S.A. Nefedov
Institute of History and Archaeology UB RAS, 16, S. Kovalevskaya str., Yekaterinburg, 620990, Russia
Keywords: Causes of the Russian revolution, the level of consumption, the revisionist school, P. Gregory, B.N. Mironov, anthropometric data
Subsection: TO THE 100-YEAR ANNIVERSARY OF THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION
Was the Russian revolution at the beginning of the XX century an accident or did the crisis occur due to economic reasons? The traditional answer to this question states that the revolution was caused by the low living standard, poverty and constantly repeated hunger strikes. Peasant land scarcity and poverty were described by the greatest economists of the pre-revolutionary period. Soviet historians also considered the level of consumption in Russia to be extremely low, and, moreover, gradually dropping. Such position was originally inherent also to Western historiography, but in the 1970s, in the “cold war” climate a “revisionist school” appeared in the United States, whose representatives argued that the standard of living in Russia had been increasing, that the revolution was an accident. The article is devoted to criticism of the revisionist school works. The most famous representative of this school is P. Gregory, who estimated that the cost of grain left by farmers for their own consumption, increased by 51 % in 1885-1901. This result is referred to by many authors. However, the detailed analysis shows that in Gregory`s calculations there are a number of mistakes and in fact the growth was only 12 %, and in per capita terms there was a decrease of this indicator. The largest revisionist school representative in Russia is B.N. Mironov, who made an attempt to assess the level of food consumption at the beginning of the XX century. In addition to these calculations, the main Mironov’s argument is supposedly fixed by his computations increase of recruits in 1874-1913 years. However, in these Mironov’s calculations also a mistake was detected, and it turned out that in reality the growth of recruits decreased. Thus, the works of the revisionist school representatives do not give an adequate idea of the living standard in Russia on the eve of the revolution.
M.V. Shilovsky1,2 1Institute of History SB RAS, 8, Nikolaev str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, 2, Pirogov str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: February Revolution, Siberia, governors, Committees of Public Security, abdication of the Czar, the military, political exiles
Subsection: TO THE 100-YEAR ANNIVERSARY OF THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION
February of 1917 in Siberia, like in Russia, showed no signs of any powerful cataclysm. Law enforcers (gendarmes, policemen) stated that in the territory under their jurisdiction “anti-governmental organizations showed no signs of activity...” Information about the events in Petrograd was spread via telegraph across the cities, railway stations, settlements, villages and volosts located along the Omsk, Siberian, Transbaikal, Altai, Kolchugino railroads. Governors were dismissed fr om their positions along with commanders of the Omsk and Irkutsk districts, garrison commanders, while the gendarme officers were arrested. Dismissal of tsarist authorities was paralleled by establishment of various public committees (Committees of Public Security), Soviets of workers’ and soldiers’ deputies, organizations of political parties (RSDRP, PSR, PNS). Local government bodies at the provincial, oblast and uyezd levels were headed by Commissars appointed by the Provisional government. For the most part they were appointed from among the most respected and active members of local communities and leaders of Committes of Public Security. In early March, 1917 the most active social groups included the middle-income urban dwellers, the military, workers and political exiles. They played a dominant role in the political process constituting the social basis for the Committees of Public Security and Soviets as well as for political organizations. By the early 1917 owing to the system of political exile teams of highly professional political technologists had been formed in many Siberian cities wh ere they actively worked later on. The outcomes of the initial stage of the February social cataclysm were summed up on March, 10, 1917, the so-called Revolution Day. It was marked by public prayers, military parades, mass demonstrations and gatherings. Thus, events during the first week of March, 1917 affected only a small part of population, mostly in cities.
D.A. Safonov
Orenburg State University (OSU), 18, Pobedy Avenue, Orenburg, 460018, Russia
Keywords: Province, revolution, change, people, power, province, state laws
Subsection: TO THE 100-YEAR ANNIVERSARY OF THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION
The problem of the interconnection of February Revolution and the province may be considered in two ways: first, as a process, begun in the capital and spread all over the country, and, secondly, as a process of change in the provincial life in the period from February to October 1917. Use of facts from different regions provides a kind of “virtual” province, sort of “non-capital”, however, it has nothing to do with any of the existing provincial governovates. The author believes it can be useful to look at the issue locally, within one single territory - Orenburg province. The author is of the second opinion; no ascendancy of the revolution in the province was observed: no one wanted to replace the authorities forcibly, the “old” power was held firmly enough, and could have been able to repel any attempts. The population of the province apprehended the transition to power of the Provisional Government rather calmly. Transformation of absolute monarchy into a constitutional could not be a revolutionary change as it had been harmonically blended into the existing state system. The changes were limited to renaming - governors to provincial commissioners, the police - the militia, and the removal of certain officials. In general, the information picture of the region was a complex ever-changing mosaic with elements of guessing of the missing elements. Analysis of the evidence and facts of social activity in the region shows that in a few months the provincial life was dominated by (mainly in the countryside) the delusional belief about the disappearance of the state in general, with its management structure and order, law and responsibility for the committed crimes. As the result there was an increase of criminal acts, both quantitative and qualitative. The situation got out of control, the feeling of “inner liberation” strengthened within the masses and it was not about the emancipation of the individual, but more about rudeness, aggressiveness, violence. All these far-reaching effects were especially evident during the civil war.
Y.A. Golubinov
Samara State Medical University, 226, Tukhatchevskogo str., Samara, 443013, Russia
Keywords: Russia, Great Britain, First World War, Anglo-Russian cooperation, military supply, Russian revolution, 1917
Subsection: TO THE 100-YEAR ANNIVERSARY OF THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION
This article is devoted to the episode of Russian-British cooperation during the First World War, specifically the British Military Equipment Section under the command of General Poole. Analysis of activity of Poole’s mission is based primarily on preserved documents within collection of the Records of the Cabinet Office held by the National Archives of the UK. Main documents are the reports which were sent by General Poole and his closest aide Colonel Byrne to Committee of Russian Supply in London (the so-called Lord Milner’s Committee). Unfortunately these reports don’t clarify some important aspects of daily operations of the mission but they are an excellent illustration of the perception of Russian reality in 1917 by the representatives of the British military and political elite. The British military supply mission had to verify, in the first place, the proper use of weapons and ammunition from the United Kingdom and, in the second, had to help in establishing closer contacts between industrial businessmen of the two states. General Poole and his team observed work of the artillery parks and aviation workshops as well as the defense facilities. According to the British officers all of them suffered from common problems. Revolutionizing of the masses diverted many people from work, contributed to the fall of the discipline, and was accompanied by the reluctance of the military and civilian officials to do anything for normalizing the situation. Both tasks of the mission were failed. The first reason was the gradual collapse of the front and army work in the rear, and the second was the Bolshevist pursuit to conclude the peace with Germany. General Poole and Colonel Byrne were both skeptical about Russia’s ability to continue the war. In the beginning of 1918 the Poole’s team tried to prevent the looting of British goods in Russian ports. The collapse of the Russian state and economic mechanisms was the great trouble for British politics because the fall of the Eastern Front could not be allowed. Poole’s mission was a stage of preparation of the British intervention in Russia.
