Home – Home – Jornals – Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics 2018 number 10

A combinatorial-discrete approach to solving continuous probabilistic problems arising in the analysis of random point structures is proposed. It is based on replacement of computational schemes based on calculations of cumbersome multidimensional integral expressions by schemes that do not require the use of the apparatus of differential and integral calculus. Another distinctive feature of the study is the systematic use of the generalized Catalan numbers from the multidimensional extension of the classical Catalan sequence for ranking random mutually dependent sequences.

The problem of detecting small-size objects in noisy images in the absence of information on the probability distributions of the magnitudes of the signals observed at points in the area of the object and at points of the complex (random) background surrounding the object is considered. Appropriate critical values are obtained for the relatively recently introduced new non-parametric statistical test in the case of detection of a small-size object. The powers of the new test and the well-known two-sample Wilcoxon test are compared for the case of exponential distributions.

Correction algorithm for digital elevation models derived from remote sensing of the Earth's surface are analyzed. The accuracy of the ASTER GDEM2, SRTM X -band, and ALOS DMS global digital elevation models were analyzed, showing that ALOS DMS pictures have the smallest absolute and relative errors for different relief conditions (flat, hilly and heavily dissected plains) of the Novosibirsk region. A comparative analysis of the algorithms proposed by Wang and Liu, Plantchon and Darboux, Pelletier, and Tarboton was performed to eliminate artifacts on original satellite images associated with local topographic lows (depressions, pits). The smallest errors for different terrain conditions were obtained using the algorithm of Wang and Liu.

Modifications of a nonparametric pattern recognition algorithm corresponding to the maximum likelihood criterion with additional decision functions are considered. The synthesis of the proposed algorithms is based on the analysis of the ratios of the estimates of the probability density distributions of random variables in classes and their functionals with input thresholds. The choice of the thresholds is determined by specific features of the classification problem. The results obtained are applied for assessing the states of forest tracts on the basis of remote sensing data.

A filtration algorithm is proposed for detecting objects in images obtained by means of microscanning. An algorithm for calculating the filter for an object with a known shape is presented. The influence of changes in the object shape induced by a subpixel displacement of the object with respect to the center of the photosensitive element on the filtration results is studied. An approach to choosing the filter shape with allowance for object shape changes is tested. Results of numerical simulations are reported.

Problems of determining the spatial orientation parameters of solids have been considered. Known results of mathematical modeling of a three-component flux-gate azimuth sensor have been analyzed. Mathematical models of a similar sensor azimuth with arbitrarily oriented fluxgates have been developed and analyzed.

The paper presents a brief analytical review of papers dealing with the use of the simplest binary-phase diffraction structures in multifocal artificial eye lenses (intraocular lenses) to increase the focal area. The results of theoretical studies of the influence of spherical aberrations of the eye, the optical power of the diaphragm (diameter of the pupil), and the porosity of the structure on the depth of focus (limits of clear vision) are given. The distribution of intensity in diffraction orders (foci) in the simplest binary diffractive-refractive intraocular lenses is analyzed.

Methods are proposed to improve the reliability of interference measurements of surface nanotopography with sharp height gradients that lead to ambiguity in determining the phase of interference signals. The effect of the total error of measurement on the range of multiwave measurements is considered. The results of field experiments demonstrating an increase in the range of measurements of nanotopography by the proposed methods in comparison with single-wave measurements are given.

This paper describes the autocollimation optical scheme of a fluorimeter that makes it possible to detect simultaneous reactions in all tubes of a microplate. It is shown that image focusing is carried out by a spherical mirror that excludes background glare and chromatic aberration. The operation of the fluorimeter is demonstrated by detecting a signal from the microplate with 96 and 384 tubes.

A new class of capacitive engines based on nanometer gaps between the electrodes and possessing specific powers much higher than that of inductive engines is described. Specific features of their operation are analyzed. The specific energy generated in a cycle of electromechanical conversion is estimated. The forces and powers of the considered engines are found to exceed the corresponding parameters of inductive engines by 2-3 orders of magnitude, which offers a possibility of using them in numerous applications.

