A. G. Poleshchuk1, V. P. Korolkov1, V. P. Veiko1,2, R. A. Zakoldaev2, M. M. Sergeev2 1Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, pr. Akademika Koptyuga, 1 2Institute of Information Technologies, Mechanics, and Optics, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Kronverkskii pr., 49
Keywords: микрооптика, прямая лазерная запись, полутоновая фотолитография, фоторастровый метод, микроплазма, micro-optics, direct laser writing, halftone photolithography, scanning method, microplasma
Recent research in the field of formation of 3D microrelief of optical elements with the use of direct laser beam writing at various wavelengths and photolithographic technologies on the basis of photomasks fabricated by means of laser writing is reviewed. Typical characteristics of the relief, as well as advantages and drawbacks of the above-mentioned methods are considered.
A. N. Gentselev1, F. N. Dul'tsev2,3, V. I. Kondrat'ev1, A. G. Lemzyakov1 1Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, pr. Akademika Lavrent'eva, 11 2Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, pr. Akademika Lavrent'eva, 13 3Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, ul. Pirogova, 2
Keywords: глубокая контактная фотолитография, установка контактной фотолитографии, резист SU-8, LIGA-шаблон, микрорельеф штампа или литьевой формы, deep contact photolithography, contact photolithography setup, SU-8 resist, LIGA template, stamp or cast mould microrelief
A method of fabrication of thick (~100 μm and more) resistive masks is described. These masks can be used for solving various engineering problems, e.g., for fabricating x-ray-absorbing topological pictures for LIGA templates, stamp microrelief, cast moulds, etc. Specific features of the contact photolithography method, which is used to design and fabricate a research setup, are described. A source of exposure radiation in this setup is a light-emitting diode. A possibility of obtaining individual elements of the resistive mask (in particular, with lateral sizes ~5 μm, height ~70 μm, and aspect ratio ~14) and also the titanium stamp microrelief (with height up to ~40 μm) generated by means of reactive ion-beam etching through the resistive mask, is experimentally demonstrated.
E. F. Pen1,2 1Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, pr. Akademika Koptyuga, 1 2Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073, Novosibirsk, pr. K. Marksa, 20
Keywords: объёмные голограммы, брэгговская дифракция, отражательные решётки, фотополимеры, volume holograms, Bragg diffraction, reflection gratings, photopolymers
D. A. Belousov, A. G. Poleshchuk, V. N. Khomutov
Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, pr. Akademika Koptyuga, 1
Keywords: дифракционная оптика, синтезированные голограммы, компьютерная оптика, обработка изображений, измерительные системы, diffraction optics, synthesized holograms, computer optics, image processing, measurement systems
Results of the development and testing of a device for recording and analyzing the diffraction pattern of synthesized holograms are reported. It is demonstrated that this device allows recording of the diffraction pattern of radiation reflected from the surface microrelief of the considered element or transmitted through it in the angular range of diffraction of the order of ±90º and 360º in terms of the azimuthal angle. A possibility of determining the periods, duty ratio, and angular orientation of diffraction structures and also the diffraction efficiency of all diffraction orders of the examined element is described. The device is designed for real-time monitoring of the microrelief depth and shape of synthesized holograms in the course of their fabrication.
V. M. Artyushenko1, V. I. Volovach2 1Technological University, 141070, Korolev, Moscovskaya oblast, ul. Gagarina, 42 2Volga State University of Service, 445017, Tolyatti, ul. Gagarina, 4
Keywords: блок нелинейного преобразования, эффективность нелинейной обработки, амплитудная и фазовая характеристики дискриминатора, отношение сигнал/помеха, nonlinear transformation block, nonlinear processing efficiency, amplitude and phase characteristics of the discriminator, signal/noise ratio
Subsection: ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF SIGNALS AND IMAGES
This paper describes the synthesis of algorithms for estimating signal information parameters with noninertial nonlinear transformation of the input mixture of the signal and broadband non-Gaussian noise. There is also the analysis of algorithms optimal in the domain of small detuning and quasioptimal algorithms, which are capable of operating in arbitrary detunings between measured parameters and their estimates in the case of random signal/noise ratio at the gauge input. Basic estimated relations that help one determine the form of optimal amplitude characteristics of the nonlinear transformation unit, the quality of suppression of additive noise in a given unit with optimal and arbitrary amplitude characteristic, the steepness of the discriminatory characteristic, and the value of the phase characteristic in the domain of small detunings. It is shown that, by specifying the type of action and the transfer function of a smoothing chain, it is possible to determine the steady-state dynamic and fluctuation errors in closed servo-system.
V. A. Surin1, A. N. Tyrsin1,2 1South Ural State University, 454080, Chelyabinsk, prosp. Lenina, 76 2Scientific and Engineering Center "Reliability and Resource of Large Systems and Machines" UB RAS, 620049, Ekaterinburg, ul. Studencheskaya, 54a
Keywords: контрастное изображение, цифровая фильтрация, модель, апертура, обобщённый метод наименьших модулей, contrast image, digital filtering, model, aperture, generalized method of least modules
Subsection: ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF SIGNALS AND IMAGES
This paper describes a model of digital filtering of noisy contrasting images with minimum blur of brightness at the edge of the drop, which is based on smoothing out digital images with the help of generalized method of least modules. The model presupposes variation of two parameters of the loss function as a function on the degree of contrast and noise level. The results are based on extensive computational experiments performed by the method of Monte Carlo statistical tests.
