Home – Home – Jornals – "Philosophy of Education" 2018 number 2

The survey considered an ecological mechanism that transformed a population of psychrophilic (cold-like) sapro-zoobiontic pseudotuberculosis microbe Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O:1b into a population of obligate “blood” microbe of plague Yersinia pestis in the host-parasite system Marmot - Flea ( Marmota sibirica - Oropsylla silantiewi ). This mechanism corresponds to the evolutionary principle of “quantum” speciation. The most significant population-genetic microbial transformations took place in hibernating populations of the Mongolian marmot. The main factor of rapid speciation was the heterothermal and heteroimmune status of marmots during hibernation. During winter, the body temperature of marmots fluctuates within a short period of time (from 10 minutes to several hours) by S-form in intervals from 5 to 37 ºC. In the temperature range 20-30 ºC, a sharp acceleration of metabolic and immune processes takes place. Fast adaptation to the explosive rise of immune activity of the primary host (the Mongolian Marmot) in its regular winter awakenings was the essence of the process of speciation of Y. pestis.

The aim of study was to test the assumption that the relationship between degree of dominance and local species richness in herbaceous communities with different productivity may be dissimilar. As objects of the study, we used alpine, subalpine and low-mountain meadows, subalpine mires, alpine communities of the habitats with little snow and those with long-term snow cover, steppe communities, layer of low-mountain forest communities of the Western Caucasus and Ciscaucasia. The analytical material included 419 plots of herbaceous communities of 0.25 m² in the area with the data on the phytomass of vascular plant species. The results showed that the higher was the average productivity of communities, the closer was the relationship between the degree of dominance and species richness, and the closest one was in meadow communities. Possible causes of such relationships are considered. It is suggested that this may be due to the peculiarities of the organization of plant communities with high and low productivity (high or low intensity of competition).

We compared three approaches to study climatic signals of Pinus sylvestris and Larix sibirica tree-ring width chronologies from the forest-steppe zone of South Siberia, where both temperature and precipitation limit the conifer tree growth: paired correlation of chronologies with monthly climatic variables; paired and partial correlations with monthly and seasonal series of primary and secondary climatic factors, calculated in the Seascorr program; paired correlation with a 15-day moving average series of climatic variables. The comparison showed that simple paired correlation with monthly series as the simplest approach could be used for a wide range of dendroclimatic studies, both as the main procedure and for preliminary analysis. The Seascorr analysis is the most suitable for assessing climate-growth relationship in the extreme growth conditions and for reconstructions of extremes, e.g. droughts, and of their impact periods. The application of a 15-day moving average series is limited by the availability of daily climatic data, but describes the seasonal window of climatic response with high precision. Altogether, the combination of three approaches allowed to explore the spatial-temporal pattern of the conifers radial growth climatic response in South Siberia.

Variability of physiological and biochemical indicators and radial growth of different forms of Pinus sylvestris L. (f. (var.) sulfuranthera Kozubow and f. (var.) erythranthera Sanio) under flooding conditions was investigated. It was shown that the dynamics of the content of some biochemical characteristics such as photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), proline, proteins, ascorbic acid, peroxidase activity and light harvesting complex in the pine needles depended on meteorological factors and phenophase. Forms with different color of anthers differ in the seasonal dynamics of the content of stressful metabolites and age variability of radial growth of wood. Our results indicate that different forms of Pinus sylvestris L. have nuances in adaptation to stress conditions.

The influence of climate changes on larch radial increment (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) in conditions of a limited (forest-steppe) and sufficient (highlands of Kuznetsky Alatau, floodplain stands) humidification was considered. The relationship between growth index of larch trees (N = 257) and ecological-climatic variables was analyzed. In the forest-steppe, with the onset of warming, decrease in climate aridity, and increase in duration of growing season (1980s), an increase in larch growth index followed by its depression in the 1990s was observed. Radial increment depression was caused by an increase in vapor pressure deficit and arid climate due to rising air temperature. In the 2000s, radial increment fluctuations occurred with average values not exceeding those before the beginning of the current climate warming period. In the highlands, since the 1970s, there has been a general trend of increasing the larch radial increment, closely associated with the main limiting factor of growth - air temperature. At the same time, in arid years, radial increment depression was also noted in high-mountain and floodplain larch forests. When implementing «hard» climate scenarios (RCP 6.0, RCP 8.5), it is likely that larch growth index in the forest-steppe will decrease further and increase in areas of sufficient moisture.

A new method of approach to the determination of "upper forest border" (UFB) as the border of the "rootclosed" stand and regrowth ones as its potential vaniguard is suggested. The mass scale of Pinus sibirica populations dispersal by the nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes) in the UFB ecotone in the Northern Urals (Pavdinskii Kamen and Third Hillock mountains) from the middle-mountain taiga to the mountain forest-tundra and tundra at distance up to 1 km has been established. It was performed on the basis of original reconstruction method of the number dynamics of P. sibirica annua seedlings and the analysis of the relations with the dynamics of the seedbearing and population number of the nutcracker. The trustworthy consortive relations of the generations number of Pinus sibirica in the mountain fortundra and tundra zones with its seedbearing and the nutcracker number in the previous year in the middle-mountain taiga zone have been revealed. A trustworthy increase (2.6 times) of seedling generations number during the last 49 years has been established in connection with the increase of the summer air temperature in Subarctic up to 2.0 ^oC. A hypothesis of the formation of the united genetical metapopulation of P. sibirica in the mountain ecotone zone "forest - tundra" in consequence of its seed ornitochory from the high-different populations has been formulated. A prognosis of the mosaical formation of the vaniguardal "thin forests" in 20-25 years and the rootclosed curtains of the "forest" in 40-50 years in the mountain tundra in the Northern Urals by current speed of the rise in temperature is made.

