Home – Home – Jornals – Chemistry for Sustainable Development 2018 number 4

Fluorite-leucophane-melinophane-eudidymite ores of zone XVIII of the Ermakovka F-Be deposit were studied by geological, mineralogical, and thermobarogeochemical methods. Contents of Be and impurity elements (Li, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Cl, K, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Nb, Mo, Ag, Sn, W, and Pb) in fluid inclusions in fluorite of this zone have been first determined by LA-ICP-MS. It is shown that fluorite-leucophane-melinophane-eudidymite ores were formed by alkaline high-F low-salt (6.0-12.5 wt. % NaCl equiv.) solutions with a relatively low content of Be (0.0002-1.04 g/kg of solution). Fluorite and beryllium minerals were deposited in ores in a wide range of P-T conditions. The early fluorite-phenakite paragenesis formed at high temperatures (480-650 ºC) and high pressures (>3 kbar). At the late low-temperature stage, phenakite was replaced by Na-Be silicates (eudidymite and melinophane-leucophane) at < 220 ºC and < 770 bars. The Be-ore deposition was due to the destruction of a predominant beryllium fluoride-carbonate complex as a result of the crystallization of fluorite during the metasomatic replacement of limestones. Eudidymite and melinophane-leucophane formed at low temperatures under high activity of Na and Ca and low activity of Be and F in highly alkaline solutions.

The region under study is located in the active «transition zone» from the Eurasian continent to the Pacific Ocean. The zone occupies not only the continent-ocean border area (continental coastline, marginal seas, island arcs, and deep-sea trenches) but also the margins of intracontinental regions of the Eurasian continent with different structures and regimes of development. The transition zone is a natural buffering and damping regulator of the interaction between the Eurasian and Pacific plates and is characterized by intense orogenesis, contemporary volcanism, active seismicity, diverse geothermal regime, and highly nonuniform measured heat-flow values. Available geothermal data for the region are not sufficiently generalized. After the latest maps compiled in the 1990s, new data have been obtained and new geoinformation technologies have been developed. In the study presented in this paper, available geothermal information has been generalized and a detailed heat flow distribution map has been compiled and used to calculate Moho temperatures, to determine the thickness of the “geothermal” lithosphere, and to construct distribution maps of these parameters.

First results of the analysis of GPS measurement data obtained from 18 sites of two local geodynamic test grounds in the vicinity of Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) for the period 2010-2015 have been presented. Horizontal velocity vectors are coordinated with each other in the ITRF2014 system and with the velocities from the IGS permanent station ULAB. The sites are shifted in the E-SE direction at a rate of 25-30 mm/yr, with the displacement azimuth averaging 105°. With respect to Eurasia, the vectors for most of the sites are to a certain extent S-trending, but their continued motion (2-4 mm/yr) is also oriented SE with the azimuth range 130-150. Relative horizontal velocities tend to decrease toward the southeast, with their zonal structures established within the Ulaanbaatar test ground area. The western part of the Ulaanbaatar test ground is dominated by roughly W-E extension, the elongation is ε1 = (12-16)‧10-8 yr-1. The shortening NW-SE trending strain with calculated value ε2 = 22.4‧10-8 yr-1 characterizes the test ground’s eastern part. The highest values of the maximum shear strains (εmax = (10-14)‧10-8 yr-1) form an extended area in the center of the test ground, elongated in the northeastern direction, conformably with the strike of the major geologic structures. The strain distribution pattern of the Emeelt test ground located within the eponymous seismogenic structures is characterized by the crustal elongation (5‧10-6 yr-1) trending SE-NW and less pronounced shortening in the SW-SE directions. The axial part of the fault crossing the test ground in the NW direction exhibits maximum deformations.

Video fixation of the growth of methane hydrate in three-phase water–oil–methane systems was carried out. Three kinds of crude oil were taken for experiments. The formation of unusual associates of gas hydrate with oil, growing into the volume of the aqueous phase, was found to be possible in two of these oil kinds at the late stages of hydrate growth. Possible mechanisms for the formation of these associates are discussed.

Polystyrene pyrolysis in oil residue was studied within temperature range 360-380 °C at atmospheric pressure. The composition of liquid pyrolysis products was determined by means of gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. The residue from the joint pyrolysis of modified bitumen was studied by means of PMR and FTIR spectroscopy; softening temperature, penetration and pyrobitumen content were determined. It was established that the major products of polystyrene pyrolysis in bitumen are saturated compounds, ethyl benzene, cumene, toluene, and 1,3-diphenylpropane, which are formed as a result of hydrogen transfer from bitumen components to the products of thermal degradation of polystyrene. The maximal rate of polystyrene destruction in bitumen shifts to the region of elevated temperature. Bitumen modification proceeds mainly due to the reactions involving the condensation of its components, initiated by hydrogen transfer. The effect of residual polystyrene on bitumen characteristics is much weaker.

The effect of nonpolar reagent, sulphury aromatic concentrate (SAC) and its composition with potassium butyl xanthogenate (PBX) on the floatation and sorption characteristics of gold-containing pyrite was studied. Mineral fractions -0.074+0.044 and -0.044+0.02 mm in size with the mass fraction of pyrite 91.8 and 92.2 %, with gold content 50.5 and 54.5 g/t, respectively, were used for floatation experiments. Experiments were carried out in the apparatus for micro-floatation in the presence of foam-forming agent Т-80. It was established that SAC possesses the collecting capacity with respect to pyrite samples with different particle sizes, but its activity is lower than that of PBX. It was shown that the floatation activity of pyrite fraction under the action of PBX and SAC decreases with a decrease in the size of mineral grains. The consumption of PBX may be decreased to 50 % without the loss of recovery for the floatation of pyrite with particle size-0.074+0.044 and -0.044+0.02 mm if it is used in composition with SAC. For the floatation of the fine pyrite fraction, PBX/SAC composition (SAC fraction being 25 % of PBX consumption) promotes an increase in the degree of pyrite extraction into the foamy product by 5 %. It was established that the treatment of the mineral with particle size-0.074+0.044 mm in the aqueous emulsion of SAC is accompanied by reagent sorption, which explains its collecting capacity with respect to pyrite. The nature of sorption is most probably physical because SAC passes into water partially during subsequent washing with water. The presence of SAC on the mineral surface hinders the sorption of PBX and thus promotes a decrease in its consumption for floatation.