N.D. Zolnikova
Institute of History SB RAS, 8, A. Nikolaeva str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: archaeography, Siberian branch of Archaeographic committee of RAS, Siberian hictory, N.N. Pokrovsky
The article is devoted to N.N. Pokrovsky, who rose through the ranks from junior researcher to the academician in Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in less than 30 years, who became one of the main authors of “archaeographic discovery of Siberia”, and who created his own scientific school. The period under consideration was a time of intensive development of the Siberian region and its science, in particular humanities. The article discusses principles of scientific and organizational activities of N.N. Pokrovsky in the course of solution of major scientific projects. The main goal for him was to save and study a large quantity of books, which were in the hands of old believer peasants and which disappeared each year because of the fires, death of owners and so on. Annual expeditions in most regions of Siberia, Central Asia and the Far East served this goal. Under his leadership there were then collected about a thousand ancient manuscripts and early printed books that made up continuously growing Collection of the Institute of History of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS). Another principle of his activity was to investigate museums, archives and libraries of Siberia in order to describe their collections of ancient manuscripts and books according to a single system as well as to publish such descriptions that were to serve a preservation of collections. Soon after his arrival in Novosibirsk, N.N. Pokrovsky put forward an idea of creating a museum of history of Siberia common to all research institutions of Novosibirsk Akademgorodok, and of constructing for it a new building with modern technical conditions for the organization and operation of the museum. The project was presented by him in a special memorandum “On the Establishment of the Scientific and Historical Museum of Siberia and Gathering Monuments of Ancient Culture by Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences”, proposed for publication. Here, he introduced the prospects of research and scientific and organizational activities for gathering, preserving and exhibiting objects of Siberian culture, focused on their saving and popularization, the use of exhibits and expeditionary collections for training purposes in cooperation with Novosibirsk State University (NSU).
In 1854, the tsarist government created a unique administrative unit called “Semipalatinsk inner district” withing the new Semipalatinsk region. It was proposed to gather all the loyal Kazakhs wandering in the Tomsk and Tobolsk provinces. In 1870, 779 Kazakh farms openly expressed their consent to pay the three-ruble tax for plants. The Ministry of Finance conceded to the Cabinet half of the nomad tax set on October, 21, 1868 by “Regulations on the governance of steppe areas”. After long bureaucratic negotiations in 1880 “Rules for permission of Kyrgyz migrations on the lands of the Altai Mining District” were approved. According to the Rules Kazakhs were only allowed migrating on the lands of the Kulunda Steppe in Tomsk area. Thus, an attempt was made to gather all the Kazakhs wandering in the vast territory of the Altai Mining District, Tomsk and Tobolsk provinces in a specially alloted area. Kulunda Kazakhs, as well as the local farmers, had to pay 6 rubles (4.5 - to the Cabinet, and 1.5 - to the state). Local Ka-zakhs had no right to donate their lands for rent to third parties. Kazakhs, who wished to go transfer the peasant class, were allowed to pay cash rents in the amount of 6 rubles. Kulunda Kazakhs undertook to pay extra taxes for using wood. Kazakh residence at the Kulunda Steppe territory was recognized as temporal one and the Cabinet could evict them with its decision. In 1880 Kulunda Kazakhs, as well as loyal or “stanitsa” Kazakhs in the end of XVIII - early XIX centuries, were left without their governance in Tomsk province. But an attempt to gather all the Kazakhs of Tobolsk and Tomsk province in the Kulunda Steppe failed.
L.M. Dameshek1, I.L. Dameshek1, I.N. Mamkina2 1Irkutsk State University, 1, Karl Marx str., Irkutsk, 664003. Russia 2Zabaikalsky state university, 30, Alexandro-Zavodskaya str., Chita, 672039, Russia
Keywords: Азиатская Россия, особые комитеты, Комитет Сибирской железной дороги, Главный школьный комитет, управление, образование, школьная сеть, Китайско-Восточная железная дорога
The article tries to define Mongolian neighbouring influence on Transbaikal economic structure and rates of development in the stated period. Mongolian involvement in Russian and later in Soviet sphere of interest had little effect on the development of the region which lagged far behind the economic modernization stage. Chinese (Sinhai) revolution and independence of Mongolia were of great interest to Russia: the Government was aware of the importance of Mongolia in realization of Russian political and economic interests in the Far East. The role of the starting point in Russian plans to defeat other rivals in Mongolian affairs was given to Kyakhta’s railway branch, which was supposed to be constructed from frontier Kyakhta to Trans-Siberian Railway with the aim to lay it through Mongolia to Beijing. The possible loss of European Russian industrial areas during World War I made the Tsarist Government pay attention to Asian markets. After the Civil War and foreign intervention strengthening of Eastern regions on the advanced economic development basis once again appeared to be one of the prime goals of the new Soviet power. The economic reconstruction after emergency situations and further achievements were to demonstrate advantages of Socialism to peoples of the East and thus to involve them into the Soviet sphere of economic, political and ideological influence and to serve as the world revolution base in the Buddhist East. Besides geopolitical, military-strategic and ideological circumstances, the importance of close cooperation between Buryatia and Mongolia was determined by economic reasons. Firstly, Mongolia was considered as a perspective product market. Secondly, Mongolia with its rich cattle-breeding industry could be a very important supplier of the Republic processing industry. In spite of political transformations, the Soviet State economic strategy in Buryatia in 1920s had a vividly expressed “Mongolian colour”.
