Home – Home – Jornals – Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves 2018 number 6

The policy of reforms and openness as a program of economic reforms has triggered rapid development of Chinese economy. Russian researchers have attempted to study Chinese corporate and organizational culture; however, these studies relied on the Western and Russian theories. The peculiarities of Chinese corporate and organizational culture that resulted in the «Chinese miracle» have remained a challenge. Our research is primarily targeted at the peculiarities of Chinese theoretical concepts of corporate and organizational culture. The research material included monographs and textbooks of Chinese authors on corporate and organizational culture. Our research has relied on the informational approach, cross-cultural and hermeneutic methods. Based on contextual analysis, the authors have come to the following conclusions. Chinese authors differentiate between industrial enterprises and organizations thus defining the two phenomena: corporate culture and organizational culture respectively. Chinese authors also see differences in the concepts of corporate culture developed in the business community and in the academic circles. Chinese authors strongly believe in the objective nature of corporate culture, its determination by the external culture as a form of social reality. According to Chinese authors, the Chinese national culture is a source of its corporate culture. A spiritual (level) layer of corporate culture is instrumental in the whole system of corporate culture. The Chinese national culture is a basic source of spiritual culture in China, which is an «external» culture in relation to the corporate culture. A spiritual culture is in essence a sum of corporate ideology. A systemic approach used in Chinese concepts allows Chinese authors to talk about institutionalization of corporate culture. Institutionalization is impossible without a proper social demand. Institutionalization and stability of corporate culture requires specific conditions. They are all represented in the Chinese concepts of corporate culture.

I nformation society contributes to considering knowledge as information that acquired new social opportunities and joined the spheres of socio-cultural relations. Knowledge is classically reviewed as an epistemological category but now have received the form of a commodity. Influenced by these factors, the university not only transforms its own idea and nature, but also loses own purpose, adapting to the circumstances and becoming a subject of market relations. The paper shows that in the conditions of knowledge capitalization, the student is expected to create his own educational line, which will allow him to «monetize» the acquired knowledge and skills in the labor market after graduating from the university. The author indicates that dissatisfaction with the educational policy implemented by the government to the university can generate the response and encourage active students to react and act. The article makes conclusion that if development of a democratic management system at the university contributes to possible identification of the permissible borders of students influence on university development, then on the one hand, it will be possible to avoid radical forms of students manifestation, and, on the other hand, the university will be able to keep the basic organizational principles of its development, aimed not on training narrow- specialized professionals for society but on formation of a citizen.

The article analyzes military progress as an important component of social progress that has its mental characteristics. The authors show that in the global world, views on the nature of the war change mainly due to scientific and technical progress. The paper focuses on the most recent information technologies that resulted in new features of military progress like cyber weapons, etc. The article highlights new tendencies in contemporary military progress. The authors analyse characteristics of military progress after discontinuation of the world bipolar system. NATO continues approaching Russian borders, explaining it by the need to fight with international terrorism. However, the real goals remain the same; nevertheless they are represented in more appropriate and understandable way. The mental features of particular society influence the procedure of the military progress as they are based on historically view , of fair and unfair wars and include differences in such concepts as "patriotism", "courage", "civic duty", etc.

The authors highlight that foundation of basic universities are founded in Russia due to modernization and reforming of national education. The aim of the basic universities is contribution to regional development. The interaction between higher education and the regions is associated with strengthening of the «third mission» of universities. Implementation of the “third mission” makes the university key player of regional economic and social development and introduces significant changes in the university's relations with its partners considered to be industry, business, government and civil society institutions. Implementation of the «third mission» requires modernization in teaching and research system of the university, development of entrepreneurship, implementation of business projects, while maintaining its institutional identity. On analyzing the practices of German universities, the author makes conclusion that creation of inter-institutional partnership and cooperation between the government, regional and local authorities, universities and business contribute to the regional growth.

