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The article is based on the review of archival materials and other sources. It aims to study the specific character of public local shrine veneration and the relevant reaction of the religious governance in Tobolsk eparchy in the XVIII-XIX centuries. While studying popular shrines the least attention is paid to the historical aspect, particularly to the reaction of the official religious community in the XVIII and XIX centuries (or a synodic period) to new or “uncontrolled” venerated shrines. Combatting pilgrimage to shrines that were not included in “the rules” of church, up to removing them, in the XVIII and XIX centuries, became the result of Peter I’s legislaive initiatives. It has been supposed that the spring, which was formerly situated in Tyumen and spurted out in one of the gullies in its “historical” part, was the first venerated water spring in Siberia, where Cross Processions were held every year on the Ninth Friday from the beginning of the XVII century. The article reveals eventual reasons of emergence of this venerated place in the first Siberian Russian city. During Peter I’s clerical reforms, the monarch’s ally Phylophey Leshchinsky forbade Cross Proces-sions, and the spring was filled up with soil. The archival depository of Tobolsk clerical consistory remains the main source of restoring the historical canvas. Twice a year all clerical ruling councils were to report to the authority, executing supervisory function as well, about the absence, as stated in the headline of a case dated from 1774, of “any superstitions, veneration of non-recognized dead bodies as holy relics, icon false miracles, springs, wells, monks dissolutely hanging around and other mischiefs”. In order to prevent different “unorthodoxies” in ecclesiastic canon, religious authorities had to nip in the bud probable rumors by applying prohibition of eventual shrines. For example, a number of Cross Processions with popularly venerated icons were called off and eventual practices of “weeping” icons veneration were suppressed.

Zemstvo reform was carried out in the territory of Kazakhstan during the period of Revolutions and Civil War in 1917-1919. Kazakh liberal intelligentsia, which considered zemstvo as the first step towards self-administration on the national level and as a way of transfer to the territorial national autonomy, were interested in creating territorial institutions. The majority of the Kazakh population showed their interest in zemstvo. Changing governments were also interested in spreading the national self-administration system. Despite this, zemstvos were not created in a majority of Kazakh regions. It was due to a low activity of regional committees organizing zemstvo’s self-administration. The regional election commission activity was complicated by the Kazakh population’s nomadic way of life. The launched work on introducing zemstvo was interrupted by the Soviet system’s establishment, and after its overthrow, the elections of public persons (glasnyi) to zemstvo, appointed for the winter of 1918-1919, were slowed down by the difficulties of communication in winter, snowstorms and severe weather conditions. The zemstvo elections stopped due to the cold winter, loss of livestock, typhus epidemic in some regions and a difficult economic situation of the Kazakh population. In the summer the military operations began. The government of Alash-Orda, which had a great influence on the Kazakh population, played a contradictory role related to zemstvo. It was supposed that it closely cooperated with zemstvos. Zemstvos were often headed by its supporters. The councils of Alash-Orda created in districts, trying not to interfere in the competence of territorial justices, performed lots of their functions de facto. Representatives of the Kazakh population working as a part of district territorial zemstvo justices got familiar with the experience of local government. Involving the Kazakh population in zemstvo’s elections was a great achievement in their political rights development.

The article considers the organization structure, strength, specifics of recruitment and military activities of the 12th Siberian rifle division formed in March 1919 in Tomsk as a part of the strategic reserve of Admiral Kolchak armed forces. Military draft of the new recruits born in 1900-1901 was implemented to staff the newly formed divisions in the rear. Calls-up were timed by delivering uniforms and weapons from England and the United States, that were absent at the military authorities’ disposal. A successful offensive of Kolchak armed forces in March-April 1919 caused complacent confidence in speedy victory over the Bolsheviks in high command, which eased tension on the issue of reserves preparation for the current army. However, in May the situation at the front changed dramatically in favor of the Red Army. In order to regain the strategic initiative, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief became actively moving to the war theatre military units, which were in the rear. At the time of sending to the front the majority of the 12th Siberian rifle division soldiers - 18-year-old recruits - had been in formations for no more than three- four weeks. They had not had time to get a training course of a “young soldier”, had not worked out the interaction of units within a squadron, a battalion, a regiment, as well as a division. It was the disorganized community of village guys, non-adapted to the military service conditions. As a consequence, the division was unfit for military actions and disbanded. The failure of the military high command plans to form the front reserves in the rear was due to the lack of coordination in organizational arrangement of the Supreme Commander Headquarters and the Military Ministry of the Russian Government, the absence of adequate material-technical resources to form the battle worthy army.