I. V. Donets1,2, Ya. A. Reizenkind1,2, V. N. Shevchenko3
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"HTML";s:4:"TEXT";s:306:"1Southern Federal University, 344010, Rostov-on-Don, prosp. Sokolova, 96 2AO "All-Russian Research Institute "Gradient"", 344006, Rostov-on-Don, ul. Bol’shaya Sadovaya, 105/42 3AO "All-Russian Research Institute "Gradient"", 344010, Rostov-on-Don, prosp. Sokolova, 96";}
Keywords: скрытная радиолокация, совмещённое обнаружение и локализация эхо-сигналов, радиоизображение, stealth radar, combined detection and localization of echoes, radio image
Subsection: ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF SIGNALS AND IMAGES
This paper describes the results of experimental approbation of a computationally efficient procedure for constructing multidimensional (in the "angular direction - delay - Doppler frequency shift" coordinates) radio images of target echo signals by a variational method in radar complexes with extraneous illumination.
I. A. Derebezov, A. V. Gaisler, V. A. Gaisler, D. V. Dmitriev, A. I. Toropov, A. C. Kozhukhov, D. V. Shcheglov, A. V. Latyshev, A. L. Aseev
Rzhanov Sobolev Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, prosp. Akademika Lavrent'eva 13, Novosibirsk, 630090
Keywords: полупроводниковые квантовые точки, экситон, биэкситон, тонкая структура экситонных состояний, субпуассоновская статистика, излучатели одиночных фотонов, излучатели фотонных пар, запутанных по поляризации, semiconductor quantum dots, exciton, biexciton, thin structure of exciton states, sub-Poisson statistics, single photon emitters, polarization-entangled photon pair emitters
Subsection: PHYSICAL AND TECHNICAL PRINCIPLES OF MICRO- AND OPTOELECTRONICS
A system of quantum dots based on Al x In1- x As/Al y Ga1- y As solid solutions is investigated. Application of Al x In1- x As wide-gap solid solutions as the basis of quantum dots substantially expands the spectral range of the radiation to the short-wavelength region, including the wavelength region near ~770 nm, which is of interest for the development of aerospace systems of quantum cryptography. The optical characteristics of Al x In1- x As single quantum dots grown by the Stranski-Krastanov mechanism were studied by cryogenic microphotoluminescence. The statistics of radiation of the exciton states of single quantum dots was studied using a Hanbury Brown-Twiss interferometer. The function of paired photon correlations clearly shows the sub-Poissonian character of the radiation statistics, which directly confirms the possibility of developing single-photon emitters based on Al x In1- x As quantum dots. The fine structure of the exciton states of quantum dots was investigated in the wavelength region near ~770 nm. The magnitude of splitting of exciton states is found to be comparable with the natural width of exciton lines, which is of great interest for the development of emitters of pairs of entangled photons based on Al x In1- x As quantum dots.
A. G. Paulish1, P. S. Zagubisalo1, V. N. Barakov2, M. A. Pavlov2 1Design and Technology Institute of Applied Microelectronics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, prosp. Akademika Lavrent'eva 2/1, Novosibirsk, 630090 2PODII company, ul. Myasnitskaya 47, Moscow, 107084
Keywords: измерение деформации, датчики деформации, пьезооптический преобразователь, метод фотоупругости, оптические методы исследования напряжённых состояний, strain measurement, strain gauges, piezooptic transducer, photoelasticity method, optical methods for studying stress states
Subsection: PHYSICAL AND TECHNICAL PRINCIPLES OF MICRO- AND OPTOELECTRONICS
The characteristics of a piezo-optical converter of a new design, which has small dimensions and high sensitivity to deformation. The original form of the photoelastic element makes it possible, at a given external force, to considerably increase the voltage in its working area, thereby increasing the sensitivity of the converter. The main characteristics of the converter were measured using a specially designed device. The developed mathematical model of the converter made it possible to calculate the strain at a given applied force. As a result, the sensitivity to the relative deformation was Δx/x = 3 x 10-10, the dynamic range is more than four orders higher and the strain sensitivity coefficient is three orders of magnitude higher compared to strain-gauge sensors.
D. S. Abramkin1,2, M. O. Petrushkov1, E. A. Emel'yanov1, M. A. Putyato1, B. R. Semyagin1, A. V. Vasev1, M. Yu. Esin1, I. D. Loshkarev1, A. K. Gutakovskii1,2, V. V. Preobrazhenskii1, T. S. Shamirzayev1,2,3 1Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, prosp. Akademika Lavrent'eva 13, 630090, Novosibirsk 2Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova. 2. 630090, Novosibirsk 3Ural Federal University, ul. Mira 19, Ekaterinburg, 620002
Keywords: эпитаксия, низкотемпературный GaAs, дислокационный фильтр, epitaxy, low-temperature GaAs, dislocation filter
Subsection: PHYSICAL AND TECHNICAL PRINCIPLES OF MICRO- AND OPTOELECTRONICS
The influence of dislocation filters developed on the basis of low-temperature layers (LT) of GaAs and post-growth annealing on the perfection of GaAs/Si heterostructures is discussed. It is shown that LT-GaAs layers reduce the density of germinating dislocations and reduce the surface roughness. Post-hrowth annealing at a temperature of 650 ºC reduces the concentration of centers of nonradiative recombination in GaAs/Si layers to a level close to the level in GaAs layers grown on a matched substrate.
