A.L. Posadskov
State Public Scientific and Technical Library SB RAS, 15, Voskhod str, Novosibirsk, 630200, Russian Federation
Keywords: information society (knowledge society), information, publishing business, private book publishing, Siberia, Russian Far East, late XX - early XXI centuries, reforms, market economy
The information society (knowledge society) formation based on free creation, dissemination and use of information implies broad development of non-state information processes, including private book publishing practice. In the regions of Russia (Siberia and the Far East), private publishing houses, however, today face numerous objective and subjective problems of their development caused primarily by the situation in regional economy and social sphere. The most important role is played by a small density of population in the territories (and this is an obstacle to create book-publishing products’ market), as well as a low purchasing capacity of the impoverished population. The regional publishers partly compensate the lack of space for the book market by the increased flow of ordered publications and, as far as possible, involving sponsors to print certain books. Many publishers starting out as “ideological” or “cultural” foci, with a correspondingly targeted original repertoire, nowadays replicate only ordered printed products without tracking its contents. The private capital, as a rule, evades sponsorship of regional book publishing, main hopes of the local publishers are related to the authorities, territorial administration organs and legislative assemblies. They are constantly asked to help, but only few richest regions sponsor publishing initiatives regularly. The indicated obstacles to develop the regional book business become more noticeable the further a particular region is fr om the country center, wh ere resources and financial flows, and relatively high-income consumers of book products are concentrated. The current situation raises the issue on adapting the regional publishing business to the requirements of the future information environment. The market itself does not elaborate a development strategy. Without a reasonably formulated state strategy, it is a disorderly movement of the subjects of the publishing process based on the conjuncture of their current activities. It seems that there will be a long period of purposeful influence of the developing civil society in Russia aimed at raising the existing book business up to the standards of the knowledge society.
The article analyzes development of the Kazakh society’s judicial and legal system in the first half of the XIX century. The necessity to integrate the region into the general imperial space led to carrying out a broad range of reforms that resulted in transformation of the potestary-patriarchal relations and Kazakh society’s traditional social institutions. An important component of Russia’s policy was the transformation of the judicial and legal system of Kazakhstan, whose formation took place in the first half of the XIX century. The study objective is to determine features of Kazakh society’s judicial system during the examined period and to identify its efficiency degree based on complex points of the frontier modernization and neoinstitutionalism theory and involving new documentary sources. The state policy of the Russian Empire in the Central Asian national outskirts was aimed at “soft” integration of the nomadic community into the general imperial legal space. This resulted in slow “transplantation” into region of the judicial imperial elements and preservation of traditional court on adat basis. This concept was reflected in main bills of the first half of the XIX century concerning the studied region: “The Charter on Siberian Kirghizs” 1822, “Regulations to manage Orenburg Kirghizs” 1844, “Regulations to manage Semipalatinsk Region” and subsequent orders of 1854. The status of a people’s court in the regional legal system caused disputes, whose jurisdictions were quite broad despite the limitations imposed by reforming. Regional and central authorities admitted the incompleteness and functional inefficiency of this option of the judicial system and discussed necessity of its reorganization through unification with the Imperial legal space.
Despite the active expansion of educational institutions’ types and kinds in the Russian Empire in the XIX century, a universal legislative act defining the organization principles of the management and control system was not developed. The statutes and directives regulated educational institutions activity (including the higher ones). At the same time, while the common imperial charters were developed for the universities, such practice was not applied to technical higher educational institutions. The late XIX century was marked by the beginning of the typological diversification of higher educational institutions in Siberia that singled out two higher school types: a classical university and a technological institute. The legislative acts adopted earlier, imperial analogues - “The General Charter of Imperial Russian Universities” (1884), “Regulation on Kharkov Practical Technological Institute” (1885) - became the normative documents determining the statutory foundations of the newly established higher education institutes activity. This paper objective is an attempt to reveal the correlation degree between the statutory documents regulating the activity of the first higher educational institutions in Siberia and general imperial counterparts available at that time. The regulatory documentation analysis showed that while Tomsk Technological Institute received originally developed regulations (adapted “Regulations on Kharkov Practical Technological Institute”), then the extension of “General Charter of the Imperial Russian Universities”, the Tomsk Imperial University required a transitional period, due to the fact that the University consisted only of the medical faculty. The comparative analysis of regulatory documentation by typological and territorial criteria allows concluding on similarity of management model principles (administrative positions and bodies, competences range, forms of accountability), which facilitated not only monitoring an educational institution, but its interacting with territorial and central bodies of educational authorities as well.