The sorption activity of carbamide-containing sorbent made of aspen bark was studied with respect to nickel, zinc and lead from aqueous solutions with different metal concentrations. The effect of carbamide content in the aspen bark sorbent on its sorption activity with respect to admixtures under investigation was revealed. It was demonstrated that the adsorption-based deposition of 10.7 mass % of carbamide on the support made of aspen bark causes an increase in the capacity of the sorbent by a factor of 1.9-3.3 depending on metal nature. It was established that the resulting aspen bark sorbent is characterized by the high sorption capacity: the limiting sorption of lead, zinc and nickel is 91.17, 25.78 and 23.34 mg/g, respectively. The data on the kinetics of metal sorption and their analysis with the help of the models of pseudo-first and pseudo-second order are reported. The acidity of aqueous solutions providing efficient sorption of the metals under study was determined: pH 5.5-6.0 for zinc solutions and pH 5.5-7.0 for lead and nickel solutions. It was shown that the carbamide-containing aspen bark sorbent is efficient for the purification of low-concentration metal solutions: purification degree of the solutions containing 10.5 and 1.0 мg/l admixtures is not less than 66.7 and 89.9 %, respectively. The stability of the developed carbamide-containing sorbent to carbamide washing out was revealed in the studies of nickel, zinc and lead sorption. In combination with the high sorption activity, this determines the promising character of the use of this sorbent for additional purification of technical-grade water from metal admixtures.

The effect of the conditions of mechanochemical activation (initial components and activation time) on the phase and surface composition, texture characteristics of the catalysts based on strontium titanates with layered perovskite structure and their activity in the oxidative condensation of methane (OCM) at a temperature of 800-900 oC was studied. The resulting catalysts were characterized by means of XPA, mercury porosimetry, BET, XPES. The conditions for obtaining single-phase, well crystallized Sr₂TiO₄ were chosen: the use of a mixture of TiO₂ + SrCO₃ as the initial components, activation time 8 min, annealing at 1100 °С for 4 h. It was shown that the catalysts obtained using the mechanochemical method exhibit higher activity in the reaction of OCM (high methane conversion degree, high yield of С₂-hydrocarbons) in comparison with the catalysts prepared through co-precipitation.

The effect of mechanical activation of low-calcium ash of hydroremoval from the Apatity TPS without alkaline and other chemical reagents on its binding characteristics was studied. Mechanical activation was carried out in a centrifugal planetary mill AGO-2 for up to 400 s. Initial and mechanically activated ash was studied by means of X-ray phase analysis, IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, laser granulometry. Specific surface was determined. The data on aqueous leaching of initial and mechanically activated ash, as well as the data obtained by means of IR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, show that mechanical activation causes a noticeable increase in ash reactivity with respect to water. During normal solidification, the compression strength of ash-based samples after MA for 60-400 s at the age of 7 and 28 days was 0.7-1.7 and 1.4-2.2 MPa, respectively.

Heating of heptene-1 in the presence of di- and polysulphides of о - tert -butylphenol (TAB stabilizer) at a temperature of 200 °C in the inert atmosphere leads to isomeric S-heptylthiophenols in good yield. When this reaction is carried out in the air, the products of heptene-1 dimerization and trimerization are formed; similarly to initial heptene-1, they are oxidized by atmospheric oxygen with the formation of aliphatic alcohols and esters. The possibility to grafting sulphur-containing fragments to the olefin initiated the experiments with rubber, a polymeric olefin. Thermal treatment of the compositions of butadiene-nitrile rubber in the presence of sulphur-containing compounds obtained on the basis of 2- tert -butylphenol (TAB) is accompanied by thermolysis of the polysulphide components of TAB stabilizer and the formation of 4-mercaptophenols and thermolysis products that cannot be extracted from rubber, which is the evidence of their grafting to it. Technical characteristics of rubber incorporating the fragments of compounds included in TAB stabilizer were studied. The possibility to use this rubber with the grafted antioxidant for manufacturing the products contacting with the solvents was demonstrated.

The composition and thermal behaviour of the ethanol lignins isolated by means of extraction with organic solvents from the wood biomass of the coniferous and deciduous trees were studied by means of nonisothermal thermogravimetric (TG/DTG, DSC) analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Comparative analysis of the IR spectra of initial lignin and lignin treated thermally at 200 °C provides evidence that they have identical structural and groups composition. The initial temperature of abies lignin decomposition (252 °C) is higher by approximately 10 °C than that for aspen wood. It was established that prevailing decomposition of abies lignin in argon proceeds within the temperature range 337-427 °C: the highest rate of destruction is -2.9 %/min, the maximal decomposition is observed at 400 °C. Aspen lignin undergoes intense decomposition within a lower temperature range (327-400 °С) with the maximal rate of mass loss-3.1 %/min at 378 °C. The data of IR spectra of the products of abies lignin decomposition at 400 °С provide evidence of the substantial degree of lignin polymer decomposition with the possible formation of the derivatives of quaiacol and substitute4d phenol compounds. The completion of lignin thermal destruction at 800 °C is accompanied by the formation of carbon residues with the yield of 34 % from aspen lignin and 37 % from abies lignin. The appearance of carbonized particles in the structure of the material (starting from 240 oC) and further intensification of the formation of carbon matrix with an increase in pyrolysis temperature to 600 oC were confirmed by means of SEM. The maximal rates of aspen lignin decomposition were discovered to be higher than those of abies lignin within all conventional temperature ranges.