This paper demonstrates the applicability of atomic-power microscopy for studying the elastic properties of suspended semiconductor structures on the basis of relatively thick GaAs/AlGaAs membranes in the case where the stiffness under study significantly exceeds the cantilever stiffness of an atomic-power microscope, which is confirmed by the agreement between the experimentally determined values of both relative and absolute stiffness measured at different structural points and theoretical values.

Results of an experimental study of a thin-film pyroelectric detector of radiation based on barium-strontium niobate and used for detecting nanosecond radiation pulses are reported. The possibility of recording radiation pulses with duration of 30 ns with the sensitivity of 1 V/W (NEP = 8 · 10^-7 W/Hz^1/2) is demonstrated.

A modified method of fuzzy clustering is proposed for determining the aerodynamic characteristics of an aircraft from flight test data. This approach allows one to describe the aerodynamic characteristics of an aircraft in the form of a black box model with inputs in the form of telemetry data, such as accelerations, angular velocities, thrust, and dynamic pressure, and with outputs in the form of dimensionless aerodynamic coefficients of forces and moments. Results of modeling in the MATLAB/Simulink environment are reported.

A method for automatic determination of combustion regimes using flame images on the basis of the tagged data of a trained convolutional neural network is under consideration. It is shown that the accuracy of regime classification reaches 98 % on the flame images of a gas burner. The results of the operation of the convolutional neural network and classification using different linear models are compared.

This paper describes the problem of controlling a quadcopter movement in cargo transportation on suspension. The suspension is a weightless rod pivotally fixed at the quadcopter mass center with a cargo on its end. Equations of motion for a two-dimensional model are obtained using Lagrange equations of the second kind, which serve as a basis for a model revealing the suspension oscillations that destabilize the system. A controller based on the structural synthesis method and including the deflection angle of the rod from the vertical is proposed. The efficiency of the algorithm is confirmed by the numerical simulation results.

This paper describes the synthesis of an adaptive system for automatic control of the quick drier of an organic waste disposal device. The application of an adaptive controller for loading the dryer with wet fuel.

The paper presents a new algorithm for constructing parameterizations of molecular absorption in the Earth's atmosphere, which takes into account the change in the atmospheric gas composition with altitude and has a number of other advantages, as well as a parametrization constructed using this algorithm in the frequency range from 10 to 2000 cm^-1 in the altitude range from the Earth's surface to 76 km. A comparison of the results of calculations of the eigenvalue field of the Earth's atmosphere, carried out using this parametrization, with the results of reference calculations (line-by-line) shows that the presented parametrization has good accuracy in the lower and middle atmosphere in the absence of cloud layers and in the presence of cloud layers with a large optical thickness.

A high resolution vibrational-rotational absorption spectrum of НD¹⁶О molecule has been studied in the visible region from 16600 to 17400 cm^1 by LED-based Fourier-transform spectroscopy. The spectrum was recorded with the Fourier spectrometer IFS-125M with a resolution of 0.09 cm^1. A high-brightness light-emitting diode ЗНР was used as a source of radiation. For the measurements we used a White-type multi-pass cell with an optical path length of 2880 cm. The spectral line parameters (line centers and intensities) were determined. The line list contains more than 300 transitions to vibrational states (005) and (104). The obtained results are compared with the calculated and experimental data of other authors.

A high sensitive technique of photoacoustic calorimetry is used in the study of the effect of H₂O molecules adsorbed on the surface of an aluminum optical mirror on the absorption of radiation 266 nm. It was found that the addition of water vapor with partial pressures P _H2O = 7,9 mbar and P _H2O = 15 mbar to the dry air of atmospheric pressure increases the absorption of radiation 266 nm on the surface of the “dry” mirror by 12% and 21%, respectively. The results of numerical simulation of the transmittance of a multi-pass spectrophotometric cell indicate the extreme need to take into account the observed effect in the measurements of the absorption spectra of atmospheric air containing water vapor, using multi-pass cells.