The article highlights the situation in terms of housing a population in Kuzbass industrial centers and fighting the housing crisis in 1922-1928. The author used a problematic-chronological method that made it possible to trace the process of meeting housing needs of the working population in Kuzbass as well as housing construction of large coal trusts during NEP (New Economic Policy). Based on archival sources, the author analyzed housing stock, revealed the periods characterizing the approaches to fighting the housing crisis, identified funds for housing, as well as noted harsh living conditions of workers in Kuzbass mine settlements and towns. In 1922-1925, the housing stock growth took place due to limited housing construction, in which temporary houses, poorly adapted to local climatic conditions prevailed. At the same time, the population outflow from the mine settlements was observed, that had a positive effect on housing indicators of working people. 1926-1928 was marked by the revival of housing construction of apartment-type houses and private construction, as a result of loan money received by Kuzbassugol and Kuzbasstrast enterprises from the Central Bank for Communal Services and Housing. There were about 265,000 m² of living space at the disposal of industrial enterprises by October 01, 1928 as a whole, which showed doubling the housing stock of industrial Kuzbass. In total, before the first five-year plan about 36 thousand people or 62 % of the population in industrial regions were provided with housing. The author concluded that growth of the housing stock during NEP improved workers living conditions of Kuzbass industrial enterprises, had a positive impact on stabilization of the miners’ personnel, but did not allow to overcome the housing crisis the aggravated miners’ turnover in coal mines.
The article deals with the issues of the organization and work of livestock-breeding state farms in Siberia in 1929-1934. Specialized state farms had to make a significant contribution to solve food and raw material problems in the USSR. Until 1932 the number of farms and their land use increased. State farms did not justify expectations laid upon them by the Soviet authorities. The cattle productivity was less than in individual farms and collective farms. But the main problem for the authorities was the high cost of production and, accordingly, its low profitability. In 1933 the program of state-farm construction was closed up. The reorganization of livestock-breeding state farms began, which was reduced mainly to the disaggregation and expansion of specialization. Optimization of the state farm network did not lead to overcoming the negative phenomena in the livestock sector of state farms.
The turbulent properties of a supersonic jet were studied related to a high level of pressure pulsation found in model jets of a reentry flight vehicle approaching the landing ground. This study comprised measurements of total pressure at a small-size target using a dynamic pressure probe placed in a free jet. The most comprehensive data about jet turbulence can be obtained by direct transformation of the pressure reading at the stagnation point near the target into the normalized velocity. The oscillogram of normalized velocity produces the velocity average value, root-mean-square value as well as turbulence intensity and turbulence spectrum. It was demonstrated that a high level of turbulence for a high-head jet retains along the supersonic core length and at the beginning of subsonic interval.
In this work, we present a numerical study of the laminar-turbulence transition flow around a symmetrical airfoil at a low Reynolds number in free flow and near the ground surface at different angles of attack. Finite volume method is employed to solve the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equation. In this way, the Transition SST turbulence model is used for modeling the flow turbulence. Flow around the symmetrical airfoil SD7003 is numerically simulated in free stream and near the ground surface. Our numerical method can detect different aspects of flow such as adverse pressure gradient, laminar separation bubble and laminar to turbulent transition onset and the numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data.