E.I. Krasilnikova1,2 1Novosibirsk State Technical University, 20, K. Marx Av., Novosibirsk, 630073, Russia 2Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 160, Dobrolyubova Str., Novosibirsk, 630039, Russia
Keywords: memorials, memorial policy, commemoration, memorialization, Western Siberia
The purpose of the article is to characterize the process of forming the system of memorable sites associated with the Revolution and Civil War in Western Siberia cities in 1920s. The study expands understanding of the memorial public policy at the initial stage of Soviet history, relationship between the collective memory of Siberians about the revolutionary process and the Civil War in the region and an official memorialization of military-revolutionary events. The author explains in what way the context of the memorial public politics was reflected in objects selection, which were recognized as memorial in the given years, as well as their political mythologizing and symbolic marking. The article reports on the role of memories of the military-revolutionary events participants, who lived in Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Barnaul and Omsk, in forming the official Revolutionary Military topography of cities, and the role of employees of Istparts and local history museums collecting these memories, and designing the system of memorial sites on their base. Most often revolutionaries and undergrounders recalled places, where the change of the government was announced publicly in the city, or places where the new power structures, safe houses and other places of secret and open political protest activities were located. Many sites were related to the memory of the Civil War victims: prisons, places of torture, execution and burial of the dead. The forms of applying identified memorial sites for ideological purposes are established. Stories associated with these places were published in periodicals, photos of the places were used in the exposition and exhibition activity of municipal museums, tours to the places were planned. Finally, the author came to the conclusion that the formed system of memorable sites reflected in Siberians minds a subjective, emotional and fragmentary memory of military-revolutionary events in regional cities. A unique regional narration about the Revolution and Civil War was created where heroes of local history dominated. However, this tendency practically did not develop in the following decade.
S.G. Novikov
Serebryakov Volgograd Conservatory, Volgograd, Russia
Keywords: мир-система, homo creator, культурное лидерство, готовность к творчеству, самостроительство личности, world-system, homo creator, cultural leadership, readiness to be creative, self-construction of the person
The article deals with the goal of the Russian education in the context of the transition to a postindustrial (post-productive) society. The author argues that the transition creates the number of problems, which can be solved through the national system of education. Due to the current challenges (segmentation of the global community to the unequal area, the cultural expansion of the West, infiltration of the enemies of the culture modernity to Europe) the national education faces the task to build creative person (homo creator). This is a person who is forced by post-materialist motives, he is able to make free choice of the life strategy in the interests of self-realization, self-construction in accordance with the consciously chosen the moral ideal. The author highlights that the current Russian professional education should form students’ readiness to be creative - their desire and ability to act being motivated by non-economic interest. The paper shows that the structure of this readiness should include five elements: value-semantic, cognitive, emotional, behavioral and reflective elements. The author focuses on the place that Social sciences and Humanities take in homo creator. The article makes grounds also that the challenges of the XXI century require lifelong learning in different kinds of free associations, which are formed on the basis of public interest. Such structures contribute to free and general professional education and are combined with educational structures for talented individuals; they allow Russian education to fulfill a pivotal role in growing the subject of a society in which “economic interest” will be superseded by a truly “human interest” in creativity.
T. A. Artashkina
The far Eastern Federal University, 690950, Vladivostok, street Aleutian, 56
Keywords: качество образования, профессиональная подготовка, конкуренция, внешний рынок труда, внутренний рынок труда, внешний рынок образовательных услуг, внутренний рынок образовательных услуг, education quality, professional training, competition, external labour market, internal labour market, external market of educational services, internal market of educational services
The topic of globalization and education is explored by many Russian scientists. Their publications can be divided into main 3 groups: 1) where the publications focus on the phenomenon of globalization, its attractors that determine the main tendencies of education development; 2) relations between globalization and education are explored in the context of negative and positive results; 3) improvement in the quality of national education as a necessary response to the challenges and risks of globalization. Different scientific views have led to ambiguity when rendering the notion competitiveness of education. The competitiveness of education is one of the elements of market relations and must be investigated from this point of view. The research methodology assumes socio-cultural approach when personality is considered to be connected with society and culture as a set of values and standards. The authors applied diachronic method that explores phenomena in their chronological sequence. The paper analyzes the following aspects of education competitiveness: the problem of the definition the concept “education competitiveness”; globalization of education and competition in education; the problem of national education competitiveness; the problem of staff training quality; multipolar world and education system. The author argues that education competitiveness is one of the most important characteristics of national education that is regulated by pedagogical laws (the problem of goal setting and quality of students training), political methods (cronyism, discrimination and segregation) and economic methods (damping policy of the exporters of educational service at the external market of educational service). Universities rating presses the competitors as well as they are made by international independent information agencies that belong to the developed countries. The level of industrial and economic development and the system of values in Russia influence the competitiveness of national education at the internal market. The author outlines the necessity to develop organizational, economic, political and pedagogical measures in order to increase the competitiveness of national education. The author sees the strategic goal of this modernization in building national educational space that greatly contributes to multipolar world.
M. V. Vatagina
Sankt-Petersburg State Agrarian University, Sankt- Petersburg, the Russian Federation
Keywords: профессиональные стандарты, национальная система профессиональных стандартов, рынки труда и образовательных услуг, конкурентоспособность образования, дополнительные профессиональные программы, professional standards, the national system of professional standards, labor markets and educational services, competitive education, additional vocational programs
Quality education - a source of competitiveness of our country determines its position in the world for decades to come. According to the Prime Minister of Russia Dmitry Medvedev [1, p. 1-3], “...a fierce competition for talent in the world economy. In today’s world, people were able to choose where to study and then work. This competition, we have no right to play”. “In this regard, ... the priority is the professional education. The key objectives are-to ensure the possibility of passing the retraining throughout their careers” [1, p. 5]. The need to revise the educational policy of Russia is connected with the fact that the urgent needs of the Russian society and the state in the development of productive forces and relations of production is very inadequate to meet present education system. Not enough thought-orientation of national education in the Western Europe, the Bologna process it more clearly reveals its substantial failures [2, p. 50-51]. In today developed concepts and modernization and innovative development programs of the country until 2020 and then until 2030 one of the most important section is the development strategy of the national training system, which should be based on a national system of professional standards. In order to reduce the imbalance of labor markets and education in 2012-2015 has been prepared by the program of renovation of the existing system of qualification requirements for workers, which must inevitably lead to a change or supplement educational programs in Russian training system. To create an objective basis for the formation of programs of professional education/training/preparation, and to obtain feedback between employer requirements and the quality of training and assessment of professional qualifications, regardless of how they can obtain from 1 January 2017 teaching professional standards in the work of education introduced legislation institutions. Will the professionalization increase the competitiveness of education? The article deals with the various aspects of this issue.