The authors analyze transformation of university models and reveal the tendencies in integration of education, science and business in order to realize and highlight to what extent education strategies put forward society to ideal model of «society of knowledge» designed in the mid XX and formulated in P. Drucker proceedings in 1993.The authors apply institutional and structural and functional approaches. Analysis is carried out by means of comparison foreign and national experience used for introduction and application of different university models and following the tendencies in education development and formation of society requirements to education system since 40-s of XX. The paper focuses on foreign results of applying the model of Business University (3.0) which is widely applied in Russia today. The experience of Great Britain and other foreign countries has proved that this model successfully implements the mechanism which was going to put forward the society to ideal model «society of knowledge»; otherwise in fact it makes prerequisites for greater differentiation between megalopolises and rural areas according to the criterion of human capital assets. The implementation of mechanism «economy of knowledge» without flexible policy in the sphere of education and business makes conditions for drastic changes in sparsely populated areas. The authors make conclusion that specific features of Russia, its length and part of areas with low population make foundation of business universities inefficient and even disastrous for human resources in the regions. This affects national development in future.

Informatization is considered to be one of the main tendencies in transformation of educational environment. The authors highlight advantages of this process as well as disadvantages seen as alienation processes in the university educational space. Virtual university space makes new environment and therefore there is the necessity to analyse complicated processes of alienation and its impact on the quality of professional education. The paper aims at analyzing these complicated processes. The authors used dialectical method and method of structural and functional analysis as a methodological basis for analysis of alienation processes in educational space. The authors found out that alienation processes could have subjective and objective character. Modern generation faces many contradictions in education process related to incompliance of educational support with the needs of an education subject (contradiction between theoretical and practical knowledge, promoting standard thinking and removal of analytical thinking); lack of interaction between education models and methodics (just formal perception of knowledge and material); ignoring psychological and physical development of an education subject and reality where the subject was brought up (lack of life priorities, net and social nets addiction, low motivation to studying, etc.). The authors make conclusion that alienation processes in Russian education have objective-subjective character as, on the one hand, educational environment has alienation from the subject of education and on the other hand, the subject of education is not able to deal with educational environment.

The article examines the goals, objectives, principles, and technologies applied in innovative education. The author has demonstrated that innovative education is an organized process, which is based on the development of broad professional skills and the learner’s ability for self-development and creativity. The theoretical basis for this investigation is provided by J. Dewey’s philosophy of education. Innovative education is best revealed in project teaching. The results of the investigation have found practical implementation at the Institute of Social Engineering at Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology for training bachelors under the major “Advertisement and public relations”.

The author analyzes and systematizes the reasons for the current revival of interest in Marxism, its research and prognostic potential. Against the background of this interest, the author raises the question of the degree of understanding of both the system of Marx's views and other socio-philosophical concepts, and comes to a disappointing conclusion about the prevalence of profane interpretations of humanitarian knowledge in General and the system of views of the classics of Marxism in particular. The author gives several reasons for this situation. The school actually forms "input competences" for training in higher education institution. Among them, first, there is a significant social stratification, already established social groups with opposite interests and, accordingly, views on reality. While for some it is important to apply knowledge in the business process, for others it is a problem of lack of prospects and minimal social justice. Secondly, the quality of the perception of humanitarian knowledge is affected by the specifics of the presentation of materials in the school course of social studies: internal inconsistency, fragmentation and haphazardness. The article considers in detail some fragments of the educational material and identifies their shortcomings. The author emphasizes that they are determined not only by the work of the author's team, but by the specificity of the perception of students whose research activity is at the initial stage of development and is focused on the empirical perception and analysis, not on the synthesis of theoretical knowledge. Based on his own teaching and research experience, the author examines the possible forms and directions of studying Marx social philosophy in high school.. According to the author, Marx methodology, the beginning of which can be learned in high school, will be an excellent tool for training in high school, the formation of a number of "input competencies" necessary for training in a classical University. One of these competencies is the ability to target. The author draws attention to the fact that the goal is an element of the future in the present.