The territory of the new mass breeding of Dendrolimus sibiricius is the northernmost of the previously known in Siberia. The increase in pest numbers began in 2011-2012, 14 years after the previous mass outbreak. As a result, the area of damage to dark coniferous forests exceeded 1.4 million hectares. The reasons for the emergence of the pest population from a depressive state were insufficient moisture availability in May 2011, a severe drought in June-July 2012, and an increased average monthly temperature. A significant decrease in the vegetation index of SWVI in 2011-2012 was established. The hydrothermal regime of the spring-summer period in these years promoted the transition of the majority of the pest population to development over a one-year generation. An exceptional feature of the current outbreak is the low damage to D. sibiricus caterpillars by diseases and parasites. Favorable weather conditions and small number of natural entomopathogens contribute to the rapid spread of the pest in the northern and eastern directions. This creates a high risk of mass reproduction of D. sibiricus in dark coniferous forests, since the area of nearby dark coniferous stands that are suitable for the structure, climatic and forest-growing conditions for pest distribution is more than 2.7 million hectares. Pure cultures of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassianа were isolated from dead caterpillars of D. sibiricus . Multistage screening made it possible to select a promising strain for the creation of a long-acting bioinsecticide for preventive treatment of forests. The main selection criteria are: high virulence; high entomopathogenic activity at low temperatures (7-10 ^oC) and ability to solid-phase fermentation of plant waste.

The results of the analysis of thermal field dynamics on post-fire areas performed using remote satellite imagery are presented in the paper. The presence of a characteristic "background" was observed in the thermal range (10.780-11.280 μm) for the post-fire areas in the permafrost zone caused by changes in the parameters of the stand, ground cover and litter. The average surface temperature of post-fire areas in larch forests is characterized by increasing up to ΔT = 7.2 ±1.3 ^oС relative to the background values in summer, which is 20-40 % higher than the temperature of background undisturbed areas. Anomalies of the temperature background remain more than 10 years in the conditions of natural restoration of the ground cover. It is estimated that the rate of temperature anomalies recovery is 2.5 times lower than the dynamics of the vegetative index NDVI. It was evaluated numerically that temperature anomalies on the surface could lead to an increase in thawing depth of the soil layer by up to 20 % more than the average statistical rate.

The paper deals with phytomass of herbaceous phytocenoses growing on anthropogenically impacted areas in the Middle Urals at different stages of succession along heavy metal pollution gradient. Cenoses of young soils of dumps have less resistance and higher sensitivity to changes in weather factors, in contrast to the phytocenoses of the deposits. It is shown by the method of general regression models that the epiterranean and subterranean biomass of cenoses in technozems depends on the Selyaninov’s hydrothermic coefficient for September and the amount of precipitation in October - November of the previous year and in January - May of the current year. The degree of this dependence for cenoses under study is determined by edaphic conditions that affect the species diversity and dominance structure.

The study data on mineralogy and process properties of magnetite ore of the Poperechny deposit (Maly Khingan) are presented. The mineral composition, structure and texture of the ore are analyzed, and signs of its contact-metasomatic nature are determined. Two generations of magnetite are revealed. Extractability of iron at recovery of 93.39% is proved experimentally, including 78.72% to concentrate and 15.67% to middlings. Iron recovery of rougher concentrates is 40.74-42.74%. It is found that the ore contains noble metals: gold is represented by free grains 0.05-0.2 mm in size; platinum and platinoids (Os, Ir, Ru) are revealed as micronodules in magnetite jaspilite and dolomite in concentrates.

The timely character of using digital satellite observation data at regional and local levels for operational quantitative assessment of nature condition in the areas of mineral mining and processing activities is validated. The qualitative ecological estimates of impacts in time intervals by biota response in the area of location of several mines with different production infrastructure are presented and analyzed.

The mathematical model of heat flow and transfer in roof rocks of underground gas gasifier during coal gasification is developed and tested. In terms of geological conditions in the Olkhovo-Nizhnee site (industrial region in Donbass), in Mathcad environment, convective and conductive components of heat flow from reaction channel to upper-lying aquifer are determined. The change in the heat flow from the reaction channel and in the ground water temperature is estimated depending on impermeable layer thickness and water well yield. It is found that after underground coal gasification, water-bearing sandstones accumulate more than 60% of heat migrating from gasifier to enclosing rock mass. It is shown that withdrawal and use of water heated during underground coal gasification will enhance efficiency of the process by 18-25% subject to thickness of partition layer.