The USSR example in the First five-year period allows us to trace the relationship between ideology, political system and restrictions on military production. In the USSR during the First five-year period the dynamics of the defense industry development was lower than in the Russian Empire on a number of points. At the beginning of the First five-year plan in terms of military production (except for tanks), the Soviet Union lagged behind Italy of the period of its participation in the First World War. So, at the end of the First five years the Soviet Union military industry returned to the tendencies of the First world war. Taking into account the fact, that the Russian war industry had been functioning under conditions of labor shortage in 1914-1917, whereas the USSR hadn’t such limitation in the early 1930s, we should conclude, that the USSR planned economy efficiency during the First five-year period was even lower than in the Russian economy of 1916, when there was a maximum mobilization of the economy in the First World War. In this regard, the development of the USSR military industry in First five-year plan should be regarded as a process of overcoming the consequences of the Civil War crisis, but not surmounting underdevelopment of Russia in general. Although we couldn’t say that Russia was on the same level with the Western powers during the First World War. Still, the backwardness of the Russian Empire was somewhat exaggerated by the Bolshevik propaganda, as well as achievements of the First five-year plan. The author relies on ideas of a work by P. Gatvell and M. Harrison, which compares the economies of the Russian Empire during the First World War and the Soviet Union during the Second World War. The author criticizes the methodological approach by P. Gatvell and M. Harrison, which does not take into account the foreign policy’s factor within different global conflicts, but at the same time, the author recognizes the high scientific importance of a conceptual idea of comparing two different systems that existed in similar historical periods in the territory of Russia.

The article studies the activity of Academician M.F. Zhukov (1917-1998), an outstanding scientist-mechanic of the XX century. He is known as a specialist in the field of gas-discharge plasma, electric arc plasmatrons and their application in space technology. Innovations by M.F. Zhukov are successfully used in metallurgy, machine building and other scientific and technical areas. Mikhail Zhukov was born in 1967 on August 24 (September 6) in a large family of the railway worker in Orel province. Thanks to diligence and the pursuit of knowledge, the provincial young man was able to enter the preparatory department (rabfak) at Moscow State University (MSU). The profession choice was determined by well-known scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, to whom the young man wrote a letter. Training at the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of MSU made it possible for Mikhail Zhukov to receive an excellent education. During the Great Patriotic War, Mikhail Zhukov worked in Zhukovsky Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI). In 1941-1942 a group of TsAGI’s employees headed by Academician Sergei Chaplygin was in evacuation in Novosibirsk. Mikhail Zhukov took part in the combat aircraft improvement. After the war, he continued research on supersonic aviation at the Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motors (CIAM). In 1950 he defended his thesis and headed the department at this institute. Since 1956, M.F. Zhukov switched to study gas-discharge plasma and the development of powerful electric arc generators of plasma (plasmatrons), which was related to the space industry intensive development. In 1958, Mikhail Zhukov was invited to work in the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences by Academician Sergei Khristianovich, who proposed to the 41-year-old candidate of sciences to organize a laboratory, and then a department of plasmodynamics at the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (ITAM). From 1970 to 1996, the department headed by M.F. Zhukov continued to work in the Institute of Thermophysics (IT), afterward transferred to ITAM again. In Novosibirsk, M.F. Zhukov realized his creative potential and became a scientist with world renown. He defended his doctoral dissertation (1962), was elected a Corresponding Member (1968), Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1992) and awarded prestigious prizes and awards. Professor M.F. Zhukov taught at Novosibirsk State University and Novosibirsk State Technical University, and brought up a pleiad of students achieving significant results in science.