N. A. Pakhanov1, V. M. Andreev2, M. Z. Shvarts2, O. P. Pchelyakov1 1Rzhanov Semiconductor Physics Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, prosp. Akademika Lavrent'eva 13, Novosibirsk, 630090 2Ioffe Physco-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Politekhnicheskaya 26, St. Petersburg, 194021
Keywords: архитектуры и технологии солнечных элементов III-V, солнечные элементы III-V/Si, солнечные элементы III-V/Si-Ge-Sn, многопереходные солнечные элементы, субэлементы, метаморфные слои, architectures and technologies of III-V solar cells, III-V/Si solar cells, III-V/Si-Ge-Sn solar cells, multi-junction solar cells, subcells, metamorphic layers
Subsection: PHYSICAL AND TECHNICAL PRINCIPLES OF MICRO- AND OPTOELECTRONICS
Multi-junctions solar cells (SCs) based on III-V compounds are the most effective converters of solar energy to electricity and are widely used in space solar batteries and ground photovoltaic modules with radiation concentrators. All modern high-performance III-V solar cells are based on the long-developed three-junction III-V heterostructure of GaInP/GaInAs/Ge and have practically limiting efficiency for this architecture 30 and 41.6 % for space and ground-based concentrated radiation, respectively. Currently, an increase in efficiency is achieved by changing over from 3-junction to more efficient 4-, 5-, and even 6-junction III-V architectures: growth technologies and methods of post-growth processing of structures have been developed, new materials with optimal forbidden zones) have been designed, and crystallographic parameters have been improved. The proposed review considers recent achievements and prospects for the main research areas and improvement of the architectures, technologies, and materials used in laboratories to develop solar cells with the best conversion efficiency: 35.8 % for space, 38.8 % for terrestrial, and 46.1 % for concentrated solar radiation. The physical properties of III-V compounds have been well studied and technologies for their production have been developed. The maximum efficiency of photoelectric conversion of SCs based on III-V heterostructures for extra-atmospheric solar radiation reaches 35.8 % [1], which determines their practical non-alternative use in space. In terrestrial conditions, the record efficiency of solar cells are 38.8 % for nonconcentrated (AM1.5G) and 46.0 % for concentrated (AM1.5D) radiations [1]. It is supposed that by 2020, the efficiency will approach 40 % for direct space radiation and 50 % for concentrated terrestrial solar radiation. This review reviews the architecture and technologies of solar cells with record-high efficiency for terrestrial and space applications. It should be noted that in terrestrial power plants, the use of III-V SCs is economically advantageous in systems with solar radiation concentrators.
Yu. V. Yudin1,2, D. N. Grigor'ev1,2,3, L. B. Epshtein1,2,3 1Budker Nuclear Physics Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, prosp. Academika Lavrent'eva, 11 2Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, ul. Pirogova, 2 3Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073, Novosibirsk, prosp. Karkla Marksa, 20
Keywords: усилители сигналов, лавинные фотодиоды, signal amplifiers, avalanche photodiodes
This paper proposes a method for amplification and formation of an analog signal, optimized for reaching the larger signal/noise ratio in the operation with a large-capacity signal source and allowing for recognizing the signals that arrive with a small time interval. An amplifying channel is developed that implements the proposed method. This channel is designed to amplify avalanche photodiode signals in detectors based of fast scintillators. The structure of the amplifying channel, the principle of recovering the form of the input signal, and the basic circuitry solutions used in the developed amplifier are described.
A. V. Anisenkov1,2 1Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, prosp. Akademika Lavrent'eva 11, Novosibirsk, 630090 2Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090
Keywords: распределённые вычисления, информационные системы, сервисы грид, интеграция вычислительных ресурсов, distributed computing, information systems, grid services, integration of computing resources
In a modern experiment in the field of high-energy physics, special attention is paid to the global integration of information and computing resources into a single system for efficient storage and processing of experimental data. The ATLAS experiment conducted at the Large Hadron Collider European Organization for Nuclear Research annually produces tens of petabytes of data from the recording electronics, as well about one petabyte of data from the simulation system. For processing and storage of such super-large volumes of data, the computer model of the ATLAS experiment is based on the technology geographically distributed parallel computing, which includes the global grid infrastructure of the WLCG project (Worldwide LHC Computing Grid) and is able to meet the requirements of the experiment on processing huge data sets and provide a high degree of their accessibility (hundreds of petabytes). The paper considers the AGIS (ATLAS Grid Information System) central information system used by the ATLAS collaboration to describe the topology and resources of the computer infrastructure of the experiment, configure and connect the high-level software systems of computer centers, describe and store all possible parameters, control, configuration, and other supporting information required for the effective operation of the services of the global distributed processing system. The role of the AGIS system in the development of the concept of a general description of the resources of computing centers of grid nodes, supercomputer centers, and cloud computing resources in a single information model for the ATLAS experiment. This approach allowed the collaboration to expand the computing capabilities of the WLCG project and integrate supercomputers and cloud computing platforms into the software components of the production and distributed analysis workload management system (PanDA, ATLAS).