The study is devoted to the methane hazard in hard coal mining. This hazard occurs in almost every coalfield in the world. Ensuring maximum work safety under methane hazard conditions is based, among other things, on reliable, fast and frequent determinations of methane content in a coal seam. The existing methods are time-consuming, and determinations must be performed in laboratories. Indirect methods such as desorbometric methods are burdened with high measurement uncertainties. The study presents a model of methane release from granular coal samples and a device (AMER) developed for measuring methane content in a coal seam under in situ conditions. Measurements are performed in a fully automatic way and preliminary results, based on the approximation of the Crank model, are available within several dozen minutes from the beginning of the measurement. Also, the use of the unipore diffusion equation and a proper software of the device allowed to determine the values of the effective diffusion coefficient. Results of measurements performed with the AMER desorbometer are highly consistent with the results of the measurements performed in the laboratory using a traditional method.

The article compares Spinoza’s and Descartes’ positions regarding the problems which they solve both partially similarly and in a considerable different way. This made it possible to reveal the trend in the development of Spinoza’s philosophical thought when proceeding from Descartes’ position. The main thing in this trend is that Spinoza rejects Descartes’ dualistic combination of the materialistic orientation based on achievements in science with the commitment to the Christian religion and therefore to philosophical idealism. In Spinoza’s philosophy, its monistic character goes with the predominance of materialistic orientation. At the same time, it is recognized that there is only the predominance of the latter and not the final overcoming of religiousness and idealism.

The paper considers the logico-semantical concept of the model as a special interpretation of the deductive formalized theory. Understood in this way, the model of a theory is a real system of objects which satisfies its axioms. This notion of the model arises from Tarski’s theory of truth and, in this case, the model is represented by real objects. However, it is more natural to consider a theoretical conceptual system as a model of real systems. The structuralist view of theories as predicates that determine possible application domains is a more natural understanding of the relation between the model and the simulated area.

The article deals with the representation of formal systems on the base of the distributive normal form of first-order logic. We show that in such systems, according to the depth of decomposition of the distributive normal form, one may demonstrate consistency combinatorially by means of the system itself which makes it a system with a «built-in» consistency. We draw an analogy with elementary arithmetic formal systems where the Gödel’s Second Incompleteness Theorem is not true. We compare combinatorial syntactic methods of demonstrating the consistency of a formal system and metatheoretical evidence of consistency.

The paper explores various estimates of the material adequacy of Mises’ frequency interpretation. Thus, pure mathematicians believe that it is not necessary, since the idea of chance is successfully studied in Kolmogorov’s theory of complexity. The philosophers de Finetti and Popper also deny the importance of frequency interpretation, believing that its main results can be obtained in other interpretations. The paper shows the uniqueness of frequency interpretation, for example, for the creation of a unified interpretation of the theory of Shafer’s probabilities. It also analyses various estimates of the formal correctness of frequency interpretation. Thus, some pure mathematicians criticize the formal imperfections of Mises’ interpretation, while applied mathematicians note its creativity. Our own argument in favor of frequency interpretation is that according to Mises, his theory is not a mathematical science, but a strict natural scientific discipline about mass phenomena. Therefore, the available critical arguments cannot falsify Mises’ theory.

The paper analyzes key features of thought experiments, their scope and functions with the focus on thought experiments understood as normative models. It provides arguments for special importance of these models in sciences. The paper notes some problems, such as the need to rely on intuitions in the course of thought experiments as well as the gap between the hypothetical and counterfactual nature of these models on the one hand and the requirement of feasibility on the other. It also notes the potential of the method of reflective equilibrium for working with intuitions in the course of thought experiments.

The article revises and evaluates some models of a scientific theory, which are popular in philosophy of science. Models are classified by the number of describing levels (those are empirical, theoretical and metatheoretical ones), viz. as one-level, two-level and three-level models. We show that, in general, such models do not correspond to actual scientific activity. It is concluded that in order to be more consistent with scientific practice the theory should be made of two interrelated levels: a theoretical (model and mathematical) level and an operational one which largely corresponds to A.I. Lipkin’s scientific theory model.

The article considers Richard Dawid’s arguments in favor of the thesis that a physical theory may be «confirmed non-empirically». This means increasing the degree of confidence that such a theory is empirically applicable. According to Dawid, the string theory has the status of a confirmed theory, despite the lack of empirical data. In particular, we analyze his «no alternatives argument». We conclude that the role of mathematics, theoretical and purely rational arguments in physics will increase, so one may regard some empirically non-confirmed theories as plausible or even true theories. The string theory is a possible candidate for being one of them. At the same time, we assert that the inference to the best explanation is a more fundamental principle than the «no alternatives argument».

Discussed 6-th Hilbert problem in the context of understanding the physical metologii of cognition. Justifying the thesis according to which physical knowledge is arranged not by Hilbert, Hilbert arranged set of concepts that is the basis of modern physics, especially the «non-classical»

Is justified by the views of the author, according to which explicitly philosophy plays a role in physics during the crisis of the old and the formation of a new physical picture of the world.

The enactivist approach, whose main principles were formulated in the 1990-s, has its origins in the phenomenological tradition. The authors of the approach sought to combine the scientific view of consciousness with philosophy of subjectivity, the carrier of which is always the bodily living being. In accordance with the phenomenological tradition, it is stated that consciousness, the body and the world cannot be considered in isolation from each other, since they are a unified system. In the philosophical aspect, enactivism follows phenomenology of M. Merleau-Ponty, who regarded the active living body as a basis of cognition. The peculiarity of the approach is a synthesis of phenomenology and data of modern neurophysiology. The paper characterizes the basic theoretical principles of the enactivist approach and gives examples of its supporters’ arguments.