The article subject is the problems of forming the theoretical-methodological base in historical demography research. Its present state hinders the vision of population demographic development as an integral autonomous process having own internal determinants, and at the same time affecting actively all social processes. The paper objective is to overcome this constraint and to propose a variant of this base for studying the population history of Russia in the XX-XXI centuries. The author shows that the multifaceted nature of the research object - the population in a historical context - requires a multi-layered theoretical-methodological approach and a multi-disciplinary methodological design consisting of macro-, meso- and micro-level representations. Each of them provides a solution to their own problems. The basis of the macro-level methodology is the theory of modernization. It interprets the essence of all processes taking place in the society and explains the features of this or that period in the history of the country where the population in question lives. The meso-level methodology is formed on the basis of theories and concepts that treat development processes of the actual population, all forms of its movement - natural, spatial, social. The task of this level is to determine the population place in the society, to explain the patterns of changes occurring in it, their directions and driving forces, the nature of interaction of population processes with other spheres of society and between each other. The micro-level methodology consists of concepts and categories of sciences that treat certain aspects of the particular population development (inhabitants of villages, cities, regions, etc.). A special level of methodology consists of approaches, principles, methods and procedures, borrowed from different sciences.

The article analyzes the demographic situation in the Ural cities after the Civil War, which was characterized by the population super death-rate exceeding the birth rate, and was defined as a demographic catastrophe. The author identifies main causes of increased mortality - infection diseases (typhoid, cholera, dysentery), which were complicated with malnutrition and hunger in the form of epidemics. The paper shows main reasons for the epidemiological situation’s sharp deterioration in the region: municipal economy’s and health care system’s destruction during the Civil War, movement of the large amount of population along the Ural transportation routes due to the famine in the early 1920s. The public health care authorities tried to control infections, but they experienced enormous difficulties, their financial resources were limited. Extraordinary bodies (Chekatif, Chekahol and others) with dictatorial powers were founded in the Ural cities. They centralized the epidemics control. Sanitary supervision was established in the cities. The main municipal authority activities to overcome the infections were medical personnel restoration, expanding hospital bed stocks to isolate infectious patients, organizing insulating-crossing points on transport, carrying out a campaign on the population vaccination, measures to clean up cities from dirt and debris, supervision of food products, spreading basic hygiene skills among the population through health education work. These measures allowed reducing the mortality in 1923 sharply and obtained the urban population natural growth. It was the evidence that the Ural cities overcame the demographic catastrophe.

The research subject is the medical-sanitary service provided to the population in process of its evacuation (caused by the war) to the West-Siberian region. The main aim of the service was to avert the risk of an epidemiological catastrophe, which was more than real for the country at that period. Social statistics confirm that the overwhelming majority of infectious diseases occurred during the population movement in the places, where people gather - on the railways, the wharves, crowded transport. Taking into account that among those, who fled from the war, many people were sick, malnourished and affected by infections, the risk of a rapid contamination of the whole rear seemed inevitable. The article objective is to identify conditions and mechanisms of main activities in this sphere, to reveal the work scope and results through the comprehensive study of the issue. The main research focus is the sanitary transport inspection and sanitary control posts activities. Intrinsically their staff acquired emergency powers and major material and technical support. The author concludes that thanks to all actions performed and the emergency powers acquired by the sanitary control posts an efficient barrier against spreading infectious diseases in the transport was built. Transportation medical-sanitary conditions and at the evacuees destination locations were becoming more and more manageable. Providing the reliable and appropriate state of the rear area, including West Siberia, was of great importance for normalizing the whole subsequent medical-demographic situation in the country.

The article shows the features of infant and child mortality in the cities of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic based on the current and medical statistics. Improvement of the children health care in cities contributed to reducing infant and child mortality. However, in the 1960s the mortality of infants, especially boys, remained high. The highest infant mortality was among the Kazakhs, its decrease was observed in Tatars, Armenians, Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, the lowest one - in Jews. Infants under 1 year of age died from respiratory and infectious diseases, toxic dyspepsia in Russian cities. The level of infant mortality from pneumonia and tuberculosis, especially from the respiratory system decreased significantly. There were high rates of infant perinatal mortality and birth trauma, premature birth, congenital malformations. The mortality causes classes were related to the health of biological fathers and, especially, mothers. However, in the 1960s in the cities of Russian Federation cities the mortality rate of infants from neonatal sepsis slightly decreased. Increasing environmental problems - soil, water, air pollution, especially in cities, contributed to spreading infant deaths from not peculiar to this age diseases of circulatory and endocrine systems, oncological ones. In 1960s the mortality rate of children under 5 years remained high in the Russian Federation. The death probability of boys under 5 years was higher than that of girls. Children under the age of 5 years were ill and died from diseases of the respiratory, digestive, circulatory systems, infectious and cancer rates. Thus, changes in death causes indicated the development of a modern type of infant and child mortality.

