago and now (on the example of the Holocaust) in different countries. The author concludes that at each stage of education young people need to pay attention to the content of social memory, converting negative memories into positive values.

The article deals with the forms of alienation that can appear in the process of foreign languages learning. Despite the availability of a wide range of research on the process of foreign languages learning, it can be noticed that the essence of the changes taking place around us is not examined in these studies. Socio-philosophical analysis of personal forms of alienation shows that the personality of a foreign language learner is often estranged from the actual process of learning, while functionality and alienation become a norm of interaction between teacher and students. The aim of the article is to identify the forms of alienation and conduct a socio-philosophical analysis of these forms. To make learning process effective, a teacher must involve a learner in a number of situations - social, cultural, communicative. However, at these levels the problem of alienation may arise. The loss of individual self-sufficiency can be noted at the social level in the process of learning foreign languages. To be able to communicate, individuals must have shared their cultural and organized codes that are both integrated into their social relations system. However, information and data that today's students obtain are often fragmented, superficial; the value of systematic knowledge is underestimated, which leads to loss of interest and the arising of indifference to the process of learning, to the state of alienation of the individual from the results of learning.

The article reveals the approaches to studying the features of adaptation. The problem of identification is analyzed based on the studied features of human adaptation in the society (L. S. Vygotsky, E. Durkheim, E. Fromm, V. A. Yadov and others). The author analyzes identification not so much as a problem of physical and mental adaptation, but as a socio-cultural formation of the person. The idea. The researcher proposes separation of social adaptation into the issues of socialization and culturation for a more objective analysis of these complex processes, due to their frequent inconsistencies in practice. To do this, we offer to assume an axiological position. The author proves the need for a holistic anthropological knowledge about the formation of the individual in the society to counter the negative social technologies, which produce «questionable» values and norms in the consciousness of the person. The author pays attention to the culture of the personality entering the society. We offer some important principles and mechanisms of the process. The author adheres to the domestic approach to understanding adaptation and culturation (L. S. Vygotsky, I. I. Krupnik, E. S. Markarian, S. V. Lurie, and others). The author, though not cites references to the works of other scientists (O.G. Drobnitsky, I. G. Ionin, N. M. Lebedeva) and foreign philosophers (M. Buber, E. Fromm, M. Heidegger, E. Erikson and others), but takes into account the results of their works in logic and in the content of the vision of problem. The theoretical meaning. The author proves the importance of building mentality-forming structures in assistance to the cultural identity formation of the person as not a passive, but active participant in the process of evolution, emphasizes a special role of education. The novelty lies in defining the features of socialization of the modern person, influencing the form and content of its cultural identity. The leading methods are the analysis of philosophical, cultural, pedagogical and psychological research; hermeneutic method; generalization, abstraction, the ascent from the abstract to the specific, deduction, synthesis. The practical significance lies in the proposed understanding of the possibilities of improvement of cultural identification in the identification of additional targets and mechanisms of education, which are based on developing knowledge of the philosophy of culture, which in this case as a «platform» in the evolution of society is enriched by the position of the awareness of the need of the meta value and meta scientific study of social adaptation.