The article considers the earliest available evidences which show the influence of practical navigation information gathered by ancient travelers and discoverers on emerging theoretical geography. The analyzed sources are dated back mostly to the 6th century B.C. and related to the Peripatetic school in Athens. These include the Circumnavigation of the Inhabited World attributed to Pseudo-Skylax and fragments of geographical works of Aristotle’s follower Dicaearchus of Messana.

The article considers various ways of resolving Zeno’s Arrow Paradox. We show that it may be resolved through reinterpreting the term «now». Using the primitive entity «twinkling» based on actual time perception instead of the standard primitive temporal entity «instant» makes it possible to keep both all the premises and the structure of the paradox but avoid controversy.

Introduction. The Russian educational space has been reformed during many years. The basis for reforms is the globalization and digitalization of the regional educational space, which is developing against the background of the production technologization. These factors put higher educational institutions into the pre-crisis state, while independent solving the arising problems is required from these institutions. In addition, today in Russia there takes place an organizational, content-related and meaning-related formation of a new educational space: the number of higher education institutions and rural schools is being reduced, numerous competing strategies and programs are being developed, other meanings are being conceptualized and other values of education are being proclaimed. Almost in all strategies and programs, one of the conditions for the success of the university is the creation of an ecosystem that optimizes the relationship between «higher education and the social environment», «higher education and production», «higher education, science and production», etc. The problem becomes more topical of creating one's own university production base, which is integrated to the extent possible into external business structures and optimally combined with the internal university functional. Methodology and methods of research. Based on the development of foreign and domestic researchers, the authors propose their own vision of the management model of the production and educational complex in the condition of market economy. Particular attention is paid to the structure of the production base of the educational institution and the types of its integration into the external and internal ecosystems of a particular institution. It is concluded that one of the most optimal models of management of the educational and production complex based on a particular institution is management based on corporate principles. Time will show how effective and sustainable the proposed system is in the Russian reality, but already now its further development and application can arouse the interest of business structures, educational institutions, regional authorities and public organizations. Results of research. The transition to the VI technological structure and the development of the information society pose complex challenges for educational systems of different levels: the creation of the production base, the expansion of competitiveness and cooperation, modeling the development of integration schemes of the University with enterprises (in the creation of the production base of the University), etc. But the main direction should be considered to promote the development of clusters, which involves support from the authorities in the implementation of cluster members of the following activities: the formation of a special-alized organization that coordinates the activities of cluster members and can be created in various legal forms (it is assumed that the functions of this organization can be assigned to both newly created and existing institutions); development of a cluster development strategy and a plan of measures for its implementation, including the preparation of a set of cluster projects and measures aimed at creating favorable conditions for the development of the cluster; effective information exchange between cluster members; implementation of measures to promote cooperation of cluster members (conferences, seminars, working groups, creation of specialized Internet resources, electronic mailing lists, etc.). Conclusion. Based on the discussion of the above case, it is concluded that one of the most optimal models of management of the educational and production complex on the basis of a specific University is management based on corporate principles. Time will show how effective and sustainable the proposed system is in the Russian reality, but even now its further development and application may be of interest to business structures, public institutions, regional authorities and public organizations.

Introduction. It is shown in the article that one major characteristic of global education is the crisis of socio-cultural identity of societies. The author argues for the need to distinguish between productive and unproductive educational processes. This aspect is of particular importance for providing sustainability of the development of individual societies. The author examines the features of the interaction of various educational systems in the process of building a global society. Methodology and methods of research. The study of the features of social universalism in modern education involves a systematic approach. The tasks that are of a systematic nature include the following procedures of solution: planning, design, evaluation. The article also uses the general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, ascent from the abstract to the concrete. In addition, the principles of universal communication, historicism, contradiction, development, relativity, autonomy, dynamic balance have an important methodological significance in the study. Results of research. Such trends are closely conditioned by the level of effectiveness of management mechanisms, which has undergone a transformation as a result of the pressure of globalization. In the modern world, the relationships between subjects and objects of educational process are qualitatively changing. This is due to the emergence of powerful elements of modern information technologies on the basis of modern mass media. This article analyzes the impact of digital technologies on the improving the quality of education, as well as its prospects. Conclusion. The author concludes that globalization processes of modernity presuppose, as a prerequisite for a new paradigm, a certain strategy of the social system informatization, the essence of which is manifested in positioning the world as an orderly integrity from which individual parts are deduced by means of stepwise concretizing.