The article discusses medical-demographic consequences of the anti-alcohol campaign of 1985-1991 in the regions of Western Siberia. Harmful effects of the excessive alcohol use are an important issue for a large part of humanity. A huge part of irretrievable losses from injuries (road traffic accidents, murders, suicides) is related to alcohol use. In addition, a significant part of somatic and mental pathology is caused by excessive alcohol consumption. Attempts to reduce the scale of drunkenness were made with different success in many countries. In Russia, anti-alcohol measures were carried out not only in the Soviet period, but also in the Russian Empire. The author used data from Russian State Statistics Committee: the form of Central Statistical Office N 5-a and N 5-b up to 1989, since 1989 it was C-51 form for all territories of Western Siberia, and summary data for the Russian Federation. The materials of the regional (provincial and municipal) Bureaus of Forensic Medical Examination were analyzed in some territories of Siberia. The dynamics of life expectancy was studied by a component method, which was also used to analyze its elimination reserves. The measures of forced sobriety in the late Soviet period (1985-1991) had very significant medical-demographic consequences. The population mortality rate decreased and the life expectancy increased. The rate growth by ¾ was associated with reducing mortality from injuries and poisonings, and by ¼ - from the circulatory system diseases. The positive changes were manifested more in men than in women, and, as a result, the sexual dimorphism of life expectancy decreased. These effects were short-lived. The article concluded that improved population’s cultural and educational level and people’s mentality changes are necessary for sustainable reduction of the alcohol’s harmful effects on the population health. Only on this basis, the level of alcohol use and the associated excessive human losses can decrease in the future.

The article studies levels and causes of the population mortality in different historical periods of social-economic development in Komi Republic. The topic relevance is determined not only by the prolonged lag in the Russian life expectancy from European countries, but also related to regional features of northern territories: climatic conditions, life-style, industrial branch structure, population formation peculiarity and ethnic composition. The article focuses on differences in rural and urban mortality, men and women death rates. Analyzing statistical information, the authors reveal periods of mortality growth and decrease, substantiate peak values of absolute rise of deaths numbers, fluctuations of general and special coefficients. The article proves relationships of mortality with historical events, the country economic-social development. It shows that the highest loss of life associated with the Soviet state formation: industrialization, collectivization, starvation in 1932-1933, and the Great Patriotic War. The mortality rate growth during the late 1970s - early 1980s is of particular interest. Thanks to the well-known anti-alcohol campaign, it was possible to reduce the problem. The country’s transition to the market determined the next stage of increasing mortality. The mortality highest rates were recorded in 1993-1996 and 2002-2006. Authors show that male mortality is higher than female one, especially in able-bodied population, the reasons are working conditions and various self-preserving behaviors. The dynamics of the overall mortality rate of the rural population is traditionally higher than the urban one. Rural people are at the risk zone - an increased mortality rate, which along with decreasing birth rate can lead to a significant decline of the indigenous people’s number.

The article objective is to show the dynamics features of population morbidity of the Siberian Federal District and its regions for 1995-2015, carry out a comparative analysis of population morbidity in the Siberian and other Federal Districts, and in Russia as a whole. Multiregional demographic analysis of dynamic series is used as a research tool. Rosstat data are the study information base. The paper shows that despite the mortality decrease and life expectancy growth in the recent years, the situation with morbidity in the Siberian Federal District and in the country continues to be tense. The Siberian Federal District ranks first in main diseases classes in the country, and first, in those, which make a major contribution to the population mortality and disability. Moreover, the first places in these classes of diseases relate to a younger age population group than the average in Russia, and especially in the Central and North-Western Federal Districts. In future the population ageing may lead to further exacerbating of negative trends In the Siberian Federal district itself, Altaisky Krai has the negative position with the highest morbidity level, for a long time holding the first places on the incidence of circulatory and oncological diseases. A special anxiety is much higher growth of the children, and especially, adolescent morbidity in comparison with the whole population. The tendency to deterioration of morbidity indicators among children and adolescents may lead to the health weakening in all population age groups. Authors conclude that against the background of depopulation and out-migration there was a decrease in population size and its quality due to morbidity growth and ageing. All together, this affects adversely both the demographic potential and population reproduction, and the economy state and prospects.