The laboratory simulation of the color change of the light jet formed in the apokampic discharge at different air density is carried out. The observed change is similar to color change the Earth's atmosphere transients occurring at different altitudes. It is shown experimentally that it is caused by a change in the ratio of the radiation intensity of the second and first positive systems of molecular nitrogen. The results of the theoretical evaluation of this ratio are in agreement with the experiment in the pressure range from 1 to 120 Torr.

Possible deviations of a laser beam from the detector in the case of slant propagation paths are calculated with the use of measured profiles of air temperature in the atmospheric boundary layer. The possible seasonal and diurnal dynamics of the deviations under the effect of regular refraction is considered. The cases of simultaneously strong (regular) refraction of the laser beam and significant beam broadening due to the effect of turbulence are revealed and analyzed.

Results of two wavelength lidar sensing of middle atmosphere are presented at altitude range of 30 to 60 km over Obninck (55.1^o N., 36.6^o E) in 2012-2017. Monthly mean values of the ratio of coefficients of aerosol and Rayleigh backscattering (RCAR) at 532 nm wavelength averaged through 40-50 km and 50-60 km altitude layers are varied from 0 to 0.02, meanwhile mean peak levels of RCAR at the same layers are changed from 0.1 to 0.2. Short-time (about month) and long-time (half-year and longer) variations in backscattering are observed. Short-time variations are coordinated with meteor shower bursts. Long-period enhancements of backscattering were observed in 2013 after Chelyabinsk meteorite fall and also in the first half of 2016. In 2014-2015, the monthly mean RCAR was zero within measurement error at altitudes of 40-60 km. A possibility of long-time manifestation of meteoric aerosol in backscattering is analyzed taking into account incoming meteoric mass, gravitational sedimentation of meteoric particles, and vertical wind. It is shown that incoming masses of visible meteor with mass greater than 10^-6 kg and bolides are not sufficient for long-time enhancements of backscattering at 50-60 km layer. It is proposed that the most probable cause of backscattering enhancements is the formation of size enlarged fraction of meteoric smoke particles produced at meteor ablation and transported to upper stratosphere within polar stratospheric vortex. In the beginning of 2016, the formation of extremely intensive polar vortex and it’s displacement to Eurasia contributes to this phenomena.

A method is proposed for determining the parameters of wind turbulence from data measured by a conically scanning pulsed coherent Doppler lidar in conditions of a weak echo signal. The results of spatiotemporal visualization of the kinetic energy of turbulence, its dissipation rate, and integral scale of turbulence from measurements by the Windcube 200s lidar in the atmospheric boundary layer are presented. It is shown that the applied lidar data filtering procedure allows acceptable results with a nonzero probability of a bad estimate of the radial velocity.

The optimal control problem for deliberate intervention on the Earth's climate system is considered with the aim of stabilizing the global surface temperature. The deliberate intervention is implemented via the controlled radiative perturbation created by artificial aerosols injected into the stratosphere. The controlled object is described by a two-component energy balance model, subject to radiative exposure, caused by an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Anthropogenic impact on the climate system is specified in accordance with the RCP scenarios, as well as with 1% per year increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide scenario. The albedo of the artificial aerosol global layer represents the control variable. The optimal control and the corresponding phase trajectory of the climate system are obtained analytically using the Pontryagin’s maximum principle. The approach discussed in this paper can be considered as a basis for developing scenarios for deliberate intervention on the climate system using various geoengineering methods.