Yu. V. Gritskov, D. V. Lvov
Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: архетип самости, архетип корпоративности, архетип иерархии, функции образования, archetype of the self, archetype of corpora- tivity, archetype of hierarchy, functions of education
The authors attempt to interpret the educational imperative from the standpoint of the theory of archetypesis. The contradiction between demanding equality in education and the requirement of a hierarchical differentiation of educational paths is considered in the view of archetypal programs of corporativity and hierarchy.
I. A. Pfanenshtil, M. P. Yatsenko
Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: информационные технологии, отечественное образование, мировоззрение, духовные ценности, профессиональная деятельность, национальная безопасность, information technology, national education, worldview, values, professional activity, national security
This article explores the informational factors that influence education. The authors focus on the managerial aspects of education and analyze the factors based on modern information technologies, which play an essential role in the process of understanding the different concepts of national education development. The authors highlight not only the positive effects of information technologies in educational process, but show that information technologies influence the formation of new education management framework. Professionalism of graduates depends on this fact as well as their ideological installation. The authors conclude that information technologies optimize the management mechanisms in the educational system and create conditions for education globalization on new higher level.
In 2017, Siberian Federal University established Honors College. The university participated in the program of competitiveness increasing 5-100. The universities of the world experience academic revolution and changes of academic procedures. Introduction of educational programs SibFU Honors College is one of the ways to implement this trend. Honors colleges do not only contribute to the prestige of the university, but contribute to increasing competitiveness in attracting the best students, the best instructors and strategic partners. The practice of Honors College is one of the effective ways to develop the talents necessary for the prosperity of the global knowledge economy.
K. K. Begalinova1, M. S. Achilova2 1Kazakh national university named after al-Pharaby, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan 2Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations and World Languages, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
Keywords: рыночные отношения, профессиональное образование, политехническое знание, компетентность, конкурентоспособность, социализация, квалификация, market relations, professional education, polytechnical knowledge, competence, competitiveness, socialization, qualification
The article raises issues of modern professional education in the Republic of Kazakhstan through the prism of competitiveness. It is emphasized that in the conditions of market relations, tough competition, professional education must meet the requirements of the time. Professional orientation is a guaranteed work tomorrow. The authors emphasize that a transition from a cost system to a contractual method is necessary, which will increase the level of motivation of students in choosing a profession and training, raise the ratings of universities, since the competitiveness of graduates depends on which higher education institution they graduate from. Attention is also drawn to the problems of consumerization of education, differentiation and integration of scientific knowledge, exteriorization, etc. The current content of the concept of “professional education” is opened, filling it with a new meaning caused by the development of new technologies and the widespread use of computer information technology. Today, vocational education is the most targeted way of socializing a person, since it involves not only obtaining general, secondary, higher education (bachelor’s, master’s), but also mastering the knowledge and skills of a particular profession.
T. A. Artashkina, Huimin Jia
Far-Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
Keywords: культура, Китай, культурные доминанты, конфуцианство, лунный календарь, адаптация культурных элементов, трансформация культуры, сохранение культурных ценностей, culture, China, cultural dominants, Confucianism, lunar calendar, adaptation of cultural elements, cultural transformation, keeping cultural values
The research aims at highlighting the specific traditions and culture in daily life of the Chinese society. The research was carried out by means of sociocultural and comparative approaches. The authors admit that for conducting global research on specific traditions and culture in daily life of the Chinese society it is necessary to have approval of the Chinese Government. Due to this fact, the authors used questionnaire and observation methods for collecting empirical data. Questionnaire method was used as structural interview in January 2016 before the Chinese New Year. The interview aimed at revealing the attitude of Chinese people to their traditions and culture and highlighting most typical elements of traditional culture in their daily life. Confucianism and lunar calendar are revealed as cultural dominants in modern culture of China. Confucianism as a spiritual tradition is supported by the Chinese Government. Confucianism contributes to ideology and spiritual values of modern China. Lunar calendar enhances the rhythm of the Chinese daily life. The respondents outlined lunar calendar and its derivatives (agricultural calendar and 12 zodiac signs) as the first one in ranging the elements of Chinese traditions and culture. Chinese culture is full of western assimilations, which are adapted to Chinese culture in order to fix there. In some cases, this process does not change the cultural sense of assimilating cultural element and rendered as an element of foreign culture. In other cases, adaptation is long and it changes the cultural sense of substitution. This results in the fact that this element becomes the element of Chinese culture. Traditions and culture remain the value core of national culture. Modern Chinese culture includes traditional culture, its transformation and western assimilations adopted in China. The authors speak about stratification of Chinese society on subcultures appeared on the basis of attitude to the values of traditions and culture. Modern Chinese culture is a new form of national culture that differs from traditional culture and assimilated one. The authors make a case that further investigation of modern Chinese culture is impossible without these peculiarities.
R. V. Gurina
Ulyanovsk state university, Ulyanovsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: содержание образования, реформы, инновации, результаты, educational content, reforms, innovations, results
Education reform should be designed taking into account the achievements of pedagogical science, methodology of science and current educational practice by scientists-specialists of higher qualification through their participation. However, educational innovations are introduced without deep prognostic analysis on the effectiveness of students learning all the components of the content of education: cognitive, practical, creative, the experience of personal relationships and the final result of its development: the development of thinking, the formation of a modern scientific picture of the world, worldview, motives and values. The result of such reforms was a deterioration in the educational result of graduates of schools and university entrants. The reasons for this are the ignoring by innovators and reformers of the formation of the provisions of pedagogical science, the conclusions of the methodology of science, the opinions of the figures of the scientific pedagogical community, and the style of management of education that follows for many years corresponds to the odious scheme: the cart in front of the horse. The negative results of introduced innovations of the merging of school disciplines and the introduction of a new subject «The Basics of Religious Cultures and Secular Ethics» concerning the religious culture itself are projected.