In publications of domestic and foreign researchers highlighted the existence of a crisis of education in the world. Particularly alarming is the situation with arts education. In search of the origins of contemporary problems of education, the author refers to comparison of models of University governance in the United States, China and Russia. Analysis of publications of these countries has allowed to reveal a common Foundation of management problems - the lack of harmony in the ratio of morality and law as means of educational process management. State ideology in China, promotes harmony of morality and law in this country.

As the educational environment of the military institution aims at successful formation of a future officer expertise and competencies, then national higher military school in the conditions of modernization is aimed at searching for the projects and conditions of educational technologies, which contribute to professional formation and development of a future specialist personal maturity who is able to act efficiently. Project activities of teachers puts the student in an active position of the person who explores, solves problems, makes decisions and prepares documents. The authors consider educational service based on pedagogical conditions as a source of effective implementation of the project activity. Thus, the design and capacities of educational environment can be considered as a resource of increasing education quality which can be possible by means of a complex of pedagogical conditions.

The article is devoted to consideration of the question of interaction between employers and higher institutions. Such interaction is most efficient when it is supported by dual education, through the creation of basic Chairs. Basic chairs developed by higher educational institutions in enterprises are considered to be one of the effective tools for integration between education and labour market. The formation of such chairs should be one of the priorities not only for the regional system of agricultural education, but for regional economy as well. The paper describes what basic chairs and in cooperation with what enterprises are going to be established in Tomsk region by Tomsk Agricultural Institute - the branch of Novosibirsk State Agrarian University. The Chairs focus on practical training of students on the educational program by means of implementation of the education programme of the corresponding profile, aimed at the formation, consolidation and development of skills and competencies, including the possibility of conducting all kinds of studies and research activities in the interests of the enterprise - a strategic partner of the University, through the implementation of educational programs of applied bachelor degree. The foundation of such Chairs has its advantages, including qualified personnel. Social impact will be achieved through improving the quality of conditions for higher and further education, training and retraining; increasing the responsibility of employers in the training of professional staff; expansion of social partnership in the field of education.

Globally, rural areas are suffering from outmigration as a result of low income and often unfavorable living conditions. This contrasts with the importance of rural areas in preserving cultural identity, environmental conditions and at the same time maintaining a high and lasting level of production at a time of continued and in terms of numbers unprecedented global population growth and associated demand for food and other resources. Rural development therefore is an issue that needs more attention, more public support, more funding and more professionals trained to handle the challenges and deal with complex issues at the interface between agronomy, society, economy and ecology. Professionals that act today, but are aware of the necessity to consider future needs in today's planning and activities. Professionals that think beyond short term profit of single entities! The current education system in Russia does not have experience in training the specialists of this kind, otherwise international experience is used due to the needs rising. International project on training the specialists on sustainable rural development can serve as an example of this contribution. The paper aims at exploring the role of international projects (on example of EU funded projects) in training the specialists on sustainable rural development. The authors used the following research methods as experiment, system analysis, structural and functional analysis, interdisciplinary approach, data comparative analysis, systematization and method of descriptive statistics. The analysis has shown that projects on training the specialists on sustainable rural development have own history. Project RUDECO has become a starting point in designing and development of further training programs for civil servants and experts from regional and local authorities engaged in implementation of strategy on sustainable development of rural areas. SARUD project aimed at development and launching Master-program with the profile «Sustainable agriculture and rural development» in agricultural institutions of Russia.

The article explores the problem of organization of medical service for children in the system of the preschool education on the example of educational organizations in Novosibirsk. The authors used statistical data analysis, studied literary sources and legal standards and explained the relevance of improving medical service for preschool children in order to increase quality and effectiveness; the authors found out contradictions in staffing and interdepartmental interactions, which lead to deterioration in the quality of medical service. The research results in the fact that essential condition for improving quality of medical service in the system of preschool education is a change in the organizational and staffing approach. The article outlines the main directions of work to improve quality management of medical service in preschool educational organizations.