The article considers the problem of education as the personality formation, which presupposes attainment of the person as personality, attainment and comprehension of one’s own spiritual tradition, and, finally, finding of the person as a part of the people and nation. Education needs to return to its initial meaning: ascension of the person to the Image, likening of the person to God-Creator through comprehension of the spiritual foundations of domestic culture and civilization. This circumstance demands comprehension of domestic educational tradition as an ontological phenomenon. The authenticity of tradition has to be determined by the vitality in spiritual sense. The Orthodox spirituality is ontological in its essence. The need of return of education to Christ-centeredness is postulated today also in the works of the famous European philosophers and theologians (H. Yannaras, A. Milano, J. (Panteleymon) Manussakis, T. Shpidlik, etc.).The education system assumes constant interrelation of the teacher and pupil. The meaning of the designated interrelation is discovered in the Russian spiritual tradition which is going back to patristical heritage and continuing in the Russian religious philosophy. In the article, the attention is paid to the concept of integral personality, having complete mind and capable to live-cognition: unseparable perception of life, knowledge and faith. The integration of the mature persons is shown in the nation, culture, civilization; therefore, the problem of personality formation inevitably brings us to the problem of sobornost. Today Russia urgently needs the appearance of the nationally focused teacher. In the center of education is the personality (the teacher, the pupil), the process of education is the formation of the personality (both the pupil and the teacher). The teacher is introduced to eternity already in empirism, directly in his/her work, in its results, in contemplation and action; here is the main evidence of ontological character of the tradition, its rootedness in the life itself. As long as the tradition is alive, teacher's work and education in general can neither depreciate nor become meaningless. At the heart of the Orthodox educational practice is love to the child (as the initial principle and the means of educational influence). The domestic tradition of education includes the spiritual methodology forming a way of thinking and, finally, self-realization of the personality in being. Formation of the integral person (personality) has to become the meaning and purpose of education. As a result of personality formation, there takes place attainment and realization by the person of his/her being in Being.

This study is focused on educational opportunities of children's recreation camps of our country, which in recent years not only is in difficult economic conditions, but also there are contradictory moral attitudes of the population of different ages. The changed socio-cultural situation of the value reorientation of our state provoked ambiguous conditions of life and education in many families. So, many parents are faced with the problem of their children’s learning, and the associated failure of not only academic but also the communication field of youth, or rather the inability to build relationships with others, which leads to conflict situations. All this gradually leads children and adolescents to various mental and physical abnormalities in the condition, which usually lead to illness, and physical, psychological, and social disruptions, directly related to the immoral behavior of the group. In that regard, the authors investigated the correlation of the concepts of morality and immorality. We present our own pedagogical practices, which has set a goal of prevention of immoral behavior of students, the development of sustainable moral positions and value preferences.

The purpose of the paper is to show the negative influence of the non-filtrated media information use by the younger generation and to find a way out of this situation. The authors consider the main tendency of information society and its role in forming of moral values of younger generation. Relevance of the research is the fact that the non-filtrated media information leads to transformation of the consciousness of young generation, formation of a passive viewpoint about life, labor and also consumer attitude to the world. Based on the undertaken analysis, it is concluded that the collaborated efforts by the teachers, parents, legislators, scientists and the public are necessary to solve these problems. In order to preserve the moral and spiritual well-being of children, it is necessary to make several steps: to improve the content of education and upbringing, to form personal responsibility, to create abilities and personality traits, including social skills of adaptation in the information society. It is important also to consider socio-cultural experience of Russia and the advanced countries.

This article points to the timeliness and importance of the adoption in 2015 of the Administrative Procedure Code. The article points out the controversial issues of availability of higher legal education among the participants of administrative cases in the order of the RF Code of Administrative Procedure. The authors analyze the evolving jurisprudence on the issue at the level of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and at the level of courts of the Federation subjects. The question of constitutionality of the requirement of higher legal education for the representatives of the parties, people involved in the case in person, as well as the sole executive bodies of the organizations is considered. The authors conclude on the need to improve the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation for the implementation of constitutional rights and legitimate interests of citizens. The work substantiates the structure of the institutional and legal space of the country and concludes on the need to improve the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation for the implementation of the constitutional rights and legal interests of Russian citizens.

Formation of professional competence of the broad profile environmental designer in a two-level Bachelor and Master system is a difficult and complex task. The key factors in achieving this objective are forming of project thinking, creativity, general cultural competence and self-education skills required for further independent professional growth. In this approach, each narrower profile direction in design should be integrated into the complex educational objectives of each project, sometimes as a major, sometimes as a minor part of the course projects. In the article, this methodical principle is considered on the example of landscape design as an essential component of education of the environmental designers at St. Petersburg State University.