T. A. Fedotova
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"TEXT";s:4:"TEXT";s:64:"Dniеpеr national University a name of O. Gonchar, Dnepr, Ukraine";}
Keywords: вуз, образование, бизнес, интеграция, трудоустройство, стажировка, государственно-частное партнерство, university, education, business, integration, employment, internship, state and private partnership
The author analyzes the main aspects of rapprochement of academic studies and professional activities. The paper defines the main forms of cooperation used in order to improve the level of professional training of graduates, reduce the time for production adaptation, and to introduce them into educational institutions. The article accumulates the experience of foreign countries that have effective forms of practical interaction of the university with enterprises for solving the problems of integration between education and business. The author considers state-private partnership as one of the effective directions in the system of business education and analyzes its components and the main approaches to the organization.
S. G. Gorin
Internashinal Institute Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: синергетика, постне- классическая методология, дисфункции образовательной системы, инновационные формы образования, заработная плата преподавателей, эндаумент-фонды, synergetics, postneoclassical methodology, breaches in educational system, innovative forms of education, teachers’ salary, endowment funds
The paper explores the negative impact of modern transformations in Russian higher education in post-soviet period. The author uses the elements of post-neoclassical methodology in frames of synergetic approach. The negative effects are considered to be burocratization and formalization, protectionism and corruption, excess of commercialization and restriction of academic freedom. The author focuses on the problem of applying endowments and other finance, innovative forms of teaching in order to reform educational system as an institutional phenomenon.
P. V. Menshikov
Kaluga State University named after Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Kaluga, Russian Federation
Keywords: дидактическая коммуникация, факторы, фасилитирующие и ингибирующие дидактическую коммуникацию, открытая коммуникативная позиция обучающего, дополнительные линии коммуникации, didactic communication, factors facilitating and inhibiting didactic communication, open communicative position of a student, additional communication
The article explores the problem of effective educational communication between a teacher and a student. The author analyzes national and foreign proceedings and highlights the growing interest of researchers to deeper investigation of the factors facilitating the process of didactic communication. At the same time, Psychology hasn’t investigated personal views of students about these factors. The research is based on the model of didactic communication that includes temporal and topological aspect (time and space of educational interaction), organizational, individual and reflexive ones. The author uses own methodic of questionnaire that reflects all structural components of didactic communication. The research focused on 3 groups of first-year students of Tsiolkovskiy Kaluga State University where average age was 18 years and the number of participants was 84 persons. The research reveals students’ views about the factors that favor and prevent didactic communication. The students prefer education interaction that have comfortable temporal and topological conditions, open communicative position of a student and his communicative initiative. The students prefer the forms of education interaction that are characterized by additional communication, availability of channels of knowledge transmitting and affective intension of didactic communication. The students do not prefer didactic communication that prevents communicative initiative of participants and worsens their interaction.
I. A. Sergeeva1, O. V. Shcherbakova2 1Siberian Transport University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation 2Siberian State University of Water Transport, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: дополнительное профессиональное образование, дистанционное образование, непрерывное образование, электронная образовательная система, графические дисциплины, заочное обучение, further training, distance education, lifelong learning, electronic educational system, graphic modules, correspondence education
Further training is an essential element in education and training of students at technical universities. The article raises the problem of organization and implementation of lifelong learning in the system of education. The emerging contradiction between the requirements of modern society for a specialist and the existing real conditions for teaching students forced us to reorganize the process of teaching graphic courses by means of using the elements of further distance education. The authors consider the possibility of training correspondence students specialized in engineering and construction on graphic modules by means of distance learning and electronic educational system Moodle 3. The learning environment includes the educational and methodical complex of the module with the use of computer and Internet technologies, multimedia and a depository of exercises for students’ individual work. Students are trained remotely, on-the-job, that significantly improves the quality of the modules of the graphic area.
Modern thermal power plants are complex technological systems. Therefore, making informed decisions when studying them requires the use of mathematical modeling and nonlinear optimization methods for plant parameter. The most complex task is to solve a mixed optimization problem wherein a part of optimization parameters vary continuously, and the other can take only discrete (integer) values. An effective method is developed to solve a thermal power plant optimization problem with continuous and discrete parameters. The method suggests an iterative procedure for solving continuous nonlinear programming problems and discrete-continuous linear programming problems. For each iteration, we add new constraints obtained by linearizing nonlinear inequality constraints and the objective function of the initial problem to the system of inequality constraints of linear problem. The effectiveness of the proposed method is exemplified by the optimization of a combined cycle power plant with a mixture of working media (the STIG scheme). Design characteristics of heating surface of a waste heat recovery boiler represent the discrete parameters to be optimized. The research demonstrates a considerable reduction in computational effort compared to the branch and bound method.
The structure of a jet flow formed by the combustion products of conical propane-air flame and impinging onto a normally oriented flat cooled surface is studied experimentally. The velocity field is measured by the particle image velocimetry technique. Based on the non-intrusive measurements, formation of a recirculation zone in the flow between the flame cone and surface has been detected for the first time. Mechanism for the observed phenomenon is proposed. Presence of the low-intensity recirculation bubble on the jet axis can explain the effect of a heat transfer decrease near the stagnation point on the surface, observed in the previous studies.