The paper highlights necessity of developing the language competence of a specialist in a building branch. The author outlines that it is necessary to improve both the communicative and language competence of building branch specialists to further developing of professional skills and expertise.

The article assesses the official leaders of the country for more than a century of national history. The students review Russian history. The author does not take the position of an outside observer. He solves two problems. On the one hand, the work speaks of the leaders of the state from the point of view of the younger generation, and on the other hand the author himself analyzes certain moments of the history and the respondents themselves. The main criteria in the activities of the top officials of Russia and the USSR are qualities that characterize the degree of their competence in such parameters as achievements in economic development, solving acute political problems in their country and the world, strengthening the defense capability of the state, progress in the social sphere, progress in science, education, medicine, improving people's quality of life. In the conclusions to all presented material acute and topical questions are raised as to why many historical facts are not well known in the youth environment and what conclusions should be drawn on the basis of this sociological research by teachers of humanitarian disciplines, not only for the expansion of students' knowledge, but also for the formation of appropriate civil position.

The purpose of the article is to realize the possibilities and functions of inclusive education, to compare the inclusive and exclusive (special) models of education, to highlight the various effects and practices of inclusive education. This problem is rather explored but at the same time it is theoretically and practically significant and relevant as more and more variants (practices) of inclusive and exclusive education are being created, their effects are being studied, positive (functional) and negative (dysfunctional) aspects of inclusive and special education are compared. The author sees more advantages of inclusive education than possible disadavnatges. Special education as well as the formation of «additional», «alternative» can and should play the role of a complementary regime (party) of inclusive or general education. At the same time, it is important to achieve that education is variable, focusing on the developmental features of children (with HIA and without HIA), and not only external norms and standards (criteria).

In the modern era becomes more and more urgent problem of studying stressanalysis behaviour in professional activity, which is indicated particularly acute and due to the increasing demands of society to the personality of the specialist. The paper presents and explains such concepts as coping behavior, stress, stress. Shows the mechanisms of stress resistance that is applied by law enforcement officers under stress. The implementation of the law enforcement service that requires organization, a high degree of discipline, determination and initiative. The lack of training and incompetence can lead to disorientation, which will affect the work. Not to mention that individual characteristics make them vulnerable to stress. But not all people are equally susceptible to stress. It is influenced by factors: high job satisfaction, control over what he does. In the article on the example of activity of law enforcement officers working with documentation and responding to challenges in the police Department Baganskaya intermunicipal Department of the Ministry of internal Affairs «Karasuk», the police Department, «Karasuk» inter-municipal Department of internal Affairs «Karasuk» deals with the problem of stress in terms of stressful situations. Analyses the main purpose, hypothesis, human resources. For empirical part of the research we used such methods as: method of determining stress resistance and social adaptation of Holmes and R. The raga, the Questionnaire «Style of self-regulation of behavior - SSP-98» V. I. Morosanova, Express diagnostics of stress factors in the activities of head (I. D. ladanov, A. V. Urazaeva). Developed recommendations to increase stress tolerance, and to improve the health of law enforcement officers.

The article is devoted to the actual psychological and pedagogical problem seen as differences in the motivational sphere of students in different programs of education. Speaking about the types of orientation, the authors assume the external and internal motivation in relation to the learning process. The authors use the questionnaire «Profile of students’ academic motivation», which distinguishes three intrinsic motivations (cognitive, achievements, self-development) and 3 extrinsic motivations (self-esteem, introjected and external). Amotivation is defined as a lack of any motivation for learning. In addition to the questionnaire, two questionnaires are used to identify the structure of the achievement motivation and satisfying the basic needs of the individual. The students of two bachelor programs participated in the research: «Psychology» and «Psychological and Pedagogical Education». Participants of the research completed the questionnaire 3 times within 18 months. As a result of the study, significant differences in indicators were revealed: success as a material standard of living, success as a mental state, cognitive motivation, amotivation, integral indicator of internal motivation, success-luck, success-recognition. Since there were no significant differences between the satisfaction of the basic needs, it allowed the authors to assume that the impact on the motivational indicators is not so much at the level of the teacher-student interaction, as at the level of organization of the entire educational process in general. Comparing the two federal state standards in these programs, it is possible to identify differences in the number of credit units for practices, classroom activities, and types of professional activity. Thus, it can be concluded that motivational indicators can be influenced by such factors as: the ratio of hours of classroom practice and industrial practice, the number of competencies formed and the diversity of types of professional activity that the student must learn.