Introduction. Under the influence of globalization, in the conditions of modern social and cultural transformations, the convergence of national educational systems is clearly manifested, which is expressed in the desire of the state to bring the organization of domestic science and education in line with world trends. The problem considered in this paper can be formulated as follows: on one hand, the state policy in the sphere of science and education provides for the provision of key system-wide changes, within which a new organizational and economic mechanism operates that theoretically allows the restructuring of the system in accordance with the most successful Western models of development, and on the other hand, the declared goal of numerous transformations, namely, the maximization of the competitive position of Russian universities in the global market of educational services and research programs - has not yet achieved. Methodology and methods of research. A retrospective analysis of changes in the structure, form and methods of the French higher education was carried out, which succeeded in successfully adapting the «initially alien» Anglo-American model of a two-tier system of higher education, which significantly increased the number of students and substantially increased the rating of their own universities in the world scientific and educational space. Result of research. The analysis revealed the steps that led to the growth of academic freedom and created the prerequisites for strengthening the links of universities with other social institutions, which contributed to a real increase in the autonomy of universities, led to the development of inter-institutional cooperation, large-scale student and academic mobility, the development of joint training programs, and the expansion of the practical training of students and intensification of scientific research. As a result of the comparison of the modernization processes of the French and Russian higher education systems for similar purposes, tasks and mechanisms of reforms, it has been shown that, in the domestic conditions, the same qualitative breakthrough did not happen. Conclusion. One of the key reasons is the fact that domestic reforms, unlike the French model, translate the notions of academic freedoms and university autonomy from the intellectual plane to the economic one, despite the resistance of the academic community. The conclusion is made that if it becomes possible to circumvent such restrictions, taking into account the experience of the development of the French higher education, this can contribute not only to increasing the competitiveness of national universities in the global educational services market, but also to the further positive development of the domestic scientific and educational system.

Introduction. The importance of successful modernization of economy, strengthening its competitive advantages and ensuring the socio-economic security of the state in the face of increasing global competition make increasingly pressing the issues of effective use of the domestic sources of development. In the context of this formulation of the problem, there becomes quite understandable and natural making the human capital research as a priority research area. The experience of developed countries shows that there is a certain historical pattern of human capital`s transformation into a leading factor in the state`s economic life. The costs associated with productive investment into the human being not only increase productivity, but are also reimbursed along with profit in the future. The relevance of issues related to the process of human capital development is due to the fact that in the competitive state, active use of new knowledge is assumed. The leading countries have achieved success in the field of scientific and technological progress due to intensive development of education, science and technology. Methodology and methods of research has a complex integrative character, which is determined by its purpose and objectives. As the research`s starting point was used a set of scientific ideas of economic sciences, sociology, philosophy and pedagogy. The use of these ideas in the pedagogical semantic field and their interpretation required synthesis of the concepts of interdisciplinary scientific approaches in their complementarity: - system-activity as a general methodological principle of complex pedagogical analysis and understanding of relations between subjects, objects and products of educational activity; - competence as actualizing personal, activity and axiological foundations in education. To solve research problems, theoretical methods were used: analysis of philosophical, psychological, pedagogical psychological, sociological literature; historical and methodological analysis (including studying documents, concepts, provisions); comparative analysis of the content of educational programs, modeling, generalization, systematization of domestic and foreign experience in the human capital formation and development. Results of research. Education, the knowledge accumulated by society and the human capital development of the state are interrelated, because both generate income for the investments made in them. Education today is defined not as expenses of productiont, but as an investment into a special form of capital associated with man. Conclusion. Scientific, technical and social progress is increasingly determined by the qualitative characteristics of the state education system, training level of scientific personnel and highly qualified specialists. In turn, the education system development depends on the level of development and quality of the state`s human capital.

Introduction. The paper discusses the problems of modernization of education, depending on the prevailing spiritual and moral basis of society, the worldview foundations of the philosophical knowledge, integrated by new axiosphere of social life. The purpose of the paper is the accentuation of value-oriented milestones in the content of humanities and natural science education. Methodology and methods of research. Modernization of the content of education, according to the authors, is possible with a global understanding, a change in the perspective of the education construction, the integration of the world and domestic educational systems. A fundamentally new content in the «human dimension» approaches requires the introduction of a multivariate assessment of the solution of innovative problems into the educational practice of the culture, as well as the development of the individual in the aspect of social maturity. Results of research. It is determined that for a real modernization of education, it is necessary to truly carry out modernization, and not reforms. Since reforms are essentially a change in form, while modernization, in content. It is especially noted that the modernization of the content of education should be considered not only as a transfer of knowledge and skills, but also as the introduction of alternative value-target imperatives, conditioned by the needs for a new content of education. Conclusion. The authors made conclusions about the specifics of the educational and axiological strategy of the development of education, based on a philosophical and methodological understanding of the harmonization of the relations between social consciousness and value knowledge.

Introduction. The article considers the main questions of formation of professional competences and the need of integration of traditional value bases of educational process and innovations in the field of formation of professional competencies. The relevance of the presented research consists in the consideration and representation of the mechanism of formation of professional competences on the basis of values and meanings of education, where spiritual and material values of art in General and artistic processing of materials, in particular, are internalized by the person in the learning process at the University. The need to include in the educational process values the knowledge in the field of art is incontrovertible, on this basis there is a gradual formation of values-attitudes and values-qualities. However, the development of identity as a professional occurs with the formation of professional competence, which involves the willingness of a person to perform professional activities in different types. Results of research. Readiness for professional activities in itself implies the existence of the following components: professional competencies: knowledge in a particular field, experience in a certain area (or specific skills in this area) and the readiness of the individual, including psychological, to apply knowledge and experience in professional activities. Therefore it is logical to identify the components of professional competence: motivation; strong-willed; evaluation. A motivational component based on the professional knowledge in the field of art and artistic processing of materials and, accordingly, the formulation of values related to the process of professional activity; volitional component involves the individual's ability to organize their own professional activity; an evaluation component involves assessing the results of their professional activities. Conclusion. The result of the formation of professional competence of bachelors on the axiological basis is a personal development professional and the transformation of society in artistic value.