The technology is proposed for deep catalytic purification of gases formed in the combustion of pyroxylin powder, the filling of substandard ammunition of small arms. The technology involves dosing ammonium carbonate directly into the furnace with ammunition, gas processing in the apparatus for wet purification to remove catalytic poisons (lead and antimony compounds) and tar substances, selective catalytic reduction (SCR DeNOx) of nitrogen oxides by ammonia vapour and the catalytic oxidation of СО into harmless products.

Cracking of vacuum residue from the Novokuybyshevsk oil refinery was studied. The yields of gaseous, liquid and solid products at a temperature of 500 °C and process duration 10-30 min were determined. The hydrocarbon composition of liquid products was studied. It is shown that the addition of WC/Ni-Cr nanosized powder (NSP) promotes an increase in the yield of the fraction with boiloing temperature up to 360 oC by 66.4 mass % in comparison with initial vacuum residue and by 40.4 mass % in comparison with cracking without NSP. The effect of WC/Ni-Cr NSP on the changes in the molecular structures of high-molecular heteroatomic compounds (resins, asphaltenes) was studied.

Oil refining products are traditionally used as reagents for floatation coal cleaning. To enhance floatation efficiency, oxidative modification of nonpolar hydrocarbon reagents is used. In the present work ozone is considered as the oxidative reagent, and kerosene fraction is the nonpolar agent. The effect of ozonation on the component composition and technological characteristics of kerosene was studied. It is shown that ozonolysis of kerosene results in a decrease in the relative content of aliphatic СН₂-bonds in the -position to the aromatic core, and the fraction of methyl, methoxyl, alkyl ether and alicyclic structures increases; the fraction of polycyclic arenes decreases, while the fraction of monocyclic arenes increases; the content of aliphatic carboxylic acids, linear and cyclic ethers and esters, lactones and anhydrides increases. Due to an increase in the fraction of heteropolar oxygenated compounds in ozonated kerosene, it may serve as the basis for obtaining floatation reagent with the integrated properties of foam-former and collector, which promotes an increase in the efficiency of floatation of coal sludge.

The nature of catastrophic steppe fires in Siberia, which in recent decades have been spread over thousands of hectares each year, leading to economic losses, and losses of lives and livestock, is being considered. The paper follows spring (March-May) steppe and forest-steppe fires using satellite monitoring data. In the 10-year time interval of 2008-2017 a positive logarithmic trend in annual burned area of steppe fires has been identified. The trend in the number of fires is characterized by periodic variations in relation to the average values, which do not seem to increase. It has been shown that in today’s context the occurrence and spread of catastrophic steppe fires in Siberia are determined by the anomalies of hydrometeorological conditions. Also, natural and anthropogenic factors that cause the occurrence and spread of steppe fires are analyzed. A system of prevention is discussed, as well as technological solutions for the protection of settlements and facilities. It is proposed to focus attention not only on the immediate control of fires and the elimination of their effects, but also on the implementation of comprehensive preventive measures to aim at specific economic targets. As an example a technology is proposed to construct fire control barriers that would prevent the spread of steppe fires and scattering of burning particles to residential and structural settlements. These measures should have a positive effect on the national economy by significantly reducing the cost of rebuilding settlements after fires, saving lives, livestock and infrastructure.

The distribution of individuals of the intermediate form of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) H. Karst., and Siberian spruce P. obovata Ledeb., distinguished according to the metric parameters of the seed scales, was studied in extensive areas of the range from the Ukrainian Transcarpathia in the west to the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in the east. Intrapopulation frequency of intermediate phenotypes of European and Siberian spruce is characterized by a great variety. The coefficient of geographical variation of the frequency index is 73 %. According to the frequency of intermediate phenotypes, the entire population (107 of 126) is divided into three large groups: populations with a very low frequency (groups I, II and VIII, IX), in which it reaches 12-15 %; in groups III and VII, the frequency of such phenotypes is about 30; in groups IV, V, VI, 60-70 (up to 80) %. Groups of populations with predominance of individuals of intermediate phenotypes, in essence, represent an intermediate form of European and Siberian spruce. Populations in groups I-III, in which the phenotype of European spruce is found, represent this spruce, and in groups IX, VIII, VII one can observe the predominance of individuals of Siberian spruce phenotypes, these populations represent Siberian spruce. Populations in groups III and VII are transitional to the intermediate form of European and Siberian spruce. The populations with different frequencies of intermediate phenotypes can be studied to solve the problems of intraspecific taxonomy, e.g. in silviculture with a view to develop the guidelines for multiple forestry practices, since in geographical variability the shape of seed scales is strongly related to many other biological features.

An efficient system for the in vitro propagation of the endangered medicinal and winter-hardy ornamental plant, Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz., through high frequency shoot induction from seedlings and in vitro -derived apical shoots was developed. While testing different zeatin (Z) concentrations in the seedling culture, both axillary shoot regeneration and adventitious shoot formation on hypocotyls were observed. The highest frequency of shoot regeneration from seedlings (80 %), including formation of adventitious buds on hypocotyls (25 %), was recorded in the presence of 1.0 µM Z. The highest adventitious shoot numbers per explant (31.12 ± 6.19) were formed under 2.5 µM Z. Histological examination confirmed that adventitious buds directly originated from parenchymal cells of the hypocotyl. The effect of different concentrations of 2-isopentenyladenine and Z alone as well as in combination with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on axillary shoot proliferation from apical shoot explants was studied. The highest regeneration frequency (100 %) and shoot multiplication (9.70 ± 0.63) with a maximum length (15.75 mm) were obtained by using a combination of 0.1 µM IAA with 1.0 µM Z. The most efficient root formation was achieved through 4-hour pulse treatment with 148.0 µM indole-3-butyric acid followed by ex vitro rooting in a mixture of peat and sand (1 : 1). This study contributes to conventional and genetic-engineering breeding programs for creating new frost-resistant cultivars and developing a strategy for R. mucronulatum germplasm conservation, as well as commercial large-scale propagation.