Occurrence of flow separation within the boundary-layer is primarily attributed to the growth of adverse pressure gradient within the boundary-layer. Such a separating boundary-layer can, however, be made to stay attached to the bounding surface due to various remedies where the surface transverse curvature (TVC) is one of them while the body contour is another. Assistive role of the surface transverse curvature is utilized in delaying the boundary-layer separation in a retarded flow past the slender bodies by assuming different body configurations. Axially-symmetric bodies of revolution of different shapes having a varying cross section in x, following the power-law form, have been considered in this study. It is shown that the point of separation is strongly dependent upon the surface curvature parameter k and the body-shape index n, which in fact control the flow separation. This fact ensures that an increase in the surface curvature parameter k and the body-shape index n leads to an increase in the wall shear stress which consequently delays the flow separation. Significant delay in flow separation is observed on cylinders having sufficiently large transverse curvature. Percent increase in the separation length corresponding to various values of the curvature parameter and the body-shape index has been calculated and reported in the form of Tables.
The possibility of drag reduction due to compliant coatings of viscoelastic silicone rubbers has been tested experimentally. For this purpose, a series of single-layer coatings of various thicknesses was made of a homogeneous material. The experiments were carried out in a high-speed cavitation tunnel of Pusan National University. Dynamic viscoelastic properties of coating materials were carefully measured. The range of flow rates and coating thicknesses was calculated assuming that the coatings can interact intensively with the dynamic structures of the turbulent boundary layer only in the region of frequencies of their maximum compliance. The predicted range of coating parameters and flow velocities, in which the coatings reduce drag, is compared with experimental data.
The work is devoted to the numerical investigation of unsteady regimes of the paraffin convective melting inside a closed rectangular region heated from the energy source with a constant density of the volumetric heat generation. The problem has been formulated in dimensionless transformed variables “stream function-vorticity-temperature” and solved by using a finite difference method. The main characteristics of the melting process and heat transfer in a liquid medium have been obtained and analyzed at different powers of the energy source (from 5 to 100 Watt). The influence of heat transfer from the source on the temperature distributions inside the region containing paraffin has been analyzed.
Spectral distributions of intensities, relative emissivity, and inverse radiance temperatures of an opaque, free- radiating object in a condensed state are used as the initial data. The methods of determining the thermodynamic (true) temperature corresponding to these distributions, when object emissivity is previously unknown, are considered. The advantages and disadvantages of each method and corresponding form of an initial data presentation are discussed. It is shown that the spectral distribution of inverse radiance temperatures gives the greatest information about the true temperature and emissivity of the measured object. The estimates of the temperature range to which the true temperature belongs are given based on the known experimental data for tungsten. The methods for additional verification of reliability of the obtained results are presented.
The influence of the
linear and circular polarization of laser radiation on the absorption
coefficient of single spherical AISI-304 steel particles was theoretically
analyzed. It is shown that the absorbed power of the laser beam depends on the particle
sizes and on the location of particles in the light field. The influence of the
laser-induced evaporation of the material on the regularities of the reactive
motion of particles at a power density in the beam exceeding some
threshold value is established. The direction of the action of the reactive
force is directly related to the non-uniform distribution of the absorbed
laser-emitted power and with the recoil pressure of the vapors moving away from
the curvilinear surface of particle. A description to the mechanism of
deflection of the particle’s reactive force vector due to the vapor recoil
pressure in the light field of a Gaussian beam from the direction of the beam
action is given.
To describe the thermodynamic properties of xenon, a new fundamental low-parametric equation of state (in the form of reduced Helmholtz energy) is obtained with the help of the methods and approaches developed by the authors. It allows us to describe the thermal properties of gas, liquid, and fluid with a sufficiently high accuracy close to the accuracy of experiment in a range from the density in the ideal gas state to the density at the triple point, excluding the critical region. The caloric properties and speed of xenon sound are calculated without involving any caloric data, with the exception of ideal gas enthalpy. The values of isobaric heat capacity, sound speed, and other thermodynamic properties obtained by calculations are in good agreement with the experimental data.
Formation of subsatellites at the capillary breakup of viscous liquid jets has been studied. The proposed analytical model qualitatively describes subsatellites formation. The obtained patterns for the formation of subsatellites’ nuclei and dynamics of their separation from a jet well agree with the results of numerical modeling.