Introduction. Football is a powerful and effective tool in the hands of state structures to create moral standards among the population for humanity, a healthy lifestyle, respect and solidarity. However, in recen times, there has been a decline in the interest of the people in this sport, which is connected with many factors, which people more reflect upon than they try to solve them. Methodology and methods of research. An important element for maintaining the football system in the future is the training of qualified referees. The construction of the training process, when training of young referees in specialized centers and schools for their preparation in many regions of the Russian Federation, is directed to a greater extent to mastering the theoretical section and the fundamentals of the judging methodology of the competitions, without emphasis on values relating to the formation of the personality of a successful football referee. Also of great importance is the fact that the students of the centers and schools do not receive adequate information on the regularities of building sports training. This approach in the conditions of modern information flow is not capable of qualitatively solving the tasks of initial training of referees. Result of research. Theoretical and empirical analysis of the football referee image formation in educational institutions indicates the methodological insufficiency of educational technologies. Judges of high qualification clearly realize that without such factors as intelligence, stress resistance and communication skills, the formation of a successful judge's personality is not possible. The author suggests that the root of the problem lies in the lack of basic knowledge not only about the sports training of young judges, but also about the presence of communication skills, the ability to demonstrate high ethical behavior. Accordingly, the most important task of the teachers of the specialized centres for the training of judges is to transfer this information to the students at the initial stage of training. Conclusion. The system of values in football is based on the formation of a powerful positive image of the football referee among the population; on the universal sports moral standards built into the educational process at the stage of initial training; on the development of the axiological methodological apparatus of the sports referee.

Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese Communist Party (CPC) and the government have attached great importance to promoting education innovation and development. The achievements accomplished drew the worldwide attention. Under President Xi’s governance after the 18^th National Congress of the CPC, strengthening education is fundamental to the pursuit of national rejuvenation. The core visions of present development are giving priority to developing education, promoting and advancing educational modernization and developing education that people are satisfied with. Beyond that, promoting universally-available education, equal education, quality education and life-long education has becoming the basic orientation in present China, thereby, forming the socialist education system with distinct Chinese characteristics. Looking forward to the future, the education development in China presents its intensive, legislative, internationalized, innovative and information-based trend.

Introduction. In Western universities, academic writing is a well-developed discipline, whereas in Russia it is still virtually unknown. The paper gives an overview of the development of academic writing as rhetoric and composition, analyzing the impact of classical rhetoric at different stages of its development, and sheds light on the reasons underlying the major differences between the international (mainly anglophone) and national traditions of writing at university and beyond. Methodology and methods of research. The paper employs retrospective, diachronic analysis of the development of academic writing in Western universities, and comparative analysis, which encompasses the different stages of this development through the lens of the classical model of rhetoric, the historical deviations from the cognitive components of the model, and the consequences of these deviations for scholarly discourse. The method of intercultural rhetoric is incorporated into the comparative study of the Russian and international modes of argument. Result of research. Two major deviations from the classical model of rhetoric, in the Middle Ages due to the dominance of Christianity, and the 19^th century due to the connection of writing with literature, resulted in the spread of formal, ideologically restricted ways of presenting arguments. Rethinking rhetoric in the 20^th century in Western universities fostered the dynamic development of rhetoric and composition, involving collaborative, cognitive and student-centered approaches, which eventually led to establishing academic writing as a discipline. The study demonstrates that the diversity between the international and Russian scholarly traditions originates in the lack of awareness of the theoretical and methodological bases of academic writing in Russia, which is due to the still prevailing idea of writing as the field of language and literature. This idea pertained in scholarly writing under the pressure of the Soviet ideology thus leading to the isolation of Russian academic community and depriving it of developing in the mainstream of the global academic communication. Conclusions. To overcome the diversity between the Russian and globally accepted traditions of scholarly publications, the Russian academic community needs to be educated into the international rhetorical and publishing conventions. This can only be achieved through introducing academic writing as a discipline and specific field of educational research, incorporating a wide range of theoretical, methodological and institutional studies.

Introduction. The purpose of this article is the argument of need of new conceptual approaches use to mathematics justification. Methodology and methods of research. The article considers the problem-oriented approach to mathematics justification that used in philosophy and methodology of mathematical education. The important methodological characteristic of this research is the system integrity principle of different levels mathematical formation. It will well be coordinated with problem-oriented training in mathematics. Result of research. The author proves that the philosophical analysis of a problem situation is necessary in mathematics training. Such situation arises at a stage of a theoretical statements wording in the form of problem tasks. Such tasks use a philosophical reflection of the available mathematics knowledge at the decision. According to the author, experts of mathematics philosophy focus attention on philosophical questions of mathematics and seldom connect philosophical sense of training process with problem training. The author suggests to use gnoseological prerequisites of a formalism, intuitionism and a platonizm for mathematics understanding. They reveal system integrity of justification and prove its practical expediency. Conclusion. The author concludes that the philosophy of mathematical education is a reference point for training reorganization. The methodical position of synthesis of different approaches deserves special attention in the system of mathematics justification. It assumes increase in philosophical training of teachers of mathematics and formation of critical thinking of students of the University.