This paper describes the study of evaporation and combustion of ethanol under a horizontal wall in a stratified shear gas layer in the case of the Rayleigh - Taylor instability. The data on the nature of flow are obtained with the use of particle image velocimetry (PIV), and temperature profiles are recorded by a thermocouple. It is shown that the formation of cells occurs in a narrow range of air velocity of 0.6±0.05 m/s and does not depend on the height of the obstacle (backward step or an edge is 0-7 mm in height). The flow between the wall and flame front is an alternation of mushroom-shaped structures moving from one wall to another. In the cellular flame, the flow of substance (with respect to the air flow) exceeds its level in a standard laminar boundary layer three times. The averaged transverse velocity is directed away from the wall in the boundary layer with combustion without cells, and it is reduced and directed toward the wall in the cellular flame between the wall and flame front.

Quantum-chemical calculations by the CCSD(T)-F12/vtz-f12В method are used to find the geometric structure and determining the frequency of oscillations and the energy of reactants, products, transitional states, and reactions of decomposition of C₅H₄O. The calculated energy barriers for two most probable paths of the C₅H₄O pyrolysis reaction, which are equal to 96.3 and 96.5 kcal/mole, confirm that pyrolysis proceeds at a high temperature, and the most probable decomposition products are vinylacetylene and carbon monoxide. The formation of such products as cyclobutadiene, acetylene, and propadienal can be explained by realization of the energetically beneficial path.

Estimates are obtained the maximum efficiency of a system consisting of a burner with heat recovery connected to an ideal heat engine operating according to the Carnot cycle. The burner serves as a heater of the ideal machine, and the cold side is at the ambient temperature. The combustion products heat the hot wall of the ideal machine and then transfer the heat of the combustible mixture supplied to the combustion chamber. Recovery of the heat of the combustible mixture through a heat-conducting wall of a countercurrent heat exchanger, in which the combustion products and the combustible mixture move toward each other in the channels separated by a heat-conducting partition. An estimate is obtained for the total efficiency of the system, which is determined as the ratio of the useful power of the ideal machine to the chemical energy flux reaching the burner device. It is shown that the total performance of the system can approach the Carnot-cycle efficiency with the maximum possible temperature of the hot side of the ideal machine.

The effect of mechanically activated grinding of coal on their flammability has been studied. Coal treated in a ball pulverizer and mechanically activated coal cured for some time were compared in experiments. The experiments showed a decrease in the chemical activity of mechanically activated coal.

The effect of the thermocapillary flow of the melting of an inert component of a gasless mixture on the spin combustion regimes of a cylindrical sample has been studied numerically. The change in the structure of the wave of spin combustion due to a change in the radius of the sample has been discussed, and new spin combustion modes has been found. Increasing the melt flow velocity leas to stabilization of the combustion - transition from spin modes to the stationary propagation of the combustion wave.

This paper describes the study of the effect of physical and chemical properties of powder titanium and ratio of the original components on the burning parameters of its mixtures with copper oxide. It is shown that the linear burning rate of such mixtures is significantly dependent on the brand of used titanium. Under normal conditions, the mixtures can stably burn with the content of copper oxide of not smaller than 13%. With an increase in the content of copper oxide to a stoichiometric ratio, there is a change of burning regimes: multifocal, multifocal with detachment of solid residue, combination of convective and multifocal, multifocal with melt formation, fiery torch, and fireball. It is determined that, in this system, there may be convective burning under atmospheric pressure in the absence of outer reinforcement.

This paper presents the results of mathematical modeling of the combustion of flow of a polyfractional micture of an aluminum powder in air taking into account the nonequilibrium nature of the process. The calculations were performed for values of the air-to-fuel ratio &alpha; = 0.1 - 0.5. Time dependences of thermodynamic parameters, the completeness of combustion of the metal particles, relative fractions of the residence time of the stream were obtained. The adequacy of the nonequilibrium model for describing thermodynamic processes is justified by comparing with the equilibrium model for time tending to ¥. The necessity of taking into account the formation of A₂O suboxide present in the range of the air-to-fuel ratio was analyzed and proved. The need to include nitriding reactions in the mathematical modeling for 0.1 ≤ &alpha; < 0.4 shown by comparing the results of calculations based on equilibrium and nonequilibrium thermodynamics.