A new numerical model for hydraulic fracturing has been developed. This model takes into account several simultaneous processes: pumping of proppant-laden slurry and its flow through the fracture, fracture growth with variable height and length, proppant settling, forming of proppant packing, and fluid filtration through this packing. Simulation experiments demonstrated that proppant particle diameter has significant influence on forming the proppant packing, fluid filtration through the packing, and, finally, on the fracture length and ultimate distribution of fracture width.
A design of an axisymmetric solid fuel ramjet consisting of a multi wedges nose air intake, solid fuel gas generator, combustion chamber, and a nozzle, was developed. According to this design, a ramjet model for tests in the ground wind-tunnel facilities was fabricated. Experiments with solid fuel combustion were carried out in the Transit-M and T-313 wind tunnels, ITAM SB RAS, at air-flow Mach numbers М = 2.5-5.0. High values of the internal and net excess thrust were obtained.
The article presents the research results of the influence of process parameters on the thermodynamic efficiency of expander-generator units, used as an alternative to throttling devices for technological reduction of pressure of transported natural gas at the plants of technological decompression of the gas supply system – gas distribution stations (GDS) and gas control points (GCP). The process parameters are the temperature of the outside air, the ratio between the pressures of the transported gas at the outlet and inlet of GDS and GCP, and the temperature of the gas heating before the expander. Various circuit designs of expander-generator units for generating either only electricity or electricity and cold are considered. Exergy efficiency is taken as a criterion for evaluating thermodynamic efficiency. The calculation results for the changes in flow exergy and exergy efficiency at changing process parameters are presented in graphical form. The thermodynamic efficiencies of throttling devices and expander-generator units are compared. It is shown that the replacement of the throttling device by the expander-generator unit for all the considered process parameters leads to an increase in the exergy efficiency of the stations for technological decompression of the transported gas in all the considered schemes of this unit inclusion: without heating the gas in the expander-generator unit, with heating the gas after the expander, as well as with heating before and after it.
The article focuses
on the application of thermophysics in environmental protection, namely the
wastewater treatment due to mass transfer enhancement and acceleration of the
reaction of biological oxidation. Intensification results from the effect of
the discrete-pulse energy input (DPEI) method on the treated medium
(wastewater). The method is implemented by means of a new heat-and-mass
equipment, namely, an aerator-oxidizer of rotor type.
A mathematical model was developed for viscous incompressible medium; this model comprises a small parameter for regularization of ill-posed problem. Starting from the analogy with strain problems of axisymmetric laminar structures which include the elastic orthotropic and elastic volume-incompressible layers with a connection to viscous laminar fluid flow, we have developed a method providing a single algorithm for computation of velocity field, stresses, and other parameters of laminar composite material. The example of calculation for the binding agent flow during pultrusion formation is presented.
The flow of a turbulent round submerged jet in far field has been considered. The modified Navier-Stokes equations have been derived with the aid of known self-similar properties of the time-mean flow as well as the spatial and temporal characteristics of the entire spectrum of the scales of turbulent fluctuations. A technique has been proposed for the numerical computation of these equations to describe a family of self-similar solutions in a cylindrical region with periodic boundary conditions in the longitudinal direction, and the velocity of the jet expansion enters the obtained equations explicitly as a parameter.
Enthalpy of solid and liquid intermetallic compound CsBi2 in the temperature range of 430–1225 K was measured by massive isothermal drop calorimeter. Approximation equations were obtained, and isobaric heat capacity and enthalpy change on melting were determined. The tables of recommended values of caloric properties in the range from 298.15 K to 1225 K were developed. The experimental uncertainty of enthalpy and heat capacity measurements were estimated to be within 0.35 and 1.0%, respectively. The obtained results were compared with the calculations according to the laws of ideal solutions.