The author sees search for formation factors and assessment criteria of valuable features of individual subjects and collective ones as one of the most important problems in investigation of reputation. Specialists in the field of game theory think that there are theoretical game models of reputation and standards; reputation is seen as a reflection about the standard activities. The paper aims at considering the social standards as a factor of reputation and as a factor of subject assessment. The author speaks that interioration of common social standards, values and behavior models take place in the period of upbringing, socialization and professional education. These activities are revealed through subject activity. When analyzing subject activity, we can make conclusions about reputation. The concept “reputation” is rather polysemantic. This allows us to review reputation as an assessment system and valuable characteristics and as a process of forming these assessment and characteristics. It appears that reputation as a process concept turns out to be the process of searching for valuable characteristics of the subjects and results of their activity. Thus, we can speak about reputation as a process of making decision what evaluation belongs to the subject activity. The paper shows that compliance or incompliance of subject activity is assessed by means of common social standards and valuable preferences of the evaluator and it is the basic factor for making decision in concerns of reputation.

Results of numerical and experimental investigations of a high-velocity flow in a plane channel with sudden expansion in the form of a backward-facing step, which is used for flame stabilization in a supersonic flow, are presented. The experiments are performed in the IT-302M high-enthalpy short-duration wind tunnel under the following test conditions: Mach number at the combustor entrance 2.8, Reynolds number 30 × 106 m^-1, and total temperature T₀ = 2000 K, i.e., close to flight conditions at M = 6. The numerical simulations are performed by solving full unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations supplemented with the k-ω SST turbulence model and a system of chemical kinetics including 38 forward and backward reactions of combustion of a hydrogen-air mixture. Three configurations of the backward-facing step are considered: straight step without preliminary actions on the flow, with preliminary compression, and with preliminary expansion of the flow. It is demonstrated that the backward-facing step configuration exerts a significant effect on the separation region size, pressure distribution, and temperature in the channel behind the step, which are the parameters determining self-ignition of the mixture. The computed results show that preliminary compression of the flow creates conditions for effective ignition of the mixture. As a result, it is possible to obtain ignition of a prepared hydrogen-air mixture and its stable combustion over the entire channel height.

This paper describes the experimental study of the spatial structure of a chemical reaction zone in a turbulent flow of a jet swirled by means of panoramic laser-induced formaldehyde fluorescence. The burning of an air-methane mixture under atmospheric pressure and at different excess coefficients of fuel φ: the burning of an inverse cone shaped flame φ = 0.7- 1.4 and the burning of an elevated flame φ = 2.5. Aside from small-scale deformations, the changes in the shape of the chemical reaction zone is coupled with two types of large-scale coherent structures, namely the virtually axisymmetric deformation mode of the flame front, which is probably due to the action of Archimedes forces on the combustion products, and the rotation of the asymmetric mode due to the precession of the swirled flow.

A modified Fourier law with account for heat flux relaxation and scalar value of the temperature gradient serves as a basis for the mathematical model of the locally nonequilibrium process of thermal ignition of systems with a hear source exponentially changing due to temperature. It is shown by the studies performed under the boundary conditions of the first kind that accounting for the space-time nonlocality increases the time delay of thermal ignition. Moreover, it is shown that, when the relaxation properties of the material are considered, the boundary conditions can only be accepted after a certain time rather than instantaneously. Consequently, the amount of heat fed to the system has a limitthat depends on the physical properties (including relaxation properties) of the medium.