Powder mixtures of low-density polyethylene and aluminum with the 20-80% weight ratio of the species are subjected to plastic straining at pressures of 1 and 4 GPa in a high-pressure devices of the Bridgman anvil type. Mass changes in the strained mixtures in the temperature range from 30 to 800^oC are studied by the method of thermal gravimetry. A decrease in mass associated with polymer decomposition occurs in the temperature range from 30 to 450^oC, which is always smaller than the polymer content in the mixtures. A possible reason is the formation of heat-resistant products due to aluminum interaction with polymer decomposition products. In the temperature range from 450 to 800^oC, the mass of the specimens increases, which is caused by aluminum oxidation and nitride hardening. The mass change depends on the strain magnitude and strain pressure. To separate the oxidation and nitride hardening processes, the thermogravimetric measurements are performed in air, in nitrogen, and in argon. The thermal effects of aluminum interaction both with the polymer decomposition products and with oxygen and nitrogen are analyzed by the method of differential scanning calorimetry.

The sequence of phase formation during ASD-4 aluminum powder modified by vanadium pentoxide during heating in air in the temperature range 873-1073 K was studied by synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction. It was shown that the sharp acceleration of the oxidation of the modified powder was associated with the loss of the protective properties of the oxide shell on the particle surface due to the polyvalence of vanadium, which provides structural and phase changes on the surface and in the depth of oxidized metal.

Detailed results of an X-ray diffraction analysis of equimolar mixtures of nickel and aluminum with different particle sizes before and after shock loading in flat recovery ampoules are reported.

Propagation of a detonation wave in monodisperse suspensions of reacting particles (based on the model of the suspension of aluminum particles in oxygen) in channels with a linearly expanding section is studied within the framework of mechanics of heterogeneous reacting media. Reduced kinetics is described with allowance for the transitional (from diffusion to kinetic) regime of combustion of micron-sized and submicron-sized spherical aluminum particles. The effects of the channel width, particle diameter, and wall angle on propagation conditions and detonation regimes are determined. The critical channel width is found to be a nonmonotonic function of the expansion angle, which is associated with qualitatively different wave patterns behind an oblique step. Flow charts are constructed, and the results are compared with solutions of problems of heterogeneous detonation wave propagation in channels with a step and with sudden expansion.

This paper describes the calculation of the relationship of the critical ambient temperature at which lead -azide is ignited and the relationship of the critical temperature of self-heating with the thickness of plane crystals with the use of the Semenov criteria and numerical solution of the differential equation of heat balance. The heat balance equation is analyzed for sustainability. Analytical expressions for the determination of critical ambient temperatures and self-heating temperatures. The calculations are carried out with the parameters of the heterogeneous reaction of thermal decomposition of lead azide in the mode of decreasing volume. The calculations results are in good agreement with the known experimental data. It is shown that the larger the activation energy of the exothermic reaction, the stronger the relationship of the critical temperature of ignition of lead -azide with the thickness of plane crystals.

The standard enthalpies of combustion and formation of 7 H -tris([1,2,5]oxadiazol)[3,4-b:3',4'-d:3',4'-f]azepin, its bimolecular crystal with the &gamma;-polymorph (CL-20), and &gamma;-polymorphs of CL-20 are experimentally determined. The standard enthalpies of formation of the bimolecular crystal and the equimolecular mechanical mixture of &gamma;-CL-20 with azepin are found to differ by less than 12.8 kJ/mol. This small difference is validated by quantum-chemical calculations. It is experimentally observed that the presence of azepin in the bimolecular crystal inhibits thermal decomposition of &gamma;-CL-20 and increases the thermal stability of &gamma;-CL-20 in the bimolecular crystal as compared to &gamma;-CL-20 in the initial state.

In this paper, we propose a model for the heating and decomposition of a two-component mixture of energetic materials by a short laser pulse which takes into account melting and formation of a two-phase zone and the decomposition reaction of the individual components of the mixture. A binary solution of furazanotetrazine-dioxide (C₂N₆O₃) and dinitrazapentane (C₃H₈N₄O₄) was studied. The pressure change in the reaction zone was calculated, and the effect of pressure on the rate of decomposition reactions was examined. Numerical investigations were performed to study the dynamics of the process and determine the main stages of the process: melting, the propagation of reaction zones in the mixture, the rapid development of an explosion or the termination of reactions, depending on the amount of stored energy. The influence of the optical properties of the mixture on the dynamics of initiation process was demonstrated.