V.G. Ivanov
Institute of Professional Education and Information Technology, Ufa, Russia
Keywords: компетентность, конкурентоспособность, производство, профессиональное образование, профессиональная компетентность, система, модернизация, интеграция, национальное образование, competency, competitiveness, industry, professional education, professional competency, system, modernization, integration, national education
The author highlights that national and world pedagogics has vast experience in research related to competitiveness and building competencies. Many famous researchers explored dif ferent aspects of competitiveness of educational institutions and integration. The structure of the proposed system of training qualified specialists includes targeted, methodological, comprehensive, organizational and procedural and resultative components. This contributed to analysis of the current situation of the problem and outlining organizational and pedagogicalconditions that are favourable for training qualified competitive specialists; summarizing the content of specialists’ competitiveness for industry within the vocational school.
The transition to business and market basis has led not only to disintegration between the complex “university-industry” and blanket order for university “product”, but it has changed significantly the attitude to this product. Education is considered as a service, and alumni are fixed between a university and production where they play the dual role as a client and as an employee. Due to this fact, the problem of competitiveness of higher education has double nature, its solution is inapproachable in the first case, and it is unwanted in the other case. This article attempts to analyze the reasons of this situation and possible ways of reintegration of a unified system “university-industry”. The article outlines that integration of higher education and industry should not be restricted by organizational and technological aspect whereas it should take into account the social impacts of building strategies. The paper makes case that the renovation of a common space for vocational education and industry is possible in case the government integrates universities and industry as a general customer.
I. V. Kosorukova
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"TEXT";s:4:"TEXT";s:76:"Moscow financial-industrial University “synergy”, Moscow, Russian Federation";}
Keywords: профессиональное образование, конкурентоспособность, квалификация, professional education, competitiveness, qualification
The article analyses the problems of education quality in Russia, the author focuses on the problem of highlighting the criteria of estimation of Russian education competitiveness. The author analyzes the dynamics of indicators that characterize the identified criteria, the author explores the relationship between the directions of training of graduates of higher institutions and their level of employment and unemployment, the demand for quality education and demand for skilled workers in the modern Russian economy. In the article the author studies the problem of independent assessment of qualifications, which will come into force in 2017, its advantages and disadvantages, are ascertained facts, the author formulates conclusions and prospects for the competitiveness of the Russian education.
N. B. Strekalova1,2 1Samara State University, Samara, Russia 2Togliatti Academy of Management, Togliatti, Russia
Keywords: качество образовательных результатов, информационные технологии, открытая образовательная среда, открытые образовательные курсы, факторы качества образования, quality of educational results, information technology, open educational environment, open educational courses, the factors of education quality
The authors see the task to improve the competitiveness of Russian higher education to be associated with the quality of educational services and their conformation to the needs of society, state, education and personality. The quality of higher education has integrated character and depends on the quality of educational processes and education system functioning, various internal and external factors. At the same time, the competitiveness of Russian education depends on its access to the world educational space, supply of foreign and Russian students with open educational courses that are in demand and development of e-learning. Informatization of education becomes a mean of increasing the competitiveness of higher education and its quality. However, the transfer of educational process to the open educational space results in potential didactic possibilities of e-learning that contribute to improving the quality of education, and the technological, methodological, communicative, health problems that reduce the quality of education.
N. O. Vaganova1, V. M. Lopatkin2 1Siberian state transport University, Novosibirsk,Russian Federation 2Siberian Transport University, Altai State Pedagogical University
Keywords: университетский комплекс, системные эффекты, организации профессионального образования, интеграция, university complex, systemic impacts, institutions, integration
The paper explores the systemic impacts of university complexes. The author uses such theoretical methods as scientific information about the systems, empirical methods as comparison of the data received and data about university complexes. The research results in the proposed systemic impacts that come from integration among professional education institutions. They characterize university complex as a system and quality of integrated pedagogical system as the “ability for self-renovation”. The scientific novelty of the research assumes the fact that the suggested systemic impacts contribute to integration of professional education in University complexes. Their holism can be reached by means of interactions among institutions of different levels and their teaching staff. The author sees the relevance of the research in the fact that systemic impacts and integrative quality contribute to university complex holism and developed relations among all the subjects of educational processes.
V. E. Steinberg
Bashkir State Pedagogical University named after M. Akmulla, Ufa, Russia
Keywords: образовательные стандарты, универсальные учебные действия, компетентностей подход, визуализация, логико-смысловое моделирование, логико-смысловые модели, educational standards, general education activities, competency-based approach, visualization, logic-semantic modeling, logical-semantic models
The paper explores visualization in didactics in relation with the tasks of Federal Standards that are referred to the general education activities, project skills and competency-based approach. The author focuses on the barrier that prevent following the standards: insufficient visual support of different complicated educational activities. The research suggests solving this task by means logical modeling of the knowledge in the natural language and corresponding didactic instruments like logic-semantic models. The author shows the role and place of new didactic means in education process and binary plan of education and cognitive activity. The paper suggests to divide the general education activities on their complexity and fulfil the subjects with logic-semantic models that define the process of doing exercises and design of the results. The author shows the example of the set of logic-semantic models used for subject Biology.
The paper highlights that nowadays further training is increasingly becoming the object of theoretical and applied research: the number of publications scientific events is increasing. At present moment, the society becomes very complicated and sets strict requirements to efficient and rapid mastering of competencies, obtaining actual knowledge and skills. This is mostly implemented in the system of business training where we can observe the strong correlation between correlation between the intentions and possibilities of students. Currently, business training serves as the mostly wide-spread educational institution in this system. However, the quality of educational services do not always correspond to their cost and sometimes the topic. Due to this fact the author addresses to the teachers. The article is devoted to one of the most important problems of modern educational practices in the system of ffurther training that is the problem of business-school professors’ professionalism. The research proves the necessity to improve professionalism by means of teachers component and their real success and experience in business that can teach and transfer. The author makes conclusion that refocus from unqualified teachers who know the subject in its theory onto the teachers who are really experienced and qualified will move national business-education towards high quality and high competitiveness.
O. V. Butova1, Iu. V. Chudinova1, G. V. Shipilina1, V. V. Rogdestvenskaia1, I. V. Cherdantseva2 1Tomsk Agricultural Institute, Tomsk, Russia 2Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: кадровое обеспечение АПК, модель аграрного образования, образовательный кластер, профессиональный рынок труда, agribusiness staff, the model of agricultural education, educational cluster, labor market
The article is devoted to the regional aspect of the current modeling problems in modern agricultural education. The paper highlights the problems of agricultural staff in Tomsk region and imperfection on regional educational system in agribusiness. The authors speak about necessity to build new and efficient model of education in the sphere of agriculture of Tomsk region. The article highlights the requirements to the system of education in the area of agriculture in Tomsk region. The authors suggest to build new model of agricultural education that is common education space (cluster) that would be regulated and controlled by the Industrial Council on Education Quality in Agribusiness. This model will contribute to eliminating the contradictions among the elements of education by means of net interactions.