The temporal variability of the concentrations of air pollutants CO, NO, NO₂, SO₂ and PM₁₀ in the surface air layer above Moscow shows a weekly cycle, which is manifested in a decrease in the pollution level on weekends. To determine the main feature of the weekly variations and the amplitude of the weekly cycle, a 10-year archive of data on atmospheric composition from 46 “Mosecomonitoring” stations was used for change first time. The city and season average amplitudes of weekly variations in the daytime concentrations of CO vary from 21.8% in spring to 29.2% in winter, and of NO, from 16.9% in summer to 38.1% in winter. The weekly cycle of NO₂ daily concentration is stable during the year, and its amplitude is 33% on average. Amplitudes of weekly variations in SO₂ and PM₁₀ are maximal in daytime data and equal to 22.7% and 35.2%, respectively, in autumn; the CH₄ weekly cycle is insignificant. A weekly cycle in night concentrations of these pollutants is significant only for NO₂. The analysis of the data obtained for different Moscow districts shows approximately the same Sunday effect. Only CO concentrations have increased amplitudes in the city centre (39.2%) and southwestern sector (35.1%).

Measurement data (2012-2014) on black carbon (BC) concentration in surface air at International Station Tiksi, placed near the River Lena’s Delta, have been analyzed. We revealed BC concentration variations of different magnitudes and durations. Abnormal high values of BC concentration (more than 1000 ng/m³) are registered rarely, more often in the warm part of a year (May-September), for no longer than two days. The longest episodes are associated with long-range atmospheric transport of combustion products from wildfires. During such episodes with abnormal BC concentrations, the surface air temperature and radiative balance vary noticeably in the surface air. Heat air mass advection from fire zones plays a significant role in forming air temperature field. The air temperature in such episodes may increase up to 10 °C (whereas climatic value for July is 10-11 °C).

Introduction. In this paper we consider the positive and negative aspects of the integration of the Internet into the education system. Methodology and methods of the research. At the philosophical level we use the dialectic of the concrete and the abstract, the concept of the activity essence of personality; at the general scientific level, an integrative approach that allows examining from different directions the interrelationship between the education system and the possibilities of the Internet. The authors used the method of analyzing the scientific literature on the research problem, which allowed thoroughly studying the problem in question, determine the degree of its development and the ways of a productive solution. Results of the research. A brief review of the history of the emergence and development of the information society is given, the role of the Internet in this process is examined. The peculiarities of the Internet and its functions in the modern society are described. The advantages and disadvantages of using the Internet in the education system are identified. Conclusion. The authors come to the conclusion, in general, about the positive impact of the Internet on education and suggest ways to minimize the negative impact of this process, by purposeful formation of students ' skills of using the global information network, taking into account its features and the obstacle to the development of their clip thinking.

Introduction. The article outlines the general view of modern convergence trends between pedagogical anthropology and the existential-dialogic directions of the philosophy of education, and as a consequence of this process, it considers the personality as an open system of education and bringing-up system through interaction, dialogue with the Other, it recognizes the exclusive role of intersubjectivity in «Man-man» systems. The aim of the paper is to consider an intersubjective process of imitation, the transfer of meaningful symbols of professions, to establish the content of this process and its influence on subjectivity in the professional self-determination. Methodology and methods of the research. The research is based on A. Bandura’s socio-psychological theory of social learning, whose basis is the notion of socialization, which clarifies the significant influence of information obtained in intersubjective interaction on the formation of a subjectively significant ideal image of professional activity. The ideal image of professional activity is formed in conditions of age and stage-by-stage formation. The initial and simplest symbol is a gesture, according to the ideas of J. Meade, as the initial stage of the action, representing the whole action. Imitation of a gesture, as an elementary unit of a symbol, is the starting point for the formation of an intersubjective contact. In this connection, the stages of intersubjective modality are considered starting from the meeting, through the accession and use of the unity of the pre-experienced forms of cognition, concluding with the joint elaboration of common meanings. The procedure of analogous apperception is traced, as is the determination of the specific moment of the transfer of professional symbols. Result of the research. Through the use of the provisions of the theory of the communicative action of Jü. Habermas, the sequence of development of the analogous apperception is established, as the completion of the object through the experience of the Other in the generalization of the norms of communication and communicative rationality that realizes the formation of new, common meanings. The analysis of the scheme of intersubjective interaction reveals the key importance of completing the object through the experience of the Other (analogous apperception) taking on the symbolic information from it. Conclusion. The article reveals the content of the process of imitation as an intersubjective aspect of professional self-determination, which serves as the basis for constructing deep subjective constructions of the ideal image of professional activity.