Studies of Pinus sylvestris L. forests in the impact (5-10 km) and buffer (11-40 km) technogenic pollution zones in the vicinity of a large industrial centre Usol’e-Sibirskoe of Irkutsk Oblast have been conducted in 2013-2016. Changes of biogeochemical indexes (acid-base balance, accumulation and migration of pollutants and biogene elements) in the components of a forest ecosystem, such as pine trees, organic litter, and soil horizons were determined. It has been shown that the displacement of acid-base balance to the alkaline range and the active migration of pollutant elements in soil horizons and organic litter are the key processes that cause the violation of the exchange reactions of the Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺ cations in a soil absorbing complex as well as decreasing the migration of nutrient elements to the root systems of pine trees. The pronounced changes in the acid-base balance, the high accumulation of pollutant elements, binding of biogenic elements by pollutants in the horizons of soil profiles and plant tissues lead to the disruption of nutrition and inhibition of growth processes in pine trees. The biogeochemical indicators under study are characterized by interconnected changes in the components of the forest ecosystem and can serve as adequate criteria for assessing its state under technogenic pollution. Therefore, the obtained results provide information on the nutrient cycling in pine forests, role of industrial emission elements, their migration and accumulation in individual components of the ecosystem.

The search for an optimum value to constrain boundary parameters in distribution models can be (and is) laborious and time-consuming. The accuracy of a distribution fit depends on the predetermined values of the boundary parameters. In this study, we applied the extreme value distributions derived from the generalized extreme value (GEV) in assigning the optimum constant to a distribution with boundary parameters. GEV subfamily (type 1), Gumbel’s distribution, was used to generate constant values which were used as a fraction of the minimum and maximum diameter and height data. The effectiveness of these values was established using five distribution models: logit-logistic (LL), Burr XII, Dagum, Kumaraswamy, and Johnson’s S_B distributions. The distributions were fitted with maximum accuracy to the diameter and height data collected on 90 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn sample plots. Model assessment was based on negative log-likelihood (-ΛΛ), Kolmogorov-Smirnov ( K-S ), Cramér-von Mises ( W ²), Reynold’s error index ( EI ), and mean square error ( MSE ). The result showed that the performance of the distributions was improved, especially for the height distribution, compared to other constant values. Gumbel’s distribution can be applied whenever (where) a boundary constraint is to be imposed on the location and scale parameters of the distribution models.

The dynamics of radial growth of tree stem developing in changing conditions of the city of Krasnoyarsk was studied. For Krasnoyarsk, The problem of creating an environment favorable for people living in Krasnoyarsk is an urgent issue and its integral part is deveping green areas to protect the environment Eight tree species were used to improve the landscape of the city of Krasnoyarsk: Scotch pine Pinus sylvestris L., Colorado spruce Picea pungens Engelm., drooping birch Betula pendula Roth., Siberian elm Ulmus pumila L., balsam poplar Populus balsamifera L., mountain ash Sorbus aucuparia L., Maak bird cherry tree Padus maackii Rupr., and dwarf apple tree Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. The width of the radial growth of the stems was measured during the lifetime of the model trees and the averaged growth paths were obtained for the five sample plots, showing different levels of contamination. On heavily contaminated sample plots, the Siberian elm, balsam poplar, Maak bird cherry tree and dwarf apple tree throughout their life form relatively narrow annual rings (up to 3 mm). It is concluded that these tree species can be used as indicators of anthropogenic pollution of the sit. Drooping birch, Siberian elm, Maak bird cherry tree, and dwarf apple tree on sites with a high level of contamination are characterized by high rate of decrease in the width of annual rings with aging, which shortens the effective life of these plants. Based on the results obtained, preliminary recommendations on the use of the tree species in the urban environment were formulated, taking into account the characteristics of their growth.

The objects of the study were forest shelterbelts represented mainly by pure and mixed stands of black poplar Populus nigra L. in the Republics of Khakassia and Tyva. The sites differed according to soil conditions: southern chernozems, ordinary chernozems, sandy spilled soils. The stand structure along DBH distribution rows showed pure stands to possess a right-asymmetric shape with non-expressed maximum points. Mixed stands are characterized by a comb-shaped form with several extremum points. In comparison with mixed stands, pure (monospecific) forest belts are more stable. Black poplar is characterized by different state of trees growing in favorable conditions in pure stands (8.0-53.6 % - healthy trees) compared to a weakened state in mixed stands (12.9 % - healthy trees). Three growth strategies have been intensive, medium, and moderate. The strategy of intensive growth is characteristic of pure tree stands growing on ordinary chernozems. The strategy of moderate growth is characteristic for a mixed stands growing on southern chernozems. Black poplar has a more full-boled stem form in comparison with other tree species of forest shelterbelts from other administrative regions. The difference in the ratio of tree heights and diameters is due to the soil conditions,formation of shelterbelt, many other anthropogenic and natural factors. The stereometric method was used to obtain an empirical formula for determining the wood stock of black poplar. Complex evaluation of black poplar growth in forest shelterbelts in the south of Central Siberia made it possible to determine the features of agrotechnology, structure, the conditions of tree growth, stem shape, identification of the types of site conditions, and to choose the methods for assessing the current productivity of the stands. The obtained results contribute to developing the regulatory framework, and introduce economic measures for the creation, cultivation and care of black poplar forest belts in Central Siberia.