The author analyzes the basic models of the programme double degree diplomas. The paper outlines the main problems related to the programme of double degree diploma and specifies the main requirements to institutions participating in this programme. The author highlights the main advantages of such programmes and suggests the ways that improve efficiency of these programmes.
I. V. Cherdantseva1, A. V. Cherniaikin2, A. A. Medentsev2 1Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russian Federation 2Tomsk Institute of Staff Retraining and Agribusiness, Tomsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: воспитание, мотивационноценностное отношение к деятельности, педагогическая система, образовательная система, компетенция, компетентность, квалификация, квалифицированность, профессиональное образование, профессиональная образовательная организация, преподаватель, учебное предприятие, интегральная образовательно-производственная среда, производительный труд, наставник, ученик, education, motivation and valuable attitude to professional activity, pedagogical system, educational system, competency, expertise, qualification, proficiency, vocational training, vocational school, teacher, enterprise with functions of teaching and training, integral educational and industrial environment, productive efforts, tutor, trainee
Current growth of agricultural production depend on just in-time transfer from traditional agricultural economy to application of innovative technologies. Due to severe climate conditions in Russia, it is possible to produce cheap goods of good quality on the basis of efficient agricultural economy which is based in its turn on the knowledge. The authors sees that agricultural transfer to innovative development requires complete changes in approach to agribusiness staff training. Currently, innovative agricultural enterprises face the problem related to the lack of qualified staff. Vocational agricultural schools focus on the current problems in agriculture and not in the long-term period. Thus, we have a contradictory situation in terms of agribusiness staff that restricts development of agricultural economy. The author highlights the necessity for new regulations that promote deep integration between vocational schools and innovative agricultural enterprises. This integrated educational and industrial environment can contribute to rapid training of agribusiness staff that can make impact on innovative industrial development in different fields of agricultural economy.
M. S. Ashilova, K. K. Begalinova
Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations and World Languages, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
Keywords: информационное общество, рыночные отношения, профессиональное образование, компетентность, конкуренция, техницизм, гуманизм, этнопедагогика, knowledge society, market relations, vocational training, competence, competition, technicism, humanism, ethnopedagogy
The article considers vocational training in the Republic of Kazakhstan in market conditions. It is emphasized that vocational guidance is a guaranteed job tomorrow. Particular attention is paid to socio-humanitarian training. The authors emphasize that the humanization and humanitarization is a foundation, which will help to make vocational education in the twenty-first century as an important tool in solving all human problems, because if any specialist would be a man of high humanism, he will behave with goodness, beauty and truth. The article also draws attention to the ethnopedagogics problem which must necessarily consider the future group of students, and in the light of it build an educational process, which in any case does not mean deviations from the strict requirements of innovative technologies.
Y. I. Kazantsev
Novosibirsk University of architecture and construction, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: рынок, образовательные услуги, негосударственные образовательные учреждения Западной Сибири, тенденции развития частного сектора образования, market, educational services, private higher institutions of Western Siberia, tendencies in private educational sector development
The article explores the experience of establishment of private higher institutions in Western Siberia in the 1990s. New higher institutions were intended to develop the competitive environment in the market of educational services and to open “a new window” of opportunities to provide a wide range of people with possibility to get higher education. General trends in the private educational sector development throughout Russia as well as its regional characteristics and peculiarities can be derived on the base of regional experience. World experience in this field argues that private education is a promising idea. In England, for instance, 74% of the judges, 51% of famous journalists and 61% of qualified doctors received higher education in private higher institutions. But in Russia there are many obstacles to implementation of generally recognized ideas. The difficulties are related to fundamental reasons and slick solutions of the Ministry of Education of Russia. The period of 1995-2000 was the years of the most rapid development of the private higher educational institutions which were being established at that time. However, the period of well-being and prosperity had gone rather quickly, and private education together with the state education, entered a period of crisis. The author outlines demographic situation in the country, small number of school leavers and acute competition for applicants between private and state higher institutions. Facing the hard difficulties a range of regional universities and branches ceased their activity
L. N. Berezhnova1, T. V. Sidorina2, A. A. Zotov3, D. Yu. Tarasov3 1Saint-Petersburg military Institute of national guard troops of Russia, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation 2Novosibirsk state agrarian University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation 3Novosibirsk military Institute named after General of the army I. K. Yakovlev of national guard troops, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: военное образование, специалист военного вуза, междисциплинарное проектирование, military education, specialist of military University, multidisciplinary design
Since the educational system of the University is aimed to ensure the successful formation of personality of a prospective specialist, the domestic higher school in conditions of modernization, aimed at finding educational technologies. The ability of the military education system to meet the needs of society and personality outlines the priorities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It is important that in these conditions, higher military institution focuses on the formation of personal maturity and professionalism of a prospective specialist who is able to act efficiently [1, p. 7]. Thus, the source of competitiveness in the market of higher military education is the formation of comprehensive education services on the basis of competence-based approach to integration and interdisciplinary design. It is evident, that application of pedagogical design technology in the military higher education institution changes the role of a teacher as a representative of science, researcher and instructor. The transfer from authoritarian model of education to teaching as a way of involvement the students and attracting them to the values and learning personally significant knowledge that can be applied in implementation of personal projects [2. p. 27]. The author argues, that education in the military institution with the use of pedagogical design is not just a teaching activity but a lifelong process [3, p. 42]. The project activity puts the student in an active position and he does research, solves problems, takes decisions, explores and records information about his activity.
E. R. Kroll, V. I. Kudashov
Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: социализация, профессиональное самоопределение, экзистенциальный выбор, этапы становления личности, socialization, professional self-determination, existential choice, stages of personality formation
The paper reflects the results of theoretical research of professional self-determination stages through installations of a symbolic interactionism. The process of professional self-determination happening over ontogenesis is considered from the point of view of existential philosophy where the key concept is “choice”, and its commission purpose is to give sense to existence. The basis for the choice of any professional activity and motivation of vocational education, inseparably linked with it, in the form of the ideal image of professional activity created as a result of passing by the identity of process of socialization is offered. The consecutive operations of formation is an ideal image of professional activity made at each stage of professional selfdetermination are revealed: imitation, monitoring of significant Others’ reaction, correlation. It is supposed that incorrect formation of an ideal image of professional activity can complicate process of professional self-determination.