This paper presents a theoretical study of the thermal preparation and ignition of a coal-water fuel droplet under intense radiation-convective heating with diffusion of gaseous pyrolysis products of the solid fuel into the external gaseous medium. It has been found that gaseous pyrolysis products are ignited at a distance from the heating surface approximately equal to the radius of the droplet, after which the coke of the main fuel layer is ignited. The time between the ignition of volatiles and the coke residue is less than 0.5 s. Comparison of the ignition delays obtained by mathematical modeling and experimentally has shown satisfactory agreement between theoretical and experimental values.

A physicomathematical model is developed for ignition and combustion of a methane-air mixture containg coal microparticles. The model takes into account the detailed kinetics of oxidation of the gaseous methane-hydrogen-air mixture and the processes of thermal destruction of coal particles with release of volatiles (methane and hydrogen) to the gas phase, ignition and combustion of these volatiles in the gas phase, and heterogeneous reaction of carbon oxidation. It is demonstrated that addition of coal particles to the methane-air mixture in the temperature interval from 900 to 1450 K reduces the ignition delay time. Moreover, addition of coal particles to the methane-air mixture leads to shifting of the ignition limit of the gas mixture toward lower temperatures. The calculated delay time of coal ignition in the air-coal mixture and the predicted delay times of methane and coal ignition in the methane-air-coal mixture are found to be in reasonable agreement with experimental data obtained in a rapid-compression setup.

CFD modeling of the combustion of synthetic fuel formed in the systems of thermochemical heat recovery of waste flue gas due to steam reforming of methane was performed. The studies were conducted using the ANSYS Fluent software. Scientific justification and validation of the physicomathematical approaches underlying the ANSYS Fluent for the problems of modeling the combustion of multicomponent hydrogen-containing gas mixes. Numerical results were validated against experimental data. A visual comparison of the flame contours obtained by burning syngas at Reynolds numbers of 600, 800, 1000 was perfomed. In all cases there is obvious convergence of results. Change in the temperature of the fuel-air mixture at the entrance to the combustion chamber was found to have no significant effect on the temperature of the combustion products. The obtained results are of practical importance for the design of the burner units of heating plants with thermochemical heat recovery.

The effects of the strain rate, equivalence ratio, and particle diameter on the combustion of a mixture of aluminum microparticles with air under fuel-lean conditions are studied in the counterflow configuration with an approximate analytical perturbation method. The flame structure is assumed to consist of three zones: preheating, flame, and post-flame zones. Reasonable agreement between the current results and experimental data is obtained in terms of the flame temperature. The dimensionless ignition and ultimate flame temperatures, place of the flame starting point, and flame thickness are obtained as functions of the strain rate for different particle diameters and equivalent ratios. The results indicate that the ignition and ultimate flame temperatures and also the flame thickness decrease with increasing strain rate. With a decrease in the strain rate, the length of the preheating zone increases. With increasing particle diameter, the flame thickness increases, whereas the ignition and ultimate flame temperatures decrease. An increase in the equivalence ratio causes an increase in the ultimate flame temperature and reduction of the preheating zone and flame thickness.

This paper describes the results of an experimental study of ignition and combustion of condensed systems, containing energy fillers, i.e., powders of aluminum, boron, aluminum borides, and titanium. Compositions on a hydrocarbon or active fuel binder with a combined oxidizer (perchlorate and/or ammonium nitrate) are considered. Thermodynamic estimates for the ballistic characteristics of the compositions under study are given. It is shown that a unit pulse increases by 3.5% with the replacement of aluminum by boron in the compositions considered. It is experimentally determined that the time delay of ignition of boron-containing compositions decreases in conductive and radiant heat transfer and that the stationary burning rate of boron and aluminum boride containing compositions increases. The effectiveness of the impact of energy fillers on the characteristics of condensed systems as a function of the composition of a combined oxidizer is determined.