The paper reviews research papers, develops recommendations for forest regulatory documents. Some deficiencies in the current regulatory framework are revealed. Traditionally, the system of normative documents had a hierarchical structure. The upper level contained basic principles and the most general provisions, while regional level documents focused on local features of forest growth, and also analyzed possible differences within the region. In addition to the geographical aspect, progress in the development of forestry practices, new scientific data and gradual changes in the forest fund were also taken into account, which encouraged periodic updating of standards. The last time it happened more than 20 years ago. The current standards regulating the main stages of forest growing - reforestation, forest care and felling of mature tree stands - are considered. Specific examples illustrate problems, caused by the imperfection in forest legislation, insufficient study of natural and economic characteristics of the regions, progress in the development of logging equipment and considerable changes in the forest fund. It is pointed out that there is a need for normative measures for recording the costs of carrying out activities. It is noted that these shortcomings are a consequence of neglect of the principal issues of domestic forestry. It is shown that system for assessing stand thinning quality is imperfect and the interpretation of the results of the work is ambiguous. It is proposed to base the assessment on absolute indicators, as is accepted in international practice. The urgent need to plan biodiversity conservation activities taking into account the peculiarities of natural and territorial complexes is shown. We suggest to improve the situation, with proposals aimed at creating conditions to intensify forestry production and restore resource potential of taiga forests.

Increasing urbanization makes people study the environmental and sanative functions of suburban forests. Forest attendance of over two thousand people per day per hectare in a season is facilitated by a dense network of roads and trails in suburban forests near Krasnoyarsk, so that residents can penetrate into forest interiors. Over recent years the scale of recreational forest usage is constantly increasing. Currently, uncontrolled recreational use of forests prevails. Fires are often human-caused. In the paper an assessment of relative inflammability of suburban recreational pine forests near Krasnoyarsk is provided. An analysis of the distribution of forest fires by the months of fire season and origins of their occurrence was made. An objective indicator of the inflammability norms for each particular year and the methodology for their calculation were proposed. The calculation of the normative level of the maximum burned areas for different classes of fire hazard according to weather conditions is presented. These studies are necessary to justify the level of forest protection for fire seasons of different severity, which is characterized by the number of days with III-V classes of fire hazard according to weather conditions. The maximum burned area of forest fires calculated for long-term data could be also served as the basis for assessing the effectiveness of forest protection.

The aim of the study was to study the effect of the normotimic drug based on a complex of lithium citrate, polymethylsiloxane and alumina on DNA damage level (DNA comet test) in vivo by alkaline gel electrophoresis. It was shown that at 3 and 18 hours after the drug administration at the highest dose (2000 mg/kg) and therapeutic dose (400 mg/kg), the percentage of DNA in the tail in the cells of the bone marrow does not differ from the negative controls. That may indicate absence of possible carcinogenic action of the lithium-containing drug. On the other hand, the amount of DNA damage in other organs (kidney, liver, large intestine) increased with an exposure time of 3 hours after administration of the drug in a toxic dose. Although, the degree of this effect expression was not high. When the dose was reduced (400 mg/kg) and the duration of the experiment was increased (up to 18 hours), this effect was not detected. That indicates the ability of the drug to enhance DNA damage repair. Given that lithium preparations have a pronounced toxic effect on kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, liver, the increase in the percentage of DNA in the tail in these organs can be a consequence of the cytostatic action of the drug.

The goal is to perform a paleoradiologic MRI study of the tissues of the musculoskeletal system of the mummy of a woman from the Pazyryk culture from the Ak-Alakh-3 burial ground on the Ukok Plateau, in which previously had been found tumor metastases (from the right breast) and the consequences of a severe trauma - a dislocation of the right hip and damage to the right brachial joints. The method is a high-field MRI on the magnetic resonance scanner (Achieva Nova, Philips, 1.5 T). Results. The manifestations of osteomyelitis of the femurs bones were revealed in the tissues of the musculoskeletal apparatus of the mummy. The signs of damage to the anterior cruciate ligament of the right knee joint and lig. bifurcatum of the right foot were revealed, which indicates the effect of unfavorable factors of traumatic genesis. There were also signs of an inflammatory process, spondyloarthritis and osteoarthritis (probably autoimmune genesis): a pronounced narrowing of both sacroiliac joints, zones of inflammatory edema of bone tissue in the projection of the left sacroiliac joint, joints of the foot, involvement of the periarticular soft tissues-achillobursitis.

Stem cells are divided into embryonic and adult stem cells. The relevance of the use of stem cells in clinical practice has received new evidence in recent years however, the methods of obtaining stem cells for medical purposes cause ethical rejection. An alternative to the stem cells is the induced pluripotent cells. These cells are multipotential and comparable with features of embryonic stem cells but with additional advantages: their preparation allows to avoid many ethical problems associated with the use of embryonic material, their use reduces the risk of immune rejection. The possibility of somatic cells reprogramming into pluripotent stem cells opens the great prospects for regenerative medicine. An applying of directional reprogramming method makes possible to obtain practically any cell type from induced stem cells of the patient to use in autologous cell therapy. Induced pluripotent stem cells can also be used to model the human diseases and for screening of medicines. However, there are still a number of obstacles that need to be overcome before the use of induced pluripotent stem cells will be involved to routine clinical practice. This review examines the history of the creation of induced pluripotent stem cells and recent advances in the reprogramming of somatic cells, as well as the challenges that need to be overcome in order to apply this strategy in clinical practice.