V. A. Isupov
Institute of History SB RAS
Keywords: города, население, численность, урбанизация, квазиурбанизация, социальная инфраструктура, Сities, population, number, urbanization, quasi-urbanization, social infrastructure
The author examines the main trend of historical urbanization process in Western Siberia over the centuries until the middle of the XX c. The emergence of first settlements on the territory of Western Siberia is shown, as well the process of their gradual transformation into urban. The main social and economic premises and conditions for urbanization in the region are identified. The features of the urbanization of the region at various stages of its historical development are revealed, the specifics of the network of cities formation are revealed. The impact of «Stolypin» resettlements on the urbanization processes is established, as well as the influence of Russian private capital, in particular of the construction of the Great Siberian Railway. The paper shows the features of Siberian urbanization during the Civil War and the new economic policy. Considerable attention is paid to the causes and drivers of the spur of growth in urban population in the Stalin’s modernization epoch. The author concludes that the accelerated industrialization served as a basis for fundamentally new phenomenon in the history of Siberian urbanization, the so-called «quasi-urbanization.»
O. B. Dashinamzhilov
Institute of History SB RAS
Keywords: историческая демография, Западная Сибирь, население, воспроизводство, пространственные перемещения, регион, Historical Demography, Western Siberia, population, reproduction, areal movements, region
Distinctive characteristics and territorial features of urbanization in Russia and their influence on demographic processes are considered in the paper. Tools for the government management of city building including those in the East of the country are represented. Specifics of urban settlement’s development in Western Siberia under the factors of geographical remoteness, nature resources provision, evacuation during the Second World War are shown. For the first time demographic results of the specific model of urbanization in Western Siberia in 1960-1980-s are determined in Russian historiography. The influence of social and educational structures of the population, its employment, types of urban settlements, and public politics on fertility in the old industrial regions and new mine-rush areas are represented. Factors of mortality and specifics of average life expectancy of the Western Siberian citizens are analyzed as well as patterns of migration flows at different historical periods.
The article considers the demographic aspect of the urbanization of Western Siberia, a key region for the development of the Asian part of the country, the influence of the increase in the population of cities, the concentration of the population in large cities, and the spread of the urban lifestyle to the countryside. The positive and negative consequences of the urbanization process for the whole society and for the rural population of Western Siberia are noted. The evolution in the demographic sphere has been traced for 50 years. Particular attention is paid to fertility and mortality as factors that determine the reproduction of the population. It is shown that the demographic sphere in its development, being inert in its essence, determined the demographic situation of our time.The village inevitably went beyond the city in matters of reproductive behavior and reproduction of generations. At the same time, demographic processes were more intensive in the countryside.The article is based on the materials of official statistics, most of which were not publicly available in the press and are known to the public.
E. A. Kolomak1,2 1Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering SB RAS 2Novosibirsk State University
Keywords: урбанизация, городская система, агломерация, Сибирь, регион, Urbanization, urban system, agglomeration, Siberia, region
The author studies changes in the scale and structure of the Siberian urban system in 1991-2017. The following characteristics are compared for Russia, Siberia and individual Siberian regions: the dynamics of the urban population, the urbanization’s level, the ratio of the number and of the population of small, medium and large cities. Despite the unfavorable demographic situation, Siberia was not inferior to the average Russian indicators of dynamics and quality of the changes in the urban system. The Urban development in Siberia depended on the resource economy and on the migration from rural areas. Market mechanisms supported the growth of large cities and agglomerations, which have found a competitive development model. At the same time, industrial cities with narrow specialization at the declining markets were losing population.
Problems of territory development efficiency are becoming increasingly important in the current context. Agglomeration processes enable to engage additional resources to the economic development, to improve the territory management and the population’s quality of life. Two processes are underway in parallel: agglomerations top-down plan development and bottom-up step by step agglomerations formation. There is a problem of effort (financial and administrative) allocation between these two approaches. The author examines the territory collaborative arrangements, analyzes the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of agglomerations creation and points out fundamental differences between top-down and bottom-up approaches. He considers that the construction of agglomerations below-up as a set of inter-municipal integrated in a harmonized way projects is more effective. Subsequently, it is necessary to provide for the integration of inter- municipal projects into a single agglomeration development program. The development of this approach consists in the analysis of synergies and systematization of sets of such projects. It is also necessary to improve the regulatory framework for the formation of sets of inter-municipal projects in the budget, territorial and urban planning legislation.