Introduction . The paper considers the tasks and conditions for the formation of the world outlook competence of the teacher in the educational process of the higher education institution. The purpose of the article is to analyze the structure of the teacher's philosophical competence and the conditions of the educational process that determine the teacher's readiness and ability to form an integral world outlook in children and youth and a modern scientific worldview. Methodology and methods of the research. The research was carried out on the basis of the methodology of the theory of systems and the system approach in education. To solve the problems posed in the study, a set of complementary methods was used, including: a theoretical and methodological analysis of scientific literature on the research problem: analysis of standards and programs; the study of pedagogical experience. Results of the research. The competence model of teacher training covers professional qualifications related to certain pedagogical activities, and, on the other hand, reflects interdisciplinary requirements for educational results. World outlook competence has interdisciplinary characteristics, multifunctionality, multidimensionality, its formation requires significant intellectual development. The basis for the formation of a scientific worldview is a system of scientific knowledge and ideas about the world based on a variety of modern sciences and theories, understanding of laws and regularities that describe the processes and phenomena occurring in nature and society that determine awareness of the realities and characteristics of modern civilization, the place of man in the world, responsibility for the results of operations. The formation of a scientific world outlook and an integral world outlook is impossible without the synthesis of natural-science and socio-humanitarian knowledge. The teacher's worldview competence, as a fundamental component of general cultural and professional competence, is manifested in the teacher's ability and readiness for life search, development of his/her own life strategy, formation of value orientations, views and beliefs of the younger generation. Conclusion . An urgent requirement for the content of natural science and general cultural disciplines is the inclusion of meta-subject knowledge, which determines the interaction of the educator with humanistic ideas and universal values.

Introduction . The article considers the historical aspect of the development of the theoretical basis of an interaction between a society and the State. The main issues of the interaction between the school and various subjects of the state-public education administration and its legal bases are reflected here. Methodology and methods of research. The study is based on the theoretical and methodological principles of anthropological realism by K. D. Ushinsky, B. M. Bim-Bud, on the retrospective positive experience mainstreaming method by Z. I. Ravkin and others. The author also relies on the regularities of the leading philosophical, pedagogical, psycho-pedagogical and sociological theories as well as other applied research on the State-public education administration, in particular: the dialectic approach by G. Hegel and S. L. Rubinstein as a base for philosophy and methodology of a scientific research; the works written by E. D. Dneprova, V. N. Mikhailova and others (for pedagogical historiography); the works by V. S. Lazarev, M. Potashnik, V. A. Slastenin, R. Kh. Shakurov and others about the system of education administration; the works by N. V. Akinfeeva, V. I. Bochkarev, I. V. Grevtsov, V. I. Gusarov, A. A. Pinsky, A. N. Pozdnyakov about the system of interaction between the State and a society in educational development managing; the works written by N. I. Pirogov, N. A. Korff, V. I. Vodovozov about the study of public participation in education administration; the work by J. Dewey, E. E. Vyazemsky, V. A. Gladik about the development of civil society, civic education and democratization of education. The results of the study. The essential and substantial characteristics of the state-public education administration and the experience of using various forms and management mechanisms in Russia at the regional and municipal levels are considered here. The characteristics of the state-public education administration at school are described. The experience of implementation of the scientific approach to the socially-oriented education is presented. The positive and negative points of the state- and-social components in the system of the state-public education administration are analyzed. The conditions of the predominance of the state-public management forms are described. Conclusion . The study of the State and public education administration in the history of pedagogical thought is represented by several main directions: by the study of the role of the State in the system of the State and public administration; by the study of the social movements in the education administration; by the organization of the self-government system (by teachers, students and parents) in cooperation with the State authorities.