M. Dmitriev1,2, K. N. Osipova1,2, D. A. Knyazkov1,2,3, I. E. Gerasimov1, A. G. Shmakov1,2, O. P. Korobeinichev1 1Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia 3Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690091 Russia
Keywords: структура пламени, молекулярно-пучковая масс-спектрометрия, биотопливо, механизм горения, flame structure, molecular beam mass spectrometry, biofuel, combustion mechanism
The structure of premixed ethyl butanoate/O2/Ar flames stabilized on a flat burner at atmospheric pressure was studied by molecular beam mass spectrometry. Mole fraction profiles of the reactants, stable products, and basic intermediates and temperature profiles were obtained in flames of a stoichiometric φ = 1) and rich φ = 1.5) combustible mixtures. Experimental data and their analysis are presented in comparison with experimental and numerical data obtained earlier in methyl pentanoate flames. A simulation of the structure of ethyl butanoate flames was modeled using a detailed literature chemical-kinetic mechanism for the oxidation of esters fatty acids. The experimental profiles are compared with the calculated ones, and the transformation pathways of ethyl butanoate were analyzed. Based on a comparative analysis of experimental and calculated data, the main shortcomings of the model presented in the literature are identified and possible ways to improve the model are suggested. Features of decomposition of ethyl butanoate and methyl pentanoate are discussed based on an analysis of their transformation pathways; similarities and characteristic differences between their oxidation processes due to the different structure of the molecules of the original fuels are outlined.
V. A. Savel'eva, A. M. Starik, N. S. Titova, O. N. Favorskii
Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motors, Moscow, 111116 Russia
Keywords: получение водорода, сероводород, пиролиз, частичное окисление, кинетический механизм, моделирование, hydrogen obtaining, hydrogen sulphide, pyrolysis, partial oxidation, kinetic mechanism, simulation
Obtaining of hydrogen during pyrolysis and partial oxidation of hydrogen sulphide is analyzed on the basis of a detailed kinetic model of H2S oxidation. It is shown that the H2 output in the case of H2S pyrolysis in adiabatic flow reactor with a residence time of ≈1 s. Even for the initial temperature of the mixture T0 = 1400 K, the molar fraction of H2 is only 12%, though the equilibrium value is reached within the reactor. At T0 <1200 K, there is no enough time for the chemical equilibrium inside the reactor to be established, and the H2 concentration is lower than the equilibrium value. At T0 <1000 K, there is practically no pyrolysis reaction in the reactor. Addition of a small amount of air to H2S leads to energy release, to an increase in temperature, and, as a consequence, to acceleration of H2S conversion. The normalized output of H2 can be increased by several times. For each value of T0, there exists an optimal value of the fuel-to-air equivalence ratio φ that ensures the maximum H2 output in the H2S-air mixture. The process of partial oxidation at high values of φ > φb and low values of T0 is essentially nonequilibrium; as a result, the H2 concentration at the exit from a finite-length reactor can be higher than its equilibrium value, e.g., by 30-40% at T0 = 800 K and φ = 6-10. The reasons responsible for reaching a “superequilibrium” concentration of H2 at the flow reactor exit are determined.
I. Kazakov1, D. V. Dashko2, A. V. Nabatova1, A. I. Stepanov2, D. B. Lempert1 1Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia 2Tekhnolog Special Design and Technological Bureau, St. Petersburg, 193076 Russia
Keywords: бис(4-нитрофуразан-3-ил)фуразан (DNTF), 3, 4-бис(4-нитрофуразан-3-ил)фуроксан (DNFF), энтальпия образования, кристаллическая структура, смесевое твердое ракетное топливо, удельный импульс, Bis(4-nitrofurazan-3-yl)furazan (DNTF), 3, 4-bis(4-nitrofurazan-3-yl)furoxan (DNFF), enthalpy of formation, crystal structure, composite solid rocket fuel, specific impulse
Bis(4-nitrofurazan-3-yl)furazan (DNTF) and 3,4-bis(4-nitrofurazan-3-yl)furoxan (DNFF) have been studied as potential components of composite solid rocket fuels. Their heats of combustion and enthalpies of formation were determined experimentally. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the DNTF and DNFF crystals were orthogonal with the same space group P212121. DNTF and DNFF were found to be ineffective in rocket fuels with a hydrocarbon binder; however, for compositions without aluminum and with an active binder, the use of DNTF provided a specific impulse of 254.5 s at combustor and nozzle exit pressures of 40 and 1 atm, respectively, and at a density of 1.77 g/cm3, and in the case of DNFF, 258 s at a density of 1.79 g/cm3.
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:256:"A. E. Ligachev1, G. V. Potemkin2, O. K. Lepakova3, M. V. Zhidkov4,5, A. D. Teresov2,6, N. N. Golobokov3, Yu. M. Maksimov3, Yu. R. Kolobov4,5, N. N. Koval’2,6";s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"html";} 1Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia 2Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050 Russia 3Tomsk Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634021 Russia 4Belgorod State University, Belgorod, 308015 Russia 5Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia 6Institute of High Current Electronics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634055 Russia
Keywords: мощный импульсный электронный пучок, самораспространяющийся высокотемпературный синтез, powerful pulsed electron beam, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis
This paper describes the optimal modes of initiation of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis with the help of electron beam on the example of a Ti–Al–C powder mixture. A pulsed electron beam with a particle energy of tens of kiloelectronvolts and a duration of hundreds of microseconds is used. Morphology, structure, and elemental composition of formed products in the form of Ti3AlC2 and TiC are studied.