H. S. Simonov
PJSC FGC UES
Keywords: мировой энергетический кризис, топливно-энергетические ресурсы, генерирующая мощность, энергетическая система, энергетическое оборудование, качество электроэнергии, World energy crisis, fuel and energy resources, power generation, power system, power equipment, power quality
The ground of the article is revealed on the basis of the Service Notes of the Minister of Electric Power and Electrification of the USSR P. S. Neporoznii Immaculate in the highest organs of state power and economic management of the USSR: the CPSU Central Committee, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the State Planning Committee of the USSR. Documents are introduced into scientific discussions for the first time. It is proved that indirect signs of the energy crisis in the USSR were manifested in the late 1950s and early 1960s: the growth rates of energy capacities began to lag behind the rates of growth in industrial production and total energy consumption. The increase in electric power production was achieved due to the excess number of hours of applying of the power equipment, which led to its progressive deterioration. Thermal power plants, especially during the autumn-winter maximum of the load, were not provided in the required volume with fuel oil and “design” coals. In the second half of the 1970s. the chronic shortage of fossil fuels and the use of energy equipment at the limit of technical capacity have led to a disruption of the normal operation of energy systems. This was reflected in their failure to comply with the state standard of frequency and voltage for 50% of the calendar season or more. Opportunities for the accelerated development of non-carbon - nuclear and renewable - energy were missed, and the system of managing the economy proved to be incapable of providing more efficient and economical expenditure of fuel and energy resources at the expense of innovations. In the mid-1980s the situation in the electric power industry is estimated by the industry leadership as “very serious”. The main lesson of the energy crisis experienced by the USSR is that organic fuel is a scarce resource and, for the long-term needs of the electric power industry, is not completely reliable, despite its seeming abundance. This resource should be protected and, if possible, replaced by alternative sources of energy. A similar result can also be achieved through the economical use of electricity (energy saving technologies).
E.V. Gubiy1, V.I. Zorkaltsev2 1Melentiev Energy Systems Institute SB RAS 2Irkutsk Scientific Center SB RAS
Keywords: биотопливо, возобновляемые источники энергии, топливоснабжение, экология, энергетические плантации, озеро Байкал, Вiofuel, renewable energy sources, fuel supply, ecology, power plantations, Lake Baikal
The economic and environmental advantages of using power plantations for a fuel supply of the remote settlements are discussed. Particular attention has been given to the problem of fuel supply of the tourism and recreational zone of Lake Baikal. The results of a research based on economic-mathematical model of analysis and optimization of functioning of the power plantations for a fuel supply of the remote settlements are presented. Experimental studies have shown that the fuel supply of the remote settlements based on creation of the power plantations can be quite profitable even in the Siberian area at an available price situation. The problem of choosing the optimal combination of power plantations and imported fuel is discussed. The influence on the economic efficiency volume of demand of fuel, the prices of the import fuel, the transport factor which depend on the configuration and the required area of the energy plantation is considered.
V. V. Fauzer, A. V. Smirnov
Komi Science Centre Ural Branch of RAN
Keywords: российская Арктика, городские поселения, города, население, этапы развития, The Russian Arctic, urban settlements, cities, population, stages of development
The article considers the history of the formation of urban settlements in the Russian Arctic from the 14th to the 21st century, as well as the number and composition of the population from 1939 to 2017. All urban settlements are divided into three groups according to their origin and function. The periodization of the Russian Arctic development is proposed. It is based on the dynamics of the population and the number of new urban settlements by time periods. The dynamics of the population and structure of the Arctic population is analyzed. Two periods are defined: the period of population growth until 1989 and its decline in subsequent years. The article notes that the rate of population decline in the last ten years has decreased. The population is increasing in two autonomous districts and four cities in the Arctic. The share of the Asian part in the population of the Arctic increased.