Introduction . Many researches of pedagogy and education agree that educational process is not only specialist training but also upbringing of personality. The problem is the absence of a universal concept of personality as a purpose of education. Because of this, the scientific development of pedagogy is impossible. There are many approaches in pedagogy but there is no method of pedagogy as a science. From this point of view, the research results of the Soviet philosopher E. V. Ilyenkov are significant, because he investigated the problem of education of human personality from the standpoint of materialist dialectics that had allowed him to avoid the narrowness of empirical approach and abstract deduction of theory from a limited opinion. Because of this, Ilyenkov’s heritage remains topical and has the potential to become the necessary element of pedagogical education. It is not so in reality yet, because the thinker has not formulated a theory of pedagogy as a completed doctrine. Despite today’s popularity of the philosopher and a lot of analytic literature about his texts, we still do not have a comprehensive analysis of his understanding of education but some research of partial issues only. For this reason, an attempt of reconstructing the concept of education from the thinker’s texts was made. The article aims to expound the results of this research. Methodology and methods of the research. It is shown that Ilyenkov investigated the problem of human education, theory of pedagogy and didactic issues in their internal interrelation and so we can comprehend these points as the moments of the Concept. Although the Soviet philosopher did not develop a Speculative Concept of education (because of his method), his philosophical heritage implicitly contains this Concept. So we can reconstruct it by a logical method. Thereby, main topics of Ilyenkov’s articles - education of personality, pedagogic principles and didactics issues - were studied as moments of Concept - Universality, Particularity and Individuality, respectively. Results of the research. As the results of the research, three interrelated main points were discovered in Ilyenkov’s works about personality becoming and pedagogy: 1) human education is personality education in social interaction; 2) pedagogy is the science of purposeful organization of conditions for education of reasoning personality and it is based on the principle of concrete unity of thinking and being; 3) didactics is the pedagogical skill of organization the process of education of personality. Thus, Ilyenkov’s heritage gives the material for development of Speculative Concept of education, i. e., of scientific (not arbitrary or formal) definition of subject and development of the method of pedagogy. Conclusion . It was concluded that Ilyenkov’s heritage can become a starting point for the joint scientific work of philosophers, psychologists and pedagogues. If the specialists take two main courses of the Soviet thinker - thoughtful study of classical philosophy and comprehension of human education as intellection genesis - they can offer Russian education system a method for education of talented people and sittlichkeit (Ger.) citizen.

Introduction . The paper consists of three main parts. The first part gives a brief description of the general dialectic orientation, the significance and the justification of the fundamental nature of the idea of complementarity; in the second - to-practice material to concretize the ideas of complementarity; the third part presents the card to perform the software exercises, "the Development of the idea of complementarity». Methodology and methods of the research. As the main reference point in the disclosure of the essence and development of the category of «complementarity», the authors use the developed generalized plans of cognition of the essence of the idea and method. In the light of the idea of complementarity, the authors singled out four levels and seven pairs of complementary properties of pedagogical thinking, the specific mutual influence of which determines one or another of its styles, which reveals the specificity of the cognitive and reflective skills and pedagogical skills of the future teacher. Results of the research. The original and multifunctional «Programmed exercise on the development and diagnostics of pupils learning the idea of complementarity» is presented. In addition to the educational and control functions conceived by the authors, this exercise contains a lot of new information on the history of the formation of this idea in science, the history of intuitive feeling and the comprehension of scientifically authored scientific pictures of the World, the essence of the heuristic significance of dualism itself and the surprising fruitfulness of «flight» from it with comprehension, understanding of the complementarity that replaces it as a combination of the seemingly incompatible. Conclusion . The conclusions and proposals on the implementation of the idea of the paper and on the directions for improving the national education with the successful implementation of its main paradigm in the future are generalized and presented, so that for each of our compatriots it becomes «education through life».