The article analyzes the basic principles of socio-psychological consulting as a practice that helps interpersonal relationships and subjects. The author explores the main problems of the clients related to violations in their inner and interpersonal relationships, and relations to his own life (existence) in general. Relying on the tetrad of principles of psychological consulting in the K. R. Rogers school, the author highlights their manifestations and features in three basic aspects of the measurement of the consultative interaction. There are traditionally three dimensions outlined: power, competence and love. Each of the dimension is associated with a particular intention of consulting relationship: transformational, dialogical and relational. The basic principles of consulting are implemented as these or that meta-technologies or group of metatechnology within each of the intentions. In addition, the author considers the principles of consulting in relation to the life of the consultant and the client, as «meta-technologies of life».
V. N. Nikitenko
Institute for Complex analysis of regional problems Feb RAS, Birobidzhan, Russia
Keywords: профессия, профессионализм, непрерывное образование, целостность, profession, professionalism, lifelong learning, integrity
The author reviews professionalism as a process and result of secondary and professional education and personal development. The author offers his own definition for professionalism, which differs from those mentioned in modern scientific resources. This definition integrates occupational and personal aspects of professionalism, and shows the factors having positive or negative impact on the formation and consolidation of professional skills, emphasizing a special role of education and professional activities. The development of professionalism takes place not only at the moment when a person has already chosen profession and is studying at the institution, but it is a lifelong process. Being a subject of social relations, the person deals with people of different occupations. He “tries on” some of these professions and finally makes his own professional choice. He enters a corresponding educational institution in order to be trained for chosen professional activity. On graduating the educational institution, he gets involved into professional activity where his professionalism is developed most intensively. The author outlines that, professionalism is a subjective integrity, and its formation occurs during the whole life of the person. For a better understanding of its nature, the author appeals to the complex that includes the philosophy of holism, synergetics and the doctrine of the noosphere. The author sees the phenomenon of professionalism from these points of view that contributes to the novelty of the research.
E. V. Zhidkova1, O. V. Shcherbakova2 1Siberian Transport University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation 2Siberian State University of Water Transport, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: начертательная геометрия, инженерная графика, процесс познания, процесс мышления, образное мышление, технология, ручная графика, машинная графика, descriptive geometry, engineering graphics, cognition, intellectual process, creative thinking, technology, manual graphics, computer graphics
Teaching Descriptive geometry and Engineering graphics in technical universities assumes two different forms of teaching: manual graphics computer graphics. Teachers of Graphics suggest that Computer Graphics focuses on the student’s professional development of the student whereas Manual Graphics helps to explore deeper the basic concepts of Descriptive geometry Teaching staff and didactic equipment determine the methods and methodology of teaching basic disciplines in Graphics. The authors suppose that tendencies to usage of computer aided engineering developments results in the fact that intellectual process, cognition and visualization are partly lost as it is necessary to study Computer Graphics together with Descriptive Geometry. This restricts intellectual process especially at the beginning of study.
The article focuses on the development of media education in the context of globalization and the information society. The author shows that these processes have both positive and negative affects. Negative aspects of globalization include the destruction of the secular humanist traditions. The author considers the essence, content and methodology of construction and heuristic value of media education. Attention is paid on expanding the traditional means and methods of education through the use of modern media and new educational tools and technologies that repeatedly increasing the educational potential of the subjects of education.
G. F. Antonova, V. V. Stasova, N. V. Astrakhantseva
Solitary Unit V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Akademgorodok, 50/28, Krasnoyarsk, 660036 Russian Federation
Keywords: Pinus sylvestris L, levels of stem, non-contacting phloem, conducting phloem, forming xylem, mature xylem, ascorbate/dehydroascorbate ratio
The contents of ascorbate (AsA) and dehydroascorbate (DHA) and their ratio, showing cellular redox state of AsA, were studied in the cells of the separate tissues at different levels of Pinus sylvestris L . stem during early- and latewood formation. Morphological status of the cells in the tissues and the content of soluble carbohydrates were also estimated. The cellular redox potential of AsA has been found to depend on the type of tissue, cell development degree, the level of stem and the type of forming wood. The content of AsA and AsA/DHA ratio in the cells of non-conducting phloem along the stem were higher than in mature xylem and less during earlywood than latewood formation. The cells of conducting phloem and forming xylem, as the principal tissues taking part in annual ring wood formation, differed in the content of acids in the course of early and late xylem formation. Along the stem, the content of AsA decreased in conducting phloem cells and increased in the cells of forming xylem during both early- and latewood formation. The AsA/DHA of conducting phloem during earlywood formation was greatest below the stem and diminished to the top of the tree, while in the course of latewood development it was similar at all levels. In forming xylem AsA/DHA increased to the top of tree during the early xylem formation and decreased in late xylem that indicates the differences in oxidation-reduction reactions into the cells of two type of forming wood. The data are discussed according to morphological development of cells and the content of carbohydrates.
S. G. Prokushkin1, V. V. Panova1
Solitary Unit V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Akademgorodok, 50/28, Krasnoyarsk, 660036 Russian Federation
Keywords: пихта сибирская, семена, потеря жизнеспособности, общий азот, белковые фракции, Siberian fir, seeds, loose of vitality, total nitrogen, albumin fractions
Siberian fir seeds often lose their germinating capacity during storage. This results from, among other factors, changing contents of nitrogen compounds in the seeds, especially those of protein fractions. This paper focuses on analyzing changes of these compounds in nonviable seeds of the species depending on ecological and conditions and stand location, as well as on tree growth class (Kraft growth classes I and IV). The contents of the total and protein nitrogen in the nonviable seeds of the trees of growth classes I and IV appeared to vary widely and to depend on stand location and seed location in the tree crown. The maximum contents were in the seeds located in the upper part of the crown. The seeds from the middle and lower crown parts contained much less total and protein nitrogen. The hard-to-solve protein fraction dominated over other protein fraction in the seeds from the upper part of the crowns of the trees of growth classes I and IV. However, this fraction, like prolamines, changed uniformly throughout the crowns, whereas seed glutelin content varied insignificantly among the crown parts. Albumins and globulins showed a uniform crown top-to-bottom decrease. A comparison of viable seed with unviable seeds for contents of the nitrogen forms revealed a marked decrease in the total and protein nitrogen in the latter, especially for the trees of growth class IV. The seeds that lost their germinating capacity exhibited increasingly hard-to-solve protein fraction and drastically decreasing albumins and globulins wherever the seeds were in the crown. Their glutelin and prolamine contents changed inconsiderably.The changes of the quantitative ratio between the protein fractions found by the study cause, along with other physiological and biochemical factors, the loss of viability of Siberian fir seeds during storage.