The purpose of this work was a comparative study of the particle sizes of commercial preparations of colloidal silver by the method of electron microscopy, in connection with the characteristics of specific antimicrobial activity of the preparations under the same conditions. Four commercial preparations of colloidal silver were investigated: Vitargol Forte (manufactured by NPC «Elusan»), Protalor (manufactured by OOO «Esko-Farm», Armenia), Sialor (manufactured by PFK «Obnovlenie»). Protargol (prescription drugstore) served as the drug of comparison. Material and methods. The silver particle sizes in the preparations were determined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy using a JEM 2010 electron microscope (JEOL, Japan) with a resolution of 0.14 nm at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. The antimicrobial activity of the silver protein preparations was studied by a standard serial dilution method in liquid nutrient media and diffusion method using bacterial cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results and discussion. Vitargol Forte, manufactured using advanced technology, is the most fine-dispersed and monodisperse preparation. The preparation of standard classical Protargol, prepared in pharmacy conditions, was the most coarsely dispersed and polydispersed. The conclusion. The dependence of antimicrobial activity of the preparation on the size of its silver particles was shown. Of the four investigated preparations of silver proteinate, the smallest particle size was in the Vitargol Fort preparation. The same drug showed the highest bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity.

The development of immunogen being capable of providing protection against HIV-1 infection and progression is still topical and unsolved challenge. Since HIV-1 demonstrates strong genetic variability, an efficient vaccine should provide protection against a number of various virus strains. Design of immunogen with capacity to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV is believed to solve this issue. As distinct from usual antibodies, bNAbs interact with conservative epitopes providing protective immunity to overwhelming majority of HIV strains. Our study aims to construct and analyze antigenic features of polyepitope HIV-immunogen nTBI comprising epitopes recognized by bNAbs. Materials and methods. We used previously designed TBI protein as molecule-carrier and obtained on this basis protein’s modified variant nTBI. It includes epitopes recognized by bNAbs 10E8, 4E10, 2F5, as well as linear mimetic of conformation epitope bNAb VRC01. Immunoblotting was used to analyze antigenic properties of epitopes in composition of nTBI. To purify nTBI, we used metal chelate chromatography. To study immunogenic properties, we immunized rabbits with purified nTBI preparation. Specific activity of sera from immunized rabbits was identified using ELISA. Affine chromatography on protein A was used to obtain IgG from sera of rabbits. Virus-neutralizing activity of purified IgG was detected in neutralization test using recombinant virus HIV-1 92BR025. Results. Immunogen nTBI comprising epitopes recognized by bNAbs was constructed. We obtained protein nTBI producer providing production of target protein up to 30 % of the amount of producer cell proteins. We showed that in the context of nTBI protein linear epitopes retain their antigenic properties. When immunizing rabbits, we found nTBI inducing production of antibodies capable of neutralizing recombinant HIV-1 strain 92BR025. Conclusion. We demonstrated principal possibility of the use of artificial TBI protein as a scaffold molecule to expose epitopes recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies.

The article describes a determination method of the laser radiation with specific parameters effect on the eye tissues based on optoacoustic probing. Low-power probing laser with 7-10 ns pulses generates acoustic waves at the aiming point. The waves propagate through the medium (saline in a cuvette) to acoustic receiver. The characteristics of the acoustic wave give basis for estimation of optical absorption coefficient - a parameter that determines temperature in the affected area after applying therapeutic laser. Calculation of the temperature pattern was performed using a three-dimensional thermal conductivity model that enabled determination of temperature distribution at any local point during coagulation and immediately after. To compare the results with pre-calculated temperature field values, direct temperature measurement was taken from the surface of the absorbing layer. The experiment was performed on six human chorioretinal tissue samples in vitro; the obtained optical absorption coefficient values did not exceed 120-300 cm^-1 with maximum error margin of 20 %. The computational model was seen to be in good agreement with experimental thermocouple measurements.

The goal is to evaluate the contribution of age and individual features of the cerebral cranium, foci in the CNS structures, pathomorphological changes in the liquor-containing spaces and angio-cerebral structures visualized on ultra high field magnetic resonance imaging (uhfMRI) in the formation of the syndrome of intracranial hypertension (ICH). Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the fundamental biophysical parameter of the brain, the result of perfusion and diffusion at the level of hemato-tissue, hemato-liquor, liquor-tissue contacts forming the hematoencephalic barrier (BBB), and the liquor-lymphatic contacts that form the liquor-lymphatic barrier (LLB). Violations of venous cerebral hemodynamics and liquorodynamics reduce the possibility of draining the subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord, and the «excess» of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the static volume of the cerebral cranium causes the ICH. This is manifested in the form of violation of perfusion and diffusion processes, in the form of micro-foci in the structures of the nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord, in changes in cerebral vessels, liquor-containing spaces and liquor-lymphatic contacts. Clinically, on the background of ICH, a symptom-complex of headache is formed, and the functional abilities of the central nervous system decrease. Direct measurement of ICP is an invasive procedure with a violation of the integrity of the dura mater. Therefore, for individual diagnosis of the mechanism of increasing ICP in 249 patients with clinical manifestations of ICH, biomarkers (pathomorphological findings with uhfMRI) were analyzed: biomarkers of hydrocephalus-hypertension-edematous syndrome, biomarkers of residual cerebral changes, biomarkers of unfavorable anatomical variants of the structure of the brain skull and brain tissue, biomarkers of the consequences of the development of hydrocephalus-hypertension-edematous syndrome, biomarkers of unfavorable variants of cerebral vascular network structure and hemodynamics. Each patient develops an individual pathogenetic scheme of development of ICH, which during life changes at least 3 times.