The dependence of the specific impulse of non-metal energetic compositions based on high-enthalpy organic oxidizers on the elemental composition and enthalpy of formation of the oxidizer and the nature and volume content of the mixed binder consisting of hydrocarbon and active components. For a given volume content of the binder, it is possible to increase the specific impulse of compositions based on oxidizers with an oxygen ratio of 0.6-1.3 by finding the optimal mass ratio of the hydrocarbon and active components in the binder. The optimal content of the hydrocarbon component increases from 0 to 100% as the oxygen ratio of the oxidizer increases from 0.6 to 1.3.

The plate dent test is one of the simplest tools for fast determination of the detonation pressure. The test is based on the observation that the detonation pressure correlates with the depth of the dent produced by a detonating explosive on a metal witness plate. The present study is aimed at developing a model for estimating the dent depth, which is used not only to obtain the detonation pressure, but also to evaluate the brisance relative to a reference explosive. It is shown that the experimental dent depth values for CHNO and CHNOClF explosives can be successfully reproduced by a model based on few parameters, namely: loading density, number of moles of gaseous detonation products per gram of the explosive, and average molecular weight of the gaseous products, where the number of moles and the mean molecular weight of the gaseous products are calculated according to the [H₂O-CO₂] arbitrary decomposition assumption. Furthermore, the predicted values of the dent depth and the Kamlet-Jacobs method are used to estimate the detonation pressure for 37 explosives. The results show that the pressures obtained on the basis of the dent depth values are in better agreement with experimental/thermochemical code data than the predictions of the Kamlet-Jacobs method.

The thermal emission from a water layer shock-compressed by an incident wave and a wave reflected from a LiF window was recorded in the range of incident-wave intensity of 28-36 GPa. Losses of the luminous flux at the boundaries were estimated. The temperature of water compressed by one and two shock waves were calculated, and the calculation results are in good agreement with experimental data.

This paper describes an experimental study of the flame propagation mechanism for the combustible gas explosion in a closed pipe with a length of 12 m and an internal diameter of 0.125 m, which is carried out for different values of the ignition energy. The results show that an increase in the ignition energy results in greater explosive intensity, maximum peak pressure, and dynamic strain of the thin wall in the whole process. Moreover, the dynamic strain of the thin-walled pipe increases suddenly owing to arrival of a precursor shock wave and then vibrates for a long time, which is induced by the wave reflected back and forth. In addition, there is good agreement between the dynamic strain signals and pressure wave signals. These research results can provide a theoretical basis for industrial explosion accident assessments as well as explosion and shock resistance designs, which provides guidance not only for industrial safety, but also for prevention and mitigation of explosion accidents.

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of interaction between an impactor directed at an angle and a double-layer target with an outer ceramic layer is performed. It is shown that the presence of a ceramic layer normalizes the breaking process: the main deformation and displacement of the target elements occur so as if the action of the impactor is carried out along a normal to the target surface. A quite intense rotation of the impactor remains at the final stages of interaction is observed. Experimental data and propositions on the transformation of the impact at an angle into an equivalent impact along the normal are used to develop an approximate analytical technique for calculating the limiting rate of breaking through the double-layer ceramic-metallic target under the action of the impactor at an angle.

This study proposes a blast load model that generates multiple impulse curves with appropriate shapes depending on the scaled distance and, thus, precisely calculates the blast load distribution over the structure surface. The suitability of the proposed model is examined by using the finite element simulation of a blast test with steel plates and comparing the predicted deflections with the measurements. The results reveal that the proposed model accurately calculates the blast load distribution over the structure surface. The predicted deflection profiles of the steel plates are closer to the measured deflection profiles when the proposed model is employed, as compared to the existing models, which produce only a single impulse curve.