T. A. Mikhailova, O. V. Kalugina, O. V. Shergina
Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Lermontov str., 132, Irkutsk, 664033 Russian Federation
Keywords: сосна обыкновенная Pinus sylvestris L., техногенное загрязнение, рекреационная нагрузка, индекс жизненного состояния древостоев, Южное Предбайкалье, Scots pine L., technogenic pollution, recreational impact, index of tree-stand vital condition, South Prebaikalia
Analyzed and generalized were the results of prolonged (10-25 years) monitoring of condition pine Pinus sylvestris L. forests affected by technogenic pollution and high recreation load in the South Prebaikalia. The results show that both factors have similarity in the stress effect on pine tree-stands, as confirmed by alteration in morphometric parameters of tree assimilating phytomass, decrease in photosynthetic pigments level, as well as by disturbance the nutrient elements proportions in the needles. As tree crown defoliation level reaches 65-70 %, the morphometric parameters for shoots and needles are found to decrease the background level by in 1.3-4.5 times. Under technogenic pollution, the needles’ chlorophylls sum was reduced 2.8-3.5 times, level of carotenoides - to 3.9 times maximum in comparison with the background needles while under high recreation load the green pigments content was reduced 1.9-5.7 times, carotenoids content - to 5.5 times. There is a imbalance in quantitative proportions between nutritional elements under any type of stress, N : P : K proportion changes due to increase of nitrogen level and reduction of phosphorus and potassium level. Index of tree-stand vital condition was calculated on the basis of the representative parameters to analyze the long forest dynamics. Significant reduction was shown in the index in the present time and correspondingly the obvious tendency to pine forest decline in the territories polluted by Irkutsk, Shelekhov, and Angarsk-Usolie industrial centers. At the same time near Cheremkhovo and Sayansk-Zima centers there are not heavy changes in the forest’s condition; during long time a middle level of weakening is registered but in the distance 20 km - a low level of weakening. In the territories characterized by a high recreation load, a sharp trend to declining pine tree-stands vital condition was found, and most clearly it is expressed in the towns of Khuzhir (Olkhon island) and Listvyanka, where there is a particularly high soil disturbance. Based on these results a schematic map has been developed to show the identified problem areas with revealed significant tendency to decline of the vital condition the pine tree-stands in the contemporary period.
G. P. Tikhova, V. B. Pridacha, T. A. Sazonova
Forest Research Institute, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkinskaya str., 11, Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, 185910 Russian Federation
Keywords: Betula pendula Roth, Betula pendula Roth var. carelica, водный потенциал, суточный биоритм, сезонная динамика, факторы среды, water potential, diurnal biorhythm, seasonal dynamics, environmental factors
Linear multiple models were developed to describe diurnal and seasonal dynamics of water potential (Ψ) of the foliated shoots in the plants of Betula genus related to air temperature and relative humidity in the middle taiga (southern Karelia). The results of the study revealed unidirectional changes, but different effect strength of air temperature and relative humidity on Ψ of the foliated shoots of common silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) and curly (Karelian) birch (Betula pendula Roth var. carelica ). It was shown that increasing air temperature 1°С results in similar decreasing of Ψ value equal to 0.037-0.038 MPa in both of the birches (p > 0.05). Since the diurnal air temperature range achieves 10-15 °С, the contribution of this factor may be up to 0.57 MPa. On the contrary, the contribution of relative air humidity to Ψ value differs significantly in distinct birch forms (p < 0.05). In this case the change range of Ψ value in silver birch and curly birch may be up to 0.46 (0.015 MPa/1 % RH) and 0.52 МПа (0.017 MPa/1 % RH), respectively. The results indicate that curly birch responds to the increase of relative air humidity with higher magnification of Ψ in comparison with common silver birch.
V. V. Tuzhilkina
Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kommunisticheskaya str., 28, Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, 167982 Russian Federation
Keywords: ель сибирская Picea obovata Ledeb, хлорофилл, каротиноиды, хвоя, тайга, Север, Siberian spruce Picea obovata Ledeb, chlorophyll, carotenoids, needles, taiga, north
The seasonal changes in content and ratio of chlorophylls and carotenoids in the Siberian spruce Picea obovata Ledeb. needles growing in bilberry, bilberry-sphagnum and polytric-sphagnum forest types in the middle taiga subzone of the European North-East were studied. The largest amount of chlorophyll in needles is accumulated towards late summer and autumn, the smallest one - in winter and is determined by forest growth and environmental conditions. А functional realignment of needle pigment of the spruce forests on boggy-podzolic soils was revealed. Edaphic environmental factors affect pigment complex of spruce needles. Excessive soil moisture content at particular vegetation periods in forest types on boggy-podzolic soils depresses pigment synthesis in needles. There exists a linear dependence of chlorophyll content in spruce needles from studied spruce communities on soil temperature during vegetation period. Yellow pigments in spruce needles was exposed to lower fluctuations during the growing season. The increase of the relative content of carotenoids having a protective role of the photosynthetic apparatus from damage by low temperatures was noted in the winter. The character of the seasonal dynamics of carotenoid in contrast to the chlorophyll in spruce studied phytocenoses was identical. Needles of Siberian spruce are characterized by stable accumulation of photosynthetic pigments belonging to the light-harvesting complex.