Hodgkin’s lymphoma is considered a potentially curable disease. Chemotherapy-based salvage regimens can achieve responses in 90 % of patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The possibility of achieving persistent disease-free survival poses a problem of ensuring a satisfactory quality of life and preventing the long-term consequences of antitumor therapy. One of those consequences may be a change in bone mineral density. Currently, a number of researchers have established that the risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia is highest in patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma as compared to patients with other lymphoproliferative disorders. The decrease in bone mineral density can be associated with polychemotherapy including various combinations of cytostatic drugs and glucocorticoids, hypogonadism caused by toxic effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, tumor process, low physical activity and other factors. The high importance of the problem of osteoporosis is determined from social consequences - fractures of the vertebral bodies and fractures of the peripheral skeleton. That leads to economic risks in the health care area and causing a high level of disability. The aim of the study was to reveal the main regularities of bone remodeling in patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

Aim - to conduct a comparative analysis of markers of inflammatory reaction of the vascular wall in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) after implantation of bioresorbable scaffolds (BS) and everolimus-eluting stents during short observation period. Material and methods. 20 patients with stable CAD and mono-vessel coronary bed lesion with indication to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were studied. Group 1 consisted of 9 patients with implanted stent covered with everolimus; group 2 consisted of 11 patients with implanted BS. Biochemical inflammatory markers were defined at the admission time, in 1 day, 4 days and 1 month after PCI. Results. In 1 day after PCI both groups expectedly showed cytokine level growth, including interleukin 6 (IL-6), as a respond to the vascular wall lesion with the following decrease in 4 days to the initial level. On the second day after PCI serum content of matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMPs-9) was increased in groups 1 and 2 of patients. Lowering of MMPs-9 with no reaching the initial level in 1 month was noticed only in group 2, whereas group 1 kept high concentration of MMPs-9. The comparable groups had the maximum content of soluble CD40-ligand (sCD40L) on the 4th day with a little lowering after 1 month only in group 2. High level of high-sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP) remained during the entire follow-up period in both groups. Conclusion: Patients with stable CAD after implantation of BS and everolimus covered stents did not have any differences in dynamics of mediators of acute inflammation phase. Persistent high levels of MMPs-9, sCD40L and also elevated concentration of CRP assume prolonged character of the vascular wall inflammatory respond, being more expressed after implantation of everolimus covered stents.

The article is devoted to the description of three clinical cases of patients with rare pathology - cavernous hemangioma of the orbit cavity operated in the neurosurgery clinic of Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics. The aim of the study was to evaluate the results of surgical treatment of orbital masses through the example the Krenlane method of cavernous angioma orbitotomy in the neurosurgical clinic. Material and methods. 20 people with primary and secondary (growing into the orbit cavity) orbit tumors were operated in the neurosurgery clinic from 2007 to 2016. Among these 20 tumor cases (0.65 % of all brain tumors have been removed in the clinic during this period) there were 13 meningiomas (65 %); 4 gliomas of the optic nerve (20 %); 3 cavernous angiomas (15 %). 3 patients had volumetric formations localized directly into the orbital cavity without spreading into the optic nerve canal and intracranial. In all 3 cases, tumors were cavernous hemangiomas confirmed by pathomorphological studies. Results. All operated cavernous hemangiomas were removed totally. The patients’ postoperative course was smooth, wound healing went by primary tension. Visual acuity deterioration was not observed. According to the results of MSCT control, there were no tumor signs in the early postoperative period (the next day after the operation). All patients were dismissed in satisfactory condition on the seventh day. Control tests, including an MRI after 5 years from the time of the operation showed that the operated patients did not complain. Exophthalmos regressed completely. Visual acuity in all patients recovered to 1.0. Cosmetic defect was absent. All patients had a good functional result - a complete restoration of eyeball movement. Conclusions. Patients with primary volume formations of the orbit cavity in the form of cavernous hemangiomas of lateral localization can be successfully operated with the use of minimally invasive access - bone-plastic orbitotomy, by the method of Krenlane with its proper technical execution. The access is of low-traumatic nature, allows for a wide view of the orbit cavity, provides the necessary operational space and visualization of the surgeon’s manipulation zone, which allows to perform radical removal of the tumor as much as possible without damaging healthy tissues, large vessels and the optic nerve, is well tolerated by patients.

The purpose of the study is to determine the optimal technique for reducing the barrier function of skin epidermis to increase the laser radiation penetrating depth into tissues. Material and methods. The experiments were carried out with full-layer human skin samples obtained after surgical intervention. The source of laser radiation was placed on one side of the irradiated tissue and glass fiber was introduced coaxially with it on the other side to determine the depth of penetration of laser radiation into biological tissues. The radiation receiver was a photoelectric multiplier. The density of the light flux changed together with the change in the position of the fiber in the array of tissues., The depth of radiation penetration into the irradiated sample was determined after constructing the radiation intensity curve. The study of native preparations of human skin was carried out before and after exposure to physical factors. Methods of microdermabrasion, laser ablation of skin surface layers, ionophoresis and ultrasound were used to conduct the study in order to reduce the barrier function of skin epidermis. After these methods exposure, the depth of penetration of laser radiation into the tissue was measured during laser radiation with wavelengths of 532 and 1064 nm. Results and discussion. It has been established that microdermabrasion and laser ablation of epidermis stratum corneum reduced the absorption of laser radiation at the depth of up to 2.5 mm resulting in significant reducing the laser radiation power.

The clinical case is fairly rare combination of severe somatic pathology (neuroendocrine cancer, terminal chronic kidney disease, program hemodialysis, etc.) and orthopedic and traumatologic pathology (right femoral neck pseudarthrosis) requiring surgical intervention with high risks for patient’s life. The patient has been suffering from polyneuroendocrine cancer since 2001. The history of multiple surgical interventions for polyneuroendocrine cancer is presented. Neuroendocrine cancer is considered as the least often oncologic disease. It is very dangerous, because neuroendocrine cells are spread throughout the body and can affect almost any organ. The treatment prognosis is unknown. At present, this type of cancer is poorly researched, which precludes the introduction of new treatment options and preventive activities. In the setting of comorbid pathology that arose from neuroendocrine cancer treatment (comorbidity index 12, according to ASA IV), the patient received the right femoral neck fracture. Surgical treatment for femoral neck fracture in patients burdened with comorbid pathology is a challenge for surgeons, anesthesiologists-resuscitators, therapists, nutritiologists, and doctors of other specialties. An abandonment of surgical intervention worsens the quality of life, aggravates disability, leads to the development of trophic, thrombo-embolic and infectious complications, and increases the likelihood of adverse outcome. Surgical treatment in the setting of specialized hospital is the most expedient. Therefore, due to comorbidity of such patients, a niche-targeted approach to treatment by specialists is needed at all stages of treatment with a seamless transfer of care and consistency of treatment activities.