The natural fracture of rock has a strong effect on the law of explosion stress wave transmission and crack propagation during blasting. Based on the stress wave theory, the influential mechanism for both the law of transmission of the stress wave and of crack propagation due to natural fracture and water jet slot are analysed. Next, an experiment is conducted to understand the crack propagation law because of the effect of an explosion shock wave, and the evolution law of the blast stress wave and blast-induced crack propagation is simulated by ANSYS/LS-DYNA. The results indicate that the existence of the water jet slot not only promotes the generation of the main crack along its direction, but also promotes the generation of the secondary crack near the water jet slot because of the explosion shock wave. The direction of propagation of the secondary crack and the main crack are seriously affected by the natural fracture. In addition, if the distance between the blast hole and the natural fracture is too small, a smash area is formed; and with an increase in the distance between the blast hole and the natural fracture, the smash area becomes smaller, and the effect on the blast-induced crack becomes weaker.

Objective. To study the possible relationship between the level of different cholesterol fractions and the severity of atherosclerosis with the change in the Achilles tendon. Material and methods. A random selective group of patients of the vascular neurosurgery department of the Federal Center of Neurosurgery of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Novosibirsk) was examined for monolateral or bilateral atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries with varying degrees of stenosis. Our study included 25 people aged 42-65 years. All patients underwent a series of clinical and instrumental studies (ECG, computed tomography, angiography, collection of clinical data, biochemical studies of blood serum). Results. In the group with a high content of low cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, a direct correlation was observed between cholesterol level and severity of atherosclerosis with the size and density of the Achilles tendons. Conclusions. An increased level of blood cholesterol concentration, especially in individuals with carotid stenosis, may be involved in the processes of connective tissue degeneration. With an increase in the level of total cholesterol above 5 mmol / l, an increase in the volume of the Achilles tendon and an increase in its density is noted.

The review is devoted to the analysis of literature data related to the role of proteomic technologies in the study of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. The results of research on the search for new proteomic potential biomarkers of coronary atherosclerosis, coronaryc heart disease, acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction, carotid atherosclerosis, and proteomic markers of unstable atherosclerotic plaque are presented. It is discussed that proteomic analysis is a promising developing field of research.

The review provides information on studies that have studied the relationship between the number of copies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in peripheral blood leukocytes with coronary heart disease and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major component of the aging process and can play a key role in the development of cardiovascular diseases of atherosclerotic origin, and the number of copies of mtDNA is an indirect biomarker of mitochondrial function. According to a number of studies, measuring the number of copies of mtDNA in peripheral blood leukocytes can improve the risk assessment of CVD to decide on the beginning of primary prevention of CVD. So far, relatively few such studies have been carried out. Nevertheless, the results obtained, according to the authors, allow us to hope that this indicator can be used in assessing the risk of individual CVD. Further studies carried out on large groups in a prospective design should provide the necessary additional information on the feasibility of including this indicator in the appropriate risk meters.

The review presents the latest data from the world scientific literature of clinical studies of inhibitors protoprotein convertasesubtilisin/kexin 9 type (PCSK9). The results of the most important completed clinical trials and announcements of prospective clinical trials are presented, the completion of which is expected in the near future. The place of PCSK9 inhibitors in modern recommendations of the European and Russian Cardiological Society is highlighted.The results of studies on the efficacy and safety of PCSK9 inhibitors in selected patient groups (familial hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia) are presented. A review of the research aimed at finding new inhibition mechanisms for PCSK9, opening new horizons in the treatment of patients with dyslipidemia.

According to modern guidelines, statins are an integral part of treatment of acute coronary heart disease. Cardioprotective effects of atorvastatin in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are multifaceted and maximally manifested in high doses. The purpose of this review is to analyze international medical literature on the use of high doses of atorvastatin in patients with ACS. The results of the analysis demonstrate significant reduction in post-infarction cardiovascular events, a positive impact on the key pathophysiological processes in ACS.