A gas explosion accident is often followed by a serious fire. In order to effectively prevent fire induced by a gas explosion accident, it is necessary to have some knowledge of the related explosion processes. The subject of the present study is to examine deflagration behaviors beyond the original cloud of the ethyne-air mixture and the fireball size in an ethyne-air explosion by means of numerical simulations. The explosion overpressure, flow velocity, and reaction rate distribution in an ethyne-air explosion are obtained. The peak explosion overpressure is found to reach its maximum beyond the original cloud for ethyne-air mixtures with ethyne concentrations greater than 13% (by volume). The explosion pressures beyond the original cloud may be higher than those within the cloud for these ethyne-air mixtures. The ratio of the combustion range to that of the original cloud is 1.4-2.7 in the radial direction on the ground and 1.5-4 along the axis of symmetry perpendicular to the ground.

Magnetic-pulsed welding differs from explosive welding only by sources of energy for plate acceleration: magnetic field energy is used instead explosion energy. Magnetic field interaction with the plate has some specific features associated with the value of energy stored in the battery, the rate of heating to the melting point, and the possibility of plate buckling, which impose constraints on using magnetic-pulsed welding. These constraints are associated with geometric parameters of the welded plates and the gaps between them; the critical values of these parameters are obtained in the present study. A capacitor battery is used in the experiments for plate acceleration. A new pioneering scheme of magnetic-pulsed welding of more than two plates is developed.

The compression of ceramic (corundum) tubes by the detonation products of explosives were studied experimentally and numerically. The formation of a shaped-charge flow of ceramic particles and its effect on steel witnesses targets was investigated. The tubes were produced by detonation spraying. Ceramic particles were deposited on substrates - copper tubes, which were then dissolved in a solution of iron chloride. The experiments showed a significant penetrating effect of the flow of ceramic particles. Metallographic analysis showed that during the interaction of the flow with the target, the target material was partially evaporated. Numerical analysis of the process demonstrates features of the formation of the discrete shaped-charge jet: the maximum velocity of the leading part of which was about 23 km/s, and the velocity of the main part of the jet was about 14 km/s.

Application of geotechnology used in high-value quarts mining in Kyshtym Mine is studied. The room-and-pillar method is trialed, and the actual mining performance is evaluated. The potential benefits of the geotechnology are evaluated. The air-decoupled charges without inert filler are designed and tested for fan pattern blasting. Size distribution of broken ore is estimated, and optimal parameters of blasting and powder factor are determined. The feasibility of quartz loss reduction to 3 times owing to extraction of useful mineral from pillars and due to decreased yield of overground quartz by 25-40% is proved.

The method of dynamic loading of sucker-rod pumps to act upon the producing well bottom zone is described. The effect is exerted through the underpump sucker-rod joint set on the well bottom. Under the weight of the flow string, the underpump sucker-rod joint loses pitch stability and is pressed to the inner surface of casing pipes. The operating sucker-rod pump induces axial vibration in the string, which generates lateral stresses transmitted to the adjacent rock mass along the spiral contact line between the underpump sucker-rod joint and the casing pipes. This dynamic impact on inactive or slightly active interlayers invokes fluid flow in them and results in enhanced production of wells. The field test data are presented to illustrate the described effect in wells in different geological conditions.

The main objective of mine ventilation network optimization studies is to develop a reasonable method for ventilation system control that minimizes the total cost of mine ventilation. The fundamental principles for ventilation network optimization are discussed, and a multi-objective optimization model is established from the viewpoint of total cost. Furthermore, an optimization algorithm based on the airflow asymptotic calculation is presented by the hierarchical analysis of objective functions and analysis of the structure characteristics of a ventilation network. In the proposed approach, the regulated branches are determined by the directed path matrix; the optimal solution is obtained by airflow asymptotic calculation using the existing software for ventilation network analysis, and it does not need to solve the large-scale nonlinear programming problem. The results of example analysis validated the reliability of this approach.