E. N. Terebova1, E. F. Markovskaya1, V. I. Androsova1, N. A. Galibina2, E. L. Kaipiainen3, M. A. Salam3, A. O. Villa3 1Petrozavodsk State University, Lenina str., 33, Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, 185910 Russian Federation 2Forest Research Institute of the Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkinskaya str., 11, Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, 185910 Russian Federation 3University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu, 2, P.O. Box 111, Joensuu, FI-80101 Finland
Keywords: Salix schwerinii, phytoremediation, heavy metals, photosynthetic pigments, biometric parameters, specific leaf area, joint stock company «Karelsky Okatysh», Republic of Karelia
The study was carried out on the industrial territory of Joint Stock Co. «Karelsky Okatysh» (Russia, Republic of Karelia, Kostomuksha). The species Salix schwerinii E. Wolf (Finland) was used as a phytoremediant and was cultivated on the contaminated territory of the mining enterprise - the tailing dump (the main pollutants being Ni and Fe). After one year, the willow plant samples were divided into two groups: healthy plants with higher biomass production (HBP) and suppressed plants with lower biomass production (LBP). The root system of HBP and LBP plants had no differences, but aboveground biomass was higher in HBP willow plants. The content of photosynthetic pigments was low in both groups of willows at (1.62 ± 0.10) mg/g wet weight. SLA index (specific leaf area) was 1.53 mm2 mg-1 and 1.21 mm2 mg-1 in HBP and LBP groups, correspondingly. About 50-90 % of Ni, Fe, Mn, Co, Cu, Cr were absorbed by the roots and leaves of willow. All of these elements accumulated in maximal amounts in the roots (70 %) of plants from the HBP group, while in the LBP group they accumulated mostly in leaves (70 %). Pb was deposited in the roots, leaves and bark (20-30 % for each structure), Cd, Zn - in the bark (50-60 %). According to the coefficient of biological absorption, heavy metals in the willow plants formed the following sequence: Zn (8) > Mn (6-8) > Cd (4-6) > Cu (4-5) > Pb (3) > Co (1) > Ni (0.6) = Cr (0.5-0.7) > Fe (0.2).
K. A. Petrov, V. E. Sofronova, V. A. Chepalov
Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Prospekt Lenina, 41, Yakutsk, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), 677000 Russian Federation
Keywords: пиносильвин, метиловый эфир пиносильвина, биотесты, pinosylvin, pinosylvin methyl ester, biological tests
In this article are given the biotesting data of pinosylvin (PS) and its methyl ester (PSME) isolated from dormant buds of Alnus fruticosa (Rupr.). Coleoptile segments of wheat and aquatic plant Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. were used as the test objects. Low concentrations of PS and PSME have weakly stimulated the growth of wheat during 22 hours of incubation. If concentrations of PS and PSME are increased up to 10-15 mg/L during the first 3 hours of incubation, the growth of coleoptiles slowed by 20-35 %, but during 22 h the growth reduced by 21-48 %. The PSME has stronger growth-inhibitory effect than PS. Further increasing of PS concentration (up to 25 mg/l) inhibited the growth of coleoptiles by 61 % during 22 hours. At the same concentration the PSME inhibited the growth by 67 % during the first 3 hours and completely suppressed the growth with loss of turgor during 22 hours. In the case of S. polyrhiza adding PS with 1 mg/l concentration to the nutrient medium resulted in decrease of its growth and development after 10 days of experiment by 40 %, but with higher concentration (25-50 mg/l) the growth process was completely inhibited. S. polyrhiza grown in a nutrient medium with 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/l concentrations of PSME shows a weak stimulation of growth and development. At the same time the PSME concentrations higher than 10 mg/l leaded to yellowing of plants during the first 2 days. These results show that pinosylvin and its methyl ester inhibit the growth of wheat coleoptiles segments in 50-100 times stronger than the known phenolic inhibitors (carboxylic acids, polyphenols and their glycosides).
V. V. Tarakanov1,2, L. N. Chindyaeva3, N. V. Tsybulya3, I. V. Tikhonova4 1V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Zukovsky str., 100/1, Novosibirsk, 630082 Russian Federation 2Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Dobrolyubov str., 160, Novosibirsk, 630039 Russian Federation 3Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Zolotodolinskaya str., 101, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russian Federation 4Solitary Unit V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Akademgorodok, 50/28, Krasnoyarsk, 660036 Russian Federation
Keywords: межклоновая изменчивость сосны обыкновенной, антимикробная активность, микробные тест-объекты, метод опарения, between clonal variability of Scots pine, antimicrobial activity, microbe test objects, the pair method
Streak inoculation of microbial test-cultures was treated with volatile emissions of needles of 23-years clones of Pinus sylvestris L. The study was conducted in July 2011 on three test-objects - gram-positive bacteria Staphyllococcusepidermidis, gram-negative bacteria Esсherichia coli and yeast-like fungi Candida albicans. Antimicrobial effect of pine volatile emissions was assessed in comparison with the control on 0 (absence of the effect) - 4 (strong effect) scale of antimicrobial activity. The mean marks of antimicrobial activity of clones, calculated in relation to separate test-systems, were within the limits of 0.00-3.00. The weak differentiation of pine clones to S. epidermidis is revealed. Frequency of pair comparisons in which statistically significant differences between clones was found to be less than 5 % for S. epidermidis and about 1.5 % for all the test-microbes. Alongside with it significant effects of the time of testing (calendar dates), a microbial species («pathogens») and interactions «date of testing-pathogens» and «date of testing-clones» were revealed: in ANOVA their effects amounted to nearly 23, 33 and 15 % of the total dispersion accordingly. The most probable reasons for it are dynamics of structure of essential oils and «genotype-environment» interaction that should become object of future research. In this connection, an important question is what is the season that is optimum for reliable revealing of the pine genotypes with maximal antimicrobial activity? Negative between-clones (between-genotypes) correlations between antimicrobial activity to S. epidermidis and to C. albicans are revealed. It is probably caused by inversely proportional dependence between concentrations of the components in essential oils, which are responsible for inhibition of various pathogenic organisms. The sample of investigated clones was divided into two sub-samples that sufficiently differed by the levels of both antimicrobial activity to S. epidermidis and individual heterozygosity of allozyme’s loci. Such differentiation of genotypes is noted for the first time, and can be in focus of further studies.
Seasonal dynamics of the basic photosynthetic pigments (a and b chlorophylls, carotenoids) content in the samples of aspen Populus tremula during natural regeneration on a revegetating pit dump of a worked-out coal pit has been studied. The studies were conducted every ten days during the vegetation period in 2015 (June-September) on the territory of «Yuzhniy» dump of «Kedrovskiy» open-pit coal mine (Kemerovo region). The pigment content was identified by the means of spectrophotometric detection. The content of photosynthetic pigments in aspen leaves was calculated on oven-dry weight of the leaves, as moisture aspen leaves can greatly vary, and the determination of accuracy of dry matter content higher than the for specific gravity of the sheet. No changes in visible absorption spectrum of acetone extracts indicating pheophytin formation in chlorophylls have been identified. For all variants the larger amount of b chlorophyll was contained in control samples. The largest differences in a/b chlorophylls and chlorophylls/carotenoids ratio were observed in the end of vegetation period. The ratio between a and b chlorophylls of aspen leaves in both cases by the end of the season was considerably lower. The adaptation of aspen photosynthetic system to the revegetating dump conditions was performed due to decrease in the total pigment content and the percent of b chlorophyll in their composition.