Introduction. Gamification techniques are widely used in education. Still, the results of their use are insufficiently studied. Moreover, it is known that sometimes game-design elements affect students in a negative way. In addition, the practical aspects of the use of gamification in education have been studied so far. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the role of gamification techniques in training at a theoretical level taking into consideration the system quality of man’s mental world, its values and worldview foundations. Methodology and methods of research. The aim of the study is to determine the limits within which game-based learning can be used in the context of the values and philosophical grounds the participants of the educational process have. Firstly, to achieve this goal a secondary analysis of the scientific literature on the issue is made. It helps to identify and evaluate the researchers’ main points of view on gamification. Secondly, using the system approach, it is shown that the impact of gamification on students is determined by the level and features of their values and outlook. While working on the problem, we applied general scientific and special scientific methods which are normally used in social and humanitarian studies. However, the most important among them is the method of system analysis. Game-based learning is not viewed in isolation due to this. The method allows us to consider the application of game-based learning in educational process taking into account the role of man's mental world, especially of his world outlook. This helps to explain the essential causes of the difficulties teachers face applying gamification in the educational process. Result of research. Adequate evaluation of the technologies of gamification is possible if we consider the nature and the extent, to which the student’s or pupil’s system of values is developed, as well as the social environment in which the education system exists. It is easier to carry out a learning process, a pupil or a student participates in, as of with the help of gamification, which is particularly motivational for students as it is based on positive moral and spiritual values developed by the teachers and parents in the process of education and communication. The student’s orientation toward the personal development, determined by his values and based on positive and sustainable beliefs, principles and ideals, leads to improving the efficiency of gamification in the educational process. Conclusion. Gamification is not a universal trend; it is only an important form of an educational process. The novelty of this work is that it shows that the nature and the results of the process of gamification depend on the values and philosophical grounds of the students’ spiritual world.

Introduction. This article is devoted to the problems of visualization of philosophical knowledge on the example of infographics of thought philosophical experiments. It is no secret that even at the time of its appearance, philosophy as the pinnacle of the abstract way of understanding the world had several advantages over the objective knowledge of the world. The intelligible speculative character of philosophical knowledge, which grew up within the framework of classical metaphysics, adapted its categorical apparatus to the knowledge that in principle is impossible not only to see, but even to know to the end. Since the time of Plato and his famous «Allegory of the Cave», philosophers have been unanimous in that only the construction of speculative theories can fully explain all the problems of philosophical knowledge. At the same time, the visual, despite anti-visual rhetoric, was constantly present in the philosophical discourse in the form of a visual metaphor, even though, according to classical Platonic idealism, the visible and the intelligible tend to some extent to incompatible goals, because the first is guided by the world of illusions, shadows and errors, the second, to the true light of truth, proceeding from the «sun-like» good, accessible for contemplation only to the inner mental vision, which is specially prepared with the help of philosophical exercises. However, during the course of intellectual evolution, i.e. the evolution of philosophy and science, the tactics of visual cognition developed in the world of cognition, creating a whole layer of visual metaphors that turned out to be not only visual, but also a material for thought philosophical experiments and thought experiments in the field of science. There appeared the possibility of constructing full-fledged homomorphic models, some of which were not only described visually-metaphorically, but had their own quite graphic analogs. Methodology of methods of research is built on the basis of the approaches that arose in the framework of the so-called «visual turn» in philosophy. The tabular method and circular diagrams with internal connections are used as a technique for visual analysis and presentation of philosophical thought experiments. The main method of analysis is the decomposition of thought philosophical experiments into composite elements and their subsequent combination. As a result of the research, an author's method for decomposing thought experiments on the basis of logical-structural, reflexive and information criteria is proposed, which makes it possible to find the key reflexive-structural mechanism that determines the essence and distinctive features of thought experiment. A table of probable combinations of 26 known thought experiments is also offered, which shows the final range of superposition and connection of selected thought experiments with each other. Within the framework of the revealed combinations, the author identifies the most well-known connections of thought experiments, acting in relation to each other as a complement or even an analogue. In conclusion, the role of the infographics of thought experiments in the development of visual thinking is described, without which the modern education system is inconceivable. The formation of «visual literacy» of students is able to provide future specialists with ways of extracting new knowledge and their translation in the visual world of the Internet.