Coal mine ventilation is an extremely complicated system that can be disturbed by several factors. This report addresses the fact that the stabilization of airflow in the airways can be induced by gas ventilation pressure. The formation and characteristics of gas ventilation pressure are further elaborated and combined with the airflow stagnation accident that occurred in the Tangshan coal mine in China. Field tests, numerical simulations and experimental studies were conducted to verify the role of gas ventilation pressure on the stability of airway airflow. The results indicate that gas ventilation pressure is generated in inclined airways with gas accumulation, which can be regarded as an increment of natural ventilation pressure. Gas ventilation pressure can induce airflow stagnation or airflow reversals, especially in airways with relatively low airflow velocity. To maintain the stability of the airflow, mine ventilation structures must be strictly managed to ensure a higher airflow rate and velocity in those airways with gas emissions and avoid arranging airways with large dips.

Using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and laser and electron microscopy, adsorption of cyanuric triamide agent (CTA) at the surface of silver-rich galena PbS-Ag and pyrite FeS2-Ag is recorded. The X-ray spectrum of the new reagent phase on silver particles contains O, C and N bands typical of CTA. New experimental data on kinetics of selective flocculation of ultrafine particles of silver-bearing sulphide minerals under treatment by CTA and thermally degraded polymers (TDP) are obtained. It is found that CTA and TDP introduced jointly in sulphide slime pulp accelerate settling of slime fractions, which promotes mineral aggregation and improves flotation performance. The prospects of using CTA and TDP as modifiers in flocculation of slime fractions of silver-bearing minerals are demonstrated.

The material composition and process properties of hematite-braunite iron-manganese ore from South Khingan deposit of Russia’s Far East are studied. The source of manganese in the ore is mostly braunite. The mineralogy and petrography of the ore and its processing products are characterized. Noble minerals are found in the ore; the composition of gold contains platinum and silver admixtures. Producibility of manganese concentrates with the Mn content of 37.85-46.46% using the circuit of multi-stage combination of magnetic separation in weak and strong field and, then, concentration by gravity is experimentally proved.

The process of leaching oxidized nickel ore in sulphuric acid with the additives of sodium sulfite and fluoride is investigated. Tochilnogorsky deposit ore (Sverdlovsk Region) is used to prove theoretically and experimentally efficient application of fluoride in dissociation of nickel minerals (nontronite and garnierite) in oxidized nickel ore. It is shown that at NaF consumption of 10 kg/t, it is possible to enhance maximum extraction of nickel to solution from 82.3-86.9 to 96.0-98.7% at the residual sulphuric acid concentration of 10-20 g/l in the working bath. It is found that the sodium fluoride additives lower the process activation energy from 22.8 to 12.9 kJ/mole. This means that the reaction of sulphuric-acid leaching proceeds in diffusion-kinetic mode and that sodium fluoride is applicable as the leaching accelerator.

The current technologies available in the world market for the chemical processing of caustobioliths of carbonic series are overviewed. The prospects for the expansion of the coal supply base in the Far East of Russia are discussed, and the main lines of advancement in the coal preparation industry are specified. It is possible to arrange coal chemistry clusters in the Amur Region (thermal conversion of coal, production of Montana wax and oxidized humite), in the Khabarovsk Territory (in-situ gasification) and in the Primorye (motor fuel and liquid fuel production).

The constructed economic-and-geological model of a commercial alunite deposit in the Amur Region (in terms of Burinda mineralization) includes two scenarios based on the criteria of alumina requirements in and development profitability. The production infrastructure involves open pit mining and processing based on reduction and alkaline treatment in a unified circuit with synnyrite. The calculations show that construction of a mining and processing plant at the deposit is profitable in both scenarios.

The economic and ecological recommendations on integrated and efficient management are made for Dashkesan Mine in the north-east of the Small Caucasus and for sulphide-complex ore deposits on the South Slope of the Big Caucasus with a view to applying modern methods and resource-saving technologies in extraction of basic metals and alloy elements, management of mining waste, dust and gases, reducing production cost and environmental protection.

As a component of multi-functional safety control, the man-machine mine shaft alarm system ensures safe conveyance of personnel and cargo in mines. The designed interfaces, circuits and architectures, hot backup and the objective-coordinated communication protocols guarantee strict orderliness, reliability and safety of control.