The paper presents the multi-year experience of teachers in the formation of value orientations of students studying the traditional architecture of the Ural region. The author emphasizes the importance of the process of value upbringing as a basis for the formation of the young generation’s worldview, especially when it comes to patriotic values, so necessary in our time. An effective way, according to the author, is familiarizing students with the history and culture of their native land, in particular, during the study of the traditional regional architecture. In addition to the conventional methods of training, it is proposed to make emphasis on the activity approach and organize research so that students carry out modernization of the existing facilities or reconstruction of the lost monuments in the layouts. According to the author, this training leads to obvious objectification of the results of theoretical studies, increases their importance not only in the eyes of the authors, but also those students who are observing the work or look at the layouts in the exhibition.

The author analyzes the role of esthetic component in the course of training in the academic drawing. The esthetic perception of objects for imaging in the academic drawing is formed in the course of contact of the student with esthetically significant objects and phenomena, expressed in finding the characteristics, harmony and beauty of the represented that is one of elements of esthetic development of the world. In the article, it is noted that any image can be based on knowledge and understanding of the beauty of the world around and the culture of graphic expressiveness. The practice of training in the academic drawing is based on identification of essence of esthetic process, determination of its place in art, as well as determination of the basic principles of esthetic shaping. In the course of imaging, the esthetic assessment of objects and phenomena is always connected with possible means of imaging. In this case, the esthetic taste and the sense of proportion serve as a certain reference point for the artist during transferring of a contemplative artistic image to a concrete material form. Therefore, the formation in the course of training of such esthetic categories as esthetic taste and the sense of proportion has a paramount value. In the article, it is especially noted that the academic drawing is a type of esthetic expediency, and it is created by the principle of esthetic harmonization. Harmony is considered as one of the main categories of esthetics. The specificity of esthetic harmony is that it is inseparably linked with the qualities and characteristics of a subject (measure, symmetry, proportionality, harmony, integrity, etc.). Esthetic harmony is the sensory perception of an object for imaging according to the values, requirements, artist's opportunities; it is also inseparable from the process of graphic activity, which task consists in creation of esthetic expressiveness on the picture plane.

In the article, the issues concerning some problems of a volume form in the educational drawing are brought up. The author notes that the beginning artists are usually confused by irregular shape of the head. The problem is that students do not draw analogies between the principles of transfer of a volume form learned in the course of imaging a still life and irregular shape of the head of the person though they are obvious. In the course of imaging the head of the model, the same principles of creation of a volume form and a volume-spatial design are underlain, as at the imaging of various solids and household items; only in a portrait these fundamental principles are not so obviously read. In the article, it is considered that a feature of the drawing for a picturesque etude of the head is that, with the similarity of the general principle of imaging of the head by pencil or brush, we observe a difference in the realization technique: a sharpened pencil and a rather wide, flat brush differently solve a form. It should be noted that oftentimes the beginning artists, drawing by pencil, create the image by a contour line that excludes space and illumination of nature which are also presented conventionally with the help of the so-called «tonal scale». The form and design in the pencil drawing can sometimes be reproduced linearly, without background. On the other hand, during the work with the brush, the form should be represented not separately, irrespective of the environment, from a background, but necessarily together with the environment where the model is situated. The perfection of both the pencil drawing and the «picturesque» one consists not in the fine finishing of work, but in the persistent aspiration to integrally and expressively transfer the nature.

Modeling nature of graphic activity creates conditions for child learning of the world and the choice of ways to draw world’s images. The realization of these possibilities in Arts studies is more intensive during the composition lessons. The article describes compositional means of artistic expressiveness. The author considers these possibilities from the perspective of educational problems in the composition lessons for younger children. There are the following means of artistic expressiveness during the art lessons: the format of paper, image size, image balance, symmetry and asymmetry of composite construction, the location of the primary and secondary objects in the composition, choice of the composite center, line usage in the construction of the composition for the depiction of motion. The article analyses the specificities of perception and drawing potential of children in artistic expressiveness.