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"TEXT";s:4:"TEXT";s:95:"S. L. Silyakov, V. I. Yukhvid, V. A. Gorshkov, T. I. Ignat’eva, N. V. Sachkova, N. Yu. Khomenko";}
Institute of Structural Macrokinetics and Problems of Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
Keywords: смесь оксида хрома с нитридом алюминия, волна горения, скорость и пределы горения, chromium oxide and aluminum nitride mixture, combustion wave, velocity and combustion limits
The possibility of burning of a mixture of chromium peroxide with aluminum nitride is shown experimentally. The effect of initial pressure of nitrogen and ratio of reagents on an average linear burning rate, as well as for the relative mass loss in the burning of a CrO3/AlN mixture. The concentration limits of the burning rate of the test mixture are determined. The microstructure and phase and chemical compositions of the combustion products of the chromium- and nitride-aluminum mixture are studied.
L. L. Kartovitskii1, V. M. Levin1, L. S. Yanovskii2,3 1Moscow Aviation Institute, Moscow, 125993 Russia 2Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motors, Moscow, 111116 Russia 3Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
Keywords: твердотопливный газогенератор, конденсированная система, дифференциальная модель, теория горения, обратная задача, функция скорости тепловыделения, ортогональные полиномы, solid propellant gas generator, condensed system, differential model, combustion theory, inverse problem, heat release rate function, orthogonal polynomials
This paper presents an approach to the generalization of the combustion regularities of solid propellants in gas generators of propulsion systems based on a one-dimensional differential model. Identification of the heat release rate function represented by mutually orthogonal Laguerre polynomials in the differential model is performed by solving the inverse problem of combustion theory and using measured gas parameters in the gas generator. This makes it possible to establish the relationship between the combustion features of solid propellant and the operating modes of the gas generator and formulate the boundary conditions for numerical studies of solid propellant gas generators.
K. M. Moiseeva, A. Yu. Krainov
Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050 Russia
Keywords: аэровзвесь угольной пыли, минимальная энергия искрового зажигания, численное моделирование, air-borne powder dust, minimum energy of spark ignition, numerical simulation
This paper describes the development of a physico-mathematical model of spark ignition of an air-borne powder dust, which is based on a two-phase two-speed model of reacting gas-dispersion medium. There are the results of numerical solution on the problem of spark ignition of an air-borne powder dust with allowance for its movement caused by gas expansion during heating. The relationships between the minimal energy of spark ignition of the air-borne powder dust and the mass concentration and particle size of powder dust are obtained. The particle size increases along with the minimal energy of spark ignition. There is mass concentration of powder dust particles with which the energy of spark ignition is minimal. The comparison of the results of calculations of the minimal energy of spark ignition of air-borne powder dust with known experimental data yields their satisfactory agreement.
T. A. Khmel, A. V. Fedorov
Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
Keywords: детонация, наноразмерные взвеси, горение алюминия, плоские волны, математическое моделирование, detonation, suspensions of nano-sized particles, aluminum combustion, plane waves, mathematical modeling
A physicomathematical model of detonation of a gas suspension of nano-sized aluminum particles with allowance for the transition from the continuum to free-molecular flow regime and heat transfer between the particles is proposed. A formula for logarithmic interpolation for the thermal relaxation time in the transitional regime is derived. A semi-empirical model of Arrhenius-type reduced kinetics of combustion is developed, which ensures good agreement with available experimental data. Steady (Chapman-Jouguet and overdriven) structures and also attenuating detonation waves in suspensions of nano-sized particles are analyzed. Typical features of detonation in nano-sized particle suspensions are found: the normal detonation regimes correspond to the solution in the Chapman-Jouguet plane with a sonic final state in terms of the equilibrium velocity of sound; combustion occurs in an almost equilibrium mixture in terms of velocities and temperatures; a strong dependence of the combustion region length on the amplitude of the leading shock wave is observed.
D. A. Tropin, A. V. Fedorov
Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
Keywords: подавление детонации, смеси водорода, метана и силана, детальная химическая кинетика, математическое моделирование, газовзвесь, detonation suppression, mixtures of hydrogen, methane, and silane, detailed chemical kinetics, mathematical modeling, gas suspension
Physicomathematical models are proposed to describe the processes of detonation propagation, attenuation, and suppression in hydrogen-oxygen, methane-oxygen, and silane-air mixtures with inert micro- and nanoparticles. Based on these models, the detonation velocity deficit is found as a function of the size and concentration of inert micro- and nanoparticles. Three types of detonation flows in gas suspensions of reacting gases and inert nanoparticles are observed: steady propagation of an attenuated detonation wave in the gas suspension, propagation of a galloping detonation wave near the flammability limit, and failure of the detonation process. The mechanisms of detonation suppression by microparticles and nanoparticles are found to be similar to each other. The essence of these mechanisms is decomposition of the detonation wave into an attenuating frozen shock wave and the front of ignition and combustion, which lags behind the shock wave. The concentration limits of detonation in the considered reacting gas mixtures with particles ranging from 10 nm to 1 m in diameter are also comparable. It turns out that the detonation suppression efficiency does not increase after passing from microparticles to nanoparticles.