E. A. Kapoguzov
Omsk F. M. Dostoevsky State University
Keywords: экономика спорта, политико-административный ресурс, специфические активы, политически-связанные фирмы, инфраструктурное строительство, Economics of sport, political-administrative resource, specific assets, politically-related firms, infrastructure construction
The article presents the history of the rise and fall of SPA Mostovik, which is one of the largest companies engaged in infrastructure construction. It is shown that the key cause of bankruptcy is the mismatch of construction costs with prices approved by state contracts during the construction of Olympic facilities and others, such as the seaside aquarium in Vladivostok. It is shown to what extent the “Olympic lessons” were taken into account when organizing the construction of stadiums for the World Cup 2018 in Russia. The costs for the construction of football stadiums have been analyzed and the importance of the political- administrative resource for obtaining construction contracts has been shown. The consequences for the Omsk region of one of the backbone companies were discussed, and the importance for the long-term sustainability of the company of having a politico-administrative resource.
The article deals with technological, economic and social changes that led to the emergence of physical culture and sports. The industrial revolution of the late 18th and first half of the 19th centuries based on the use of steam engines has liberated the bodily energy of people and formed a mass need for physical activity as an end in itself-physical culture. The development of this need was facilitated by a fundamental revolution in military affairs connected with the beginning of production of an effective close combat weapon - a revolver, which gradually deprived fencing of topicality, in 1836. The physical culture that occurred in the conditions of capitalism was transformed into a kind of show business, which meant the emergence of sport. The most popular sports arose in the second half of the XIX century in the most developed countries of the world and subsequently conquered the whole world. The compensatory functions of sports have great importance. The growth of the influence of sport is also promoted by the fact that it functions as a social elevator.
S. A. Papkov
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"TEXT";s:4:"TEXT";s:27:"Institute of Нistory SB RAS";}
Keywords: производство, рабочие, общественный труд, трудовая дисциплина, прогулы, самовольные уходы, война, указы о труде, судебные меры, Production, workers, social work, labor discipline, absenteeism, unauthorized leave work, war, decrees on labor, judicial punishment
The situation in the field of organizing social labor in the USSR during the pre-war and war period is analyzed. An assessment of the state of labor discipline as one of the key problems in the economic policy of the Soviet state is given. The evolution of government measures to introduce specific (non-economic) measures of struggle for labor discipline and retention of workers at enterprises in war conditions is reproduced.
Economic development of the modern Kazakhstan territory for last century brings us the numeral samples of heroic transformations and dramatic disappointments. The question about correct criteria of so long history of changes division into periods is methodically important. We believe that the best criteria is the efficacy of social energy usage. Appropriateness, hitches and neglects exposition permit us to see the new social and economic perspectives.
R. A. Popov1,2, A. S. Puzanov1,2, T. D. Polidi1 1Institute for Urban Economics 2National Research University Higher School of Economics
Keywords: города, урбанизация, городские агломерации, государственная политика, местное самоуправление, децентрализация, Cities, urbanization, urban agglomeration, state policy, local government, decentralization
In the article necessity of state policy correction in relation to the cities in Russia towardsdecentralization and differentiation is stated. The mechanisms that allow to increase autonomy of the large cities and urban agglomerations are offered along with the corresponding calculations and expert estimates. Also attention is paid to the problems of absence at the state level of urban agglomeration concept and imperfection of state statistics concerning cities.