Objective - to assess the own experience of human normal immunoglobulin (Privigen, CSL Behring) administration in patients with Guillain - Barre syndrome. Material and methods. Clinical cases of patients with Guillain - Barre syndrome treated with human normal immunoglobulin (Privigen) in 2016-2017. Guillain - Barre syndrome corresponded to the disease clinical and diagnostic criteria. Efficiency of this treatment was considered by improvement of motor and pelvic functions. Besides, side effects and tolerability were assessed clinically. Results. 3 GBS patients underwent treatment. There was improvement of varying degrees in 3 cases, which included improvement in motor sphere and improvement in urination. One case was fatal because of pulmonary and cardiac failure caused by pneumonia. Expected slight side effect was in 1 case, which includes nasopharyngitis, was treated in within days. Conclusion. Results of implementation of human normal immunoglobulin (Privigen, CSL Behring) were ambiguous.

Aim of investigation: substantiation of the complex treatment phasing of patients with the temporomandibular joint disk displacement with reduction in case of bite pathology and hypertonicity of masticatory muscles. Methods. The clinical evaluation, radiological, electromyographic, and gnathological examination of 74 patients with the reduced temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disk displacement in case of occlusion pathology and chewing muscles hypertonicity have been carried out in the treatment planning and implementation from 2016 to 2018. In order to normalize the function of masticatory muscles at the first stage of treatment, relaxing splint and drug therapy were applied. The effectiveness of the chewing muscles hypertonicity correction was evaluated under electromyography control. The installation of braces for correction of malocclusion was performed after the electromyography signs normalization, reducing the frequency, severity of clicks in the TMJ and the absence of subjective complaints of discomfort or pain. Results and discussion. After the improvement of anatomical and functional relationships, planned orthodontic treatment was carried out, during which no disorders of the temporomandibular joints were revealed. The inclusion of relaxation splint for malocclusion and masticatory muscles hypertonicity, combined with the reduction of the joint disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint in the complex therapy is aimed at preventing the development of secondary osteoarthritis and blockage of the articular disc of the TMJ.

Pulmonotoxicants are the substances causing structural and functional disorders of respiratory system. The main sources of pulmonotoxicants in the environment are thermal decomposition of synthetic polymeric materials in fires. The possibility of formation of pulmonotoxicants during the combustion of synthetic polymers of different composition with regard to the conditions of combustion (temperature, time, sufficient oxygen) was analyzed. The risk of lung damage has been considered taking into account the duration of exposure to the toxicant. In addition to general toxic carbon monoxide and cyanide, the products of thermal destruction of halogen-containing and nitrogen-containing substances pose a great danger in case of fire due to their high pulmonotoxicity. The lung damage risk is considered with account for toxicants exposure duration. The pulmonotoxicants classification has been proposed according to their hazard in relation to their concentration in the air. Main mechanisms of effect of pulmonotoxicants formed during the pyrolysis of various polymeric synthetic materials have been proposed. The description of clinical manifestations as the result of intoxication with these materials under various toxodoses effect has been shown. The hazardous risk spectrum has changed depending on the toxic exposure duration that determines the variance of treatment approaches: from possible etiotropic treatment to pathogenetic therapy of toxic pulmonary edema.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the formation of disturbances in the eating behavior of children and adolescents due to the irrational structure of food consumption through the use of factor analysis. Material and methods. A survey of 1,058 children living in the city of Mezhdurechensk of the Kemerovo Region was conducted using enquire form with a questionnaire on the frequency of consumption of the main food groups. In the questionnaires, the frequency of consumption of food groups had 5 gradations and the corresponding conditional score. To identify the latent factors that determine the frequency of consumption of specific categories of food, factor analysis - the method of principal components was used. Results and discussion. In pre-school children, two main factors were identified that determine the variability in the frequency of consumption of food. The total influence of factors was 55,5 %. The frequency of food consumption by schoolchildren aged 7-10 years and 11-13 years was different from the age groups of children 3-6 years old and was determined by 3 latent factors, the share of which was 59,6 and 60,6 %. With the increase of years the total influence of factors affecting the frequency of food consumption increases. None of the stereotypes of eating behavior can be considered as rational, since all of them have been characterized by frequent consumption of high-calorie food products against the background of the decrease in biologically valuable foods consumption. The lack of consumption of the main food groups testify to reduced nutritional status. The emerging stereotypes of eating behavior can cause a shortage of intake of nutrients in the body of both preschoolers and schoolchildren.

Objective: to study the interrelation of stress among men and women of 25-64 years in an open population in Tyumen. Cardiac screening was carried out on a representative sample of the population (77.7 % response). A representative sample of 2000 people was formed from the electoral lists of citizens of one of the administrative districts of Tyumen. Each of the eight sex-age groups (25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64 years) consisted of 250 people. The identification of stress in the family was assessed by the WHO questionnaire «MONICA-psychosocial». The results of the study showed that changes in the marital status occurred more often among young men of 25-34 years than among women of the same age group. At the age of 55-64 years the situation is changing, there are more changes in the marital status among elderly women than among men. At the same time, changes in the marital status were significantly more frequent in men aged 25-34 years than in older age groups.