Introduction . The category of method is considered to be developed in detail for the classical didactics, and virtually not formed for the forms of the open, activity-based education, and, according to some views, it is considered not relevant at all to the nature of open education. The purpose of the paper is to determine the most significant parameters and characteristics of the method of open activity-based education as the organizing principle of the educational process and a factor that ensures its effectiveness, in contrast to the method in the classical didactics and in accordance with the nature and functional purpose of open education. The paper is based on the analysis of fundamental philosophical works, introducing and formalizing the category of «method» for scientific knowledge and for practical, including educational activities; on the developments in the field of classical didactics method and in the field of organization of effective educational process in open education; on the work in the field of methodology of organization of activity. Methodology and methodology of the research. The basis of the work is the system-genetic analysis of philosophical works; structural content analysis of practical activities described and structured through the category of «method»; comparative analysis of practices and categories describing them, in the mode of sequential abstraction and selection of the most common characteristics of the category of «method». Results of the research. the grounds for a meaningful definition of the «method» category in relation to the practices of open education were identified and described. The paper substantiates the position that the «method» is a generic characteristic, denoting the objectified conditions for the successful implementation of various educational models, obviously different in accordance with the differences in the design characteristics of these models. The main parameters and characteristics of the method of organization and implementation of open education practices are described in detail. The socio-cultural grounds for the formation of the method in open education are determined. Conclusion . The main types of activities that implement the method in the framework of open education are structuring and schematization of ideas about reality, both obtained and implemented in the course of trial practical activity. The key content-management form that defines and provides the process of structuring and schematization is an educational task.

Introduction. In the article the specificity of distance teaching of English language is considered. The increase of the complexity and intensity of social transformations, the growing need of society and man for knowledge (in education) leads to a sharp and widespread increase in the role of distance education. The high demand for online learning, especially when studying foreign languages, causes the relevance of the study. Methodology and methods of research. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of completeness, conformity, consistency and verification. In the work the dialectical approach is used, which includes systemic and interrelated principles, and also principles of continuity, development, interaction of objective and subjective, comprehensiveness and concreteness. To evaluate the intermediate results of the process studied, the delphi method was used as a type of an expert interview. Result of research. Typical advantages and disadvantages of distance online teaching of a foreign language are presented. On the basis of respondents' answers, recommendations on personal and professional competences of teachers are formulated. Conclusions. The high technological sophistication of the modern world and the ubiquitous use of information technologies form favorable conditions for the development of distance online education. The process of transferring knowledge through the Internet is associated with certain typical features that must be taken into account by every online teacher of a foreign language.

The article contains the author's reasoning about thinking (definitions) in psychology and philosophy, empirical and theoretical thinking. Their importance for the development of world psychology and philosophy is shown, the theoretical preconditions for designing the education and upbringing of the generations of the future world are revealed. The changes taking place in culture, education and science, accompanied by a change in the epistemological style of thinking, are considered. One of the most important socio-cultural challenges for the school today is the change in types and forms of thinking. Thinking, as is known, has long been a subject of special interest of philosophy. The author dwells on some aspects of the change in ideas about thinking and the associated transformations in the view of education. One of the main topics of the modern philosophy of science is the problem of the levels of scientific knowledge. Traditionally, two main levels are distinguished: empirical and theoretical. The three-level model of scientific knowledge is more correct and supported by us: empirical, theoretical and meta-theoretical knowledge. The meta-theoretical level of knowledge consists of two main sublevels: 1) general scientific knowledge and 2) the philosophical foundations of science. The general scientific level of knowledge consists of the following main elements: 1) general scientific picture of the world; 2) general scientific methodological, logical and axiological principles. The meta-theoretical level plays an important role not only in natural sciences and social sciences, but also in mathematics.

In the conversation the topical issues of religion, global peace and modern globalism in terms of their interaction and mutual conditioning are discussed. Based on the wide historical material and the realities of the modern world, the authors present their divergent positions on a number of fundamental issues in a debatable manner. Considering religion as the most important part of any culture, they express expert assessments on global trends, prospects for cultural and civilizational development, as well as the transformation of the role and importance of religion in the life of the world community in the context of globalization.