V. I. Klistorin1,2, T. V. Sumskaya1,3 1Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering SB RAS 2Novosibirsk State University 3Novosibirsk State University of Economics and Management
Keywords: бюджет, крупнейшие города, налоговые и неналоговые доходы, безвозмездные перечисления, межбюджетные отношения, финансовые потоки, структура доходов и расходов, Новосибирск, Budget, major cities, tax and non-tax revenues, transfers, intergovernmental fiscal relations, financial flows, revenue and expenditure structure, Novosibirsk
The paper considers the key factors and conditions which define concentration of the population and economic activity observed in major cities and agglomerations of the Russian Federation, and it shows that the Russian budgetary regulatory environment and policy play an important role in the advancing development of large cities along with well-known factors such as market volumes, a higher quality of labor, scale effects, higher innovative activity due to competition, and etc. To analyze the expenses of the RF budget system made in a city, the authors carried out a case study for a city budget of Novosibirsk and it shows that the expenses of the city budget make no greater than 1/3 of total expenses of the Rf budgetary system made in the city. The analysis of the Novosibirsk budget allows revealing key tendencies in dynamics of the budgetary indicators. The paper analyzes the structure of the city budget to show whether the city budget is well provided with its own revenues and how it depends on the transfers from the regional budget. The authors also consider the possibilities of how to use the budgetary resources to find major directions of expenditures made in territories of the city.
N.G. Krasnikov
Municipality of Koltsovo Urban Okrug
Keywords: Кольцово, Николай Красников, Биотехнопарк, наукоград, Koltsovo, Nikolay Krasnikov, Biotech, naukograd
Twenty years ago Koltsovo was a typical single-industry town, and depended almost entirely on the activities of the State Center of Virology «Vector». Today it has a diversified economic base, and in terms of investment, trade, output, public expenditure per capita exceeds not only other cities, but also many industrialized regions of the Russian Federation. How such aMetamorphosis could have occurred? Why the settlement of Koltsovo doesn’t strive to obtain the status of the city? How it competes for labour force with nearby Novosibirsk and Akademgorodok? The mayor of Naukograd Koltsovo N.G.Krasnikov addresses those and many other issues.
A. L. Sinitsa
Lomonosov Moscow State University
Keywords: возрастная структура населения, экономическое развитие, демографическая волна, основные социально-экономические группы населения, демографический прогноз, Age distribution of population, economic development, demographic wave, main socio- economic groups of population, demographic forecast
The change of the shares of the main socio-economic groups of the population adversely affects the economic development of the country. The purpose of the article is to investigate these changes in the conditions of the demographic wave. To do this the official statistics and the demographic forecast until 2050 are used. Figures show that the number and share of the working-age population will decrease, those of the elderly will increase, and those of children may both decline and increase. This will lead to a reduction in the number of employee and further increase of employment of the elderly, a very large demographic burden, a decline in living standards and a decline in the domestic market volume.
A. V. Alekseev
Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering SB RAS
Keywords: прогноз, стратегия, сценарии научно-технологического развития, глобальная экономика, рыночный механизм, институты, государственное регулирование, Forecast, strategy, scenario for scientific and technological development, global economy, market mechanism, institutions, state regulation
The basic elements of working out the project referring the scientific and technological forecast of the Russian Federation development till 2030 have been considered in the article.The lack of project authors’ critical thinking towards the modern theories of the global economy is shown to cause misunderstanding the long- term Russia’s interests as well as the peculiarities of the challenges which the country faces nowadays that results in methodologically disputable basis of the forecast. The conclusion that targeting to the achievements of economic (tactical) aims in the scientific and technological activity leads to reducing the significance of the project as the mechanism of strategy planning has been proven. It is pointed out that stricterimplementation of the system approach principles in the analysis of the scientific and technological peculiarities in the branches of the national economy taken as the united complex could be the essential facility of increasing the project quality.
Cryptocurrencies as well as distributed ledgers called «blockchains» attract a great attention during the last years, and specialists from various professional spheres arise different questions concerning this theme. At the same time, there is a pool of questions, which do not have satisfying answers in spite of their frequent mentioning. In this paper, we present some reasoning connected with some of the most popular questions of that kind. In particular, we touch such problems as launching a national cryptocurrency and exploiting the blockchain technology in business sphere and governmental activities. We also analyze a commonly heard opinion that cryptocurrencies are, in fact, no more than the Ponzi scheme. Further, we briefly sketch the Bitcoin blockchain configuration and its stability if hypothetical quantum computer would be created.