Introduction. In this article the author refers to the idea of emergence, which since the 19th century was in sight of a number of foreign researchers (G. Lewis, S. Alexander, C.L. Morgan, etc.) and subsequently realized in scientific theory, certain provisions of which still find conflicting interpretations among researchers. In the introduction are justified the purpose of the article and relevance appeals to the phenomenon and theory of emergence, the study of which has not found a common understanding among researchers, presenting considerable scientific interest. Methodology and methods of research served as the ideas and theoretical positions - first and foremost - foreign researchers of the phenomenon of as well as philosophical and methodological paradigm and provisions inherent in the modern domestic philosophical and psycho-pedagogical science. They identified a number of empirical and theoretical research methods, of which the most important are comparative, comparative-historical, hermeneutic and analytical. Since this theory have relevance for psycho-pedagogical researches, the explication of the problem its provisions, identify its potential and capabilities that could be used for research in psycho-pedagogical sphere and in pedagogical practice, has gained special relevance. An important place in the work takes the consideration of emergence as a scientific phenomenon. In modern scientific literature we can find quite a lot of definitions, points of view and theoretical constructs that reflect different approaches to its understanding and interpretation. In this matter the author generally adheres to the beliefs, inherent to the founders of this theory. According to the author, under the term emergence should be understood property of reality to emergence outward in different States, types and forms. A special place when studying the emergence as the phenomenon took recourse to the issue of the content and structure of the emergents. In this context, it seems very appropriate recourse to categories such as emergent, resultant, emergent`s complex, levels of explanation as well as to identify features of mutual match of emergent and resultants, to determining the grounds and approaches to formation of emergents. In the process of reviewing the problems associated with the formation of emergence, the author appealed to the American researcher k. Bailey, using morphological approach to the formation of emergent matrices, labeling the inference problem the structure and content of the emergents. The author completely endorses the conclusions of Ritchey T. on incorrectness applied k. Bailey binary approach as well as the idea of as factors (parameters in k. Bailey) which take place in create of emergent signs (Alexander and others), under whom he had in mind a number of emergent`s properties and qualities. Based on the findings of L. Morgan and S. Alexander, the author believes that the essence and composition of the emergents can exist not only at the levels of matter, life, spirit, but also in the spheres of human existence, including psycho-pedagogical. The author believes that the main factors that influence on the formation of emergents of pedagogic-psychological field are tangible, non-individual (objective and subjective), social and individually-mental. In the emergents of the psychic sphere in addition to special entities - the impact of the above four factors - may also manifest inherent properties and quality. Result of research was to refine certain aspects and provisions of the notional fields of the emergence`s theory, revealing features of formation of emergents that may be relevant to the study of phenomena psycho-pedagogical sphere. Conclusion. The results of a study of the phenomenon of emergence, theoretical positions and the problems are directly related to the identification and formation of the composition and content of the emergents of psycho-pedagogical sphere can be used when examining the peculiar to it phenomena and processes, related both individuals and social groups, implementing learning processes, education and personal development, as well as serve as justifications for other - emergent`s - scientific approach. The research results can be used in studying the phenomena of psycho-pedagogical sphere in the estimation procedures and the formation of individual and social qualities and properties.

The article deals with the tasks and conditions for the development of students' creative thinking in the process of environmental education. The purpose of the article is to analyze the pedagogical conditions of the educational process that determine the ability and readiness of future specialists to learn knowledge and develop experience in solving environmental problems in standard and non-standard situations. Methodology and methods of research. At present, pedagogical practice has become the norm for the greening of natural science education. Almost all natural science courses have an environmental component that is important for the professional training of a future specialist and his successful socialization. Today, not only environmental knowledge is required, but the formation of experience in solving standard and non-standard environmental problems. Formation of experience in solving standard problems is carried out in pedagogical practice through the application of the analogy method. Success in the formation of experience in solving problems in non-standard conditions directly depends on the development of creative thinking. Result of research. It is proposed to teach the ecology of university students on the basis of methods of creative didactics. Features of the implementation of creative didactics consist in the fact that the student passes from the rank of the object of pedagogical influence to the rank of the subject of creativity, and the traditional educational material from the rank of the object of development is translated into the rank of means of achieving creative goals. Conclusion. This way of studying the ecological content allows to increase the level of interest and level of motivation, promotes the development of creative abilities, and determines the success of achieving the result - the formation of an ecological culture of the individual.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the consideration of the role of self-education in the formation of professional competence of law students. Vocational training involves the development of the student as a person capable of modeling their behavior in the upcoming professional activities. In this regard, it should be noted a type of activity such as professional education, defined by well-known researchers as an independent social process aimed at the formation of professional interests, knowledge, moral principles, skills. Vocational education includes those elements of education that are related to work. It is accompanied by formal, non-formal and informal education. Methodology and methods of research. At present, lifelong learning is a means of multifaceted personal development: formal, non-formal and informal education throughout life. The mission of the teacher is to develop students' qualities such as self-control, self-assessment, self-organization, planning, the desire to engage in cognitive and research activities. The authors emphasize that one of the most important methodological grounds of the modern educational process is the rational organization of independent work of students, which is aimed at raising their interest and desire to find new knowledge from various information sources, the development of the ability to analyze them independently and apply them creatively. Independent work allows students to prepare for practical classes, to maintain interest in cognitive activity. The article also focuses on the types of work performed in preparation for self-educational activities. Let us list some of them. Result of research. The article also focuses on the types of work performed in preparation for self-educational activities. Let's list some of them. Project method is the epitome of student-centered learning, a method of organization of independent activity aimed at the solution of the problem of the educational project that integrates a problem-based approach. A problem-based approach helps to develop independent and responsible personality, develop creativity and mental skills, without which the development of intellect unthinkable. Research work of students is considered as an integral part of the development of professional competences. The student must become an active subject of his/her education, determine its content, as well as plan the activities in the direction of replenishment of special knowledge, which he/she will use in law enforcement. It should also be noted that the discussion-based methods of work, which allow to reveal the unusual nature of complex human actions affecting the course of social processes, are becoming relevant. Project activity is one of the most effective methods of enhancing cognitive activity and independence. There are different types of projects: research, creative, information, etc., which can be used at all stages of the study material. Conclusion. Thus, the use of such types of work motivates students to independent cognition, which is a source of intellectual and personal development, better assimilation of knowledge, mastery of different types of educational activities.