In the article, the questions of the value development of the bachelors in the period of University training are considered. The relevance of this article is due primarily to the fact that the true values have lost their importance in modern society and the false ones have become widespread. We can state the fact that material values are predominant in the choice of the future profession for today's young people, in the choice of means to achieve the goal, in general, in determining the vector of development of personality, self-determination in the world. There arise contradictions between the need of internalization of the true values by the person and the modern bogus values. In connection with this, the formation of value orientations in the modern world acquires an important role in the development of personality in axiological terms. The professional training of bachelors is based on the values accumulated by generations in the field of artistic processing of materials, the internalization of which contributes to self-determination of the person. It concerns the values-knowledge in these areas, and the values-technologies developed by the predecessors, and the values-images made of various materials. Learning and mastering these values, having certain abilities and talents, value orientations, one can later exteriorize the values in this field. This article considers the process of formation of value orientations in artistic and creative activities, which is realized beginning from the second year of studying at the higher education institution and permeates the entire professional training of Bachelors. The authors show the role of artistic and creative activities in the development of personality, in the formation of values-knowledge, values-attitudes, values-qualities that form the basis of value orientations of the person. All the personally-important values are formed in the process of the person’s own activities, in our case, in the artistic and creative activities. The results of this process are realized in the objects of this activity. However, the process of artistic and creative activities is aimed at creation of material values both in the field of artistic processing of materials and in the spiritual field. It is in the process of artistic and creative activities that the understanding and acceptance (or rejection) of the values of artistic and creative activities take place. The process of formation of value orientations and the process of artistic and creative activities are closely related; as a result of this integration, the value orientations are formed most fully.

Samples of needles from the middle part of the crown and cambial zone scrapings, which includes cambium cells and nonlignified xylem cells from five stems of 15 years old Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. trees from green moss-forb groups stands on sod-podzolic soil in Krasnoyarsk forest steppe were investigated. Thermal stability of the antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase (GR); enzymes of carbohydrate and phenolic metabolism: amylase, invertase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) which are involved in providing the xylogenesis process; and markers of oxidative stress: peroxide hydrogen and malondialdehyde (MDA) were studied in the temperature interval 20-80 °C. It was found that the positive effect on the antioxidant enzymes activity mainly manifested up to 40 °C. As the temperature increases, antioxidant protection weakens. The mechanisms of oxidative stress in cambium zone and needles in condition of pyrogenic heat shock are distinguished due to different thermal stability of antioxidant enzymes in these tissues. The most sensitive to elevated temperatures was catalase both in cambium zone and needles. In the cambium zone, peroxidase and GR detect low resistance to high temperature, while SOD has a higher level of. In the needles on the contrary, peroxidase and GR exhibit high thermal stability, whereas SOD activity rapidly reduces at higher temperatures. Amylase, invertase and PAL exceed, according to the thermal stability of examined antioxidant enzymes, what allow quick restoration of carbohydrate and phenolic metabolism after pyrogenic heat shock to providing of xylogenesis process.

We studied the peroxidase activity during the period of active cambial growth in two forms of 8-year-old Silver birch trees with different degrees of manifestation of wood grain figure: Betula pendula var. pendula and Betula pendula var. carelica. We selected leaves from short shoots and leaves from long shoots, small roots, xylem and phloem for the analysis. It was determined that peroxidase activity in B. pendula var. carelica was higher than in B. pendula var. pendula. The more the degree of manifestation of wood grain figure was in Betula pendula var. carelica, the more the peroxidase activity in xylem was. It was suggested that local violation of cambial activity in Betula pendula var. carelica leads to increased quantity of reative oxygen species and it can enhance the peroxidase activity. To identify the response of birch plants under the excess of nitrogen fertilizers, we studied the influence of nitrate on the peroxidase activity. This investigation was made for the first time. Application of nitrate had led to the increase in the peroxidase activity in xylem and phloem only in Betula pendula var. carelica. In Betula pendula var. pendula the peroxidase activity in xylem and phloem has not changed under the application of nitrogen fertilizers. Application of KNO₃ gave multidirectional changes in leaves in both forms. Peroxidase activity in B. pendula var. pendula increased, but activity of the enzyme in B. pendula var. carelica decreased.