I. S. Batraev, A. A. Vasil'ev, V. Yu. Ul'yanitskii, A. A. Shtertser, D. K. Rybin
Lavrent'ev Institute of Hydrodynamics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
Keywords: детонация, импульсный газодетонационный аппарат, переобогащенная смесь, продукты реакции, углеродный конденсат, гомогенная и гетерогенная среда, размер ячейки, detonation, pulsed gas-detonation setup, over-rich mixture, reaction products, carbon condensate, homogeneous and heterogeneous medium, cell size
Detonation in mixtures of acetylene and propylene with oxygen in the range of fuel component concentrations with possible formation of carbon condensate in detonation products is studied both experimentally and theoretically. In contrast to the traditional method of studying detonation in a quiescent mixture located in a closed tube, the present investigations are performed in a tune with an open end (for exhaustion of detonation products) under the conditions of separate injection of the components and their mixing after injection into the detonation tube through the ignition chamber. The components are injected into the tube from a computer-controlled multichannel system of gas injection of the CCDS2000 detonation sputtering setup. The detonation cell size and detonation velocity are measured; these parameters are also calculated by the BEZOPASNOST (SAFETY) computer program. A comparison of the computed and experimental dependences testifies to a complicated character of transformation of detonation products from a purely gaseous to heterogeneous state and to its effect on the detonation wave.
Experimental data on single and double shock compression of initially liquid and gaseous (compressed by initial pressure) hydrogen isotopes (protium and deuterium) at pressures of ≈10-180 GPa and temperatures of ≈ 3000-20000 K are considered. The mean values of the measured variables (pressure, density, internal energy, and temperature) show that hydrogen at a pressure of ≈ 41 GPa in the temperature interval of ≈ 3500-5700 K and at a pressure of ≈74 GPa in the temperature interval of ≈5000-7500 K is characterized by a negative value of the Gruneisen coefficient. Such an anomaly may play a key role in some processes, including those proceeding in the Jupiter gas shell, which mainly consists of protium (≈ 90%) and helium (≈ 10%). In the range of pressures (depths) of its manifestation, convection in the protium shell is forbidden with an increase in temperature in the shell with increasing pressure. Possibly, a comparatively moderate fraction of helium does not suppress the anomaly, and it serves as a barrier for large-scale convection in the Jupiter shell. Experiments are required to confirm this anomaly.
B. S. Zlobin, V. V. Kiselev, A. A. Shterzer, A.V. Plastinin
Lavrent'ev Institute of Hydrodynamics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
Keywords: эмульсионные взрывчатые вещества, сварка взрывом, малопластичные материалы, волнообразование, emulsion explosives, explosive welding, low-plastic materials, wave formation
Joint of steels of different hardness through a plastic layer was obtained by explosive welding using an emulsion explosive. In the weld zone, two types of waves were found: large waves and small waves which have not been observed in previous experiments. Empirical relations for calculating the wave dimensions are proposed that take into account the influence of the strength and density of the colliding materials on them. Cracking in the weld zone can be avoided by reducing the wave dimensions.
I. A. Bataev, D. V. Lazurenko, Yu. N. Malyutina, A. A. Nikulina, A. A. Bataev, O. E. Mats, I. D. Kuchumova
Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk 630073 Russia
Keywords: сварка взрывом, высокие скорости охлаждения, метастабильные структуры, explosion welding, high cooling rates, metastable structures
Explosively welded metal plates are characterized by the formation of local microvolumes at the interlayer boundaries within which there is a mixing of interacting materials. These microvolumes can be located discretely along wavy boundaries or continuously in the form of thin interlayers along planar boundaries. Based on the results of many published works, it has been shown that the material in these zones is melted, and its subsequent solidification occurs at a high rate leading to the formation of metastable phases. In this paper, the formation of metastable phases in steel-steel, Ta-steel, Nb-Al, and Zr-Cu joints is analyzed. The cooling rates of these materials in mixing zones is estimated. Calculations show that the cooling rate of the melts formed in the welded zones of the investigated composites is in the range 103-106 K/s. Cooling of mixing zones at such high rates results in the formation of metastable structures. In some cases, the crystallization of materials is suppressed and metallic glasses and quasicrystalline phases are formed in the melt zones.
To understand the complex dynamic response of cylindrical metal shells under high-strain-rate loading, a mid-explosion recovery device is designed to recover cylindrical shells at an intermediary phase, chosen in this study to be the phase wherein cracks penetrate through the entire casing wall thickness. The surface dynamic processes of the expansion, fracture propagation, and rupture of a 40CrMnSiB steel cylindrical shell are measured with a high-speed framing camera for determining the appropriate inner diameter of the mid-explosion recovery device. The numerical simulation software Autodyn-3D is used to predict the influence of the device wall thickness and the maximum radial deformation of the device inner wall upon the outer fracture diameter of the casing. The casing at the desired phase is recovered by the device, and the outer diameter of the shell is found to increase by 1.77 times, while the radial deformation of the device is 5 mm. The crack distributions, the distance between the adjacent penetrating shear cracks, and the number of circumferential divisions are found to vary along the axis of the cylindrical casing.
