E.V. Artyushkov1, S.P. Korikovsky2, H.-J. Massonne3, P.A. Chekhovich1,4
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"HTML";s:4:"TEXT";s:555:"1O.Yu. Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Bol’shaya Gruzinskaya 10, Moscow, 123995, Russia 2Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Staromonetnyi per. 35, Moscow, 119017, Russia 3Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Mineralogie und Kristallchemie, Azenbergstr. 18, 70174, Stuttgart, Deutschland 4Moscow State University, Earth Science Museum, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia";}
Keywords: Докембрийские кратоны, новейшие поднятия коры, механизмы поднятий коры, метаморфизм, Precambrian cratons, post-Miocene crustal uplift, mechanisms of crustal uplift, metamorphism
Precambrian cratons cover about 70 % of the total continental area. According to a large volume of geomorphological, geological, paleontological, and other data for the Pliocene and Pleistocene, these cratons have experienced a crustal uplift from 100-200 m to 1000-1500 m, commonly called the recent or Neotectonic uplift. Compression of the Precambrian crust terminated half a billion years ago or earlier, and its uplift could not have been produced by this mechanism. According to the main models of dynamic topography in the mantle, the distribution of displacements at the surface is quite different from that of the Neotectonic movements. According to seismic data, there is no magmatic underplating beneath most of the Precambrian cratons. In most of cratonic areas, the mantle lithosphere is very thick, which makes its recent delamination unlikely. Asthenospheric replacement of the lower part of the mantle lithosphere beneath the Precambrian cratons might have produced only a minor part of their Neotectonic uplifts. Since the above mechanisms cannot explain this phenomenon, the rock expansion in the crustal layer is supposed to be the main cause of the recent uplift of Precambrian cratons. This is supported by the strong lateral nonuniformity of the uplift, which indicates that expansion of rocks took place at a shallow depth. Expansion might have occurred in crustal rocks that emerged from the lower crust into the middle crust with lower pressure and temperature after the denudation of a thick layer of surface rocks. In the dry state, these rocks can remain metastable for a long time. However, rapid metamorphism accompanied by expansion of rocks can be caused by infiltration of hydrous fluids from the mantle. Analysis of phase diagrams for common crustal rocks demonstrates that this mechanism can explain the recent crustal uplift of Precambrian cratons.
V.B. Bazarova1, M.S. Lyashchevskaya1, T.R. Makarova1, R.A. Makarevich1, L.A. Orlova2 1Pacific Geographical Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Radio 7, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia 2VS. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: Пойменное осадконакопление, радиоуглеродные датировки, средний, поздний голоцен, оз. Ханка, Приханкайская равнина, Overbank deposition, radiocarbon dating, Middle-Late Holocene, Lake Khanka, Khanka Plain
Overbank deposits in the Komissarovka River valley consist of alternating silt, clay silt, sand, and soils produced by lacustrine, alluvial, and aeolian deposition and by soil formation. Silt and sand layers in the lower part of the section correlate with the events of Early Holocene transgression and Middle Holocene regression of Lake Khanka. Deposition in the lowermost reaches of the Komissarovka River provides a faithful record of local Holocene landscapes controlled by level changes in Lake Khanka.
E.P. Solotchina1, E.V. Bezrukova2,3,4, P.A. Solotchin1, O. Shtok5, A.N. Zhdanova1
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:794:"1VS. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 2A.P. Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Favorskogo 1a, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia 3Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Lavrent’eva 17, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 4Irkutsk Science Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Lermontova 134, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia 5Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kuhn-Institute (JKI), Institute for Group and Soil Science, Bundesallee 58, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany";s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"html";}
Keywords: Донные отложения, поздний плейстоцен, голоцен, карбонаты, XRD анализ, ИК-спектроскопия, палинология, оз. Арахлей, Забайкалье, Bottom sediments, Late Pleistocene, Holocene, carbonates, XRD analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, spore-pollen analysis, Lake Arakhlei, Transbaikalia
We present integrated mineralogical, chemical, and palynological data for Late Pleistocene-Holocene bottom sediments of Lake Arakhlei located in the Beklemishev tectonic basin in the southern Vitim Plateau (central Transbaikalia). The sediment samples were studied by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, laser particle sizing, spore-pollen analysis, radiocarbon (14C AMS) dating, and XRF spectrometry. The cored 128 cm long section of lake sediments consists of two units: one is composed mainly of layered silicates (illite-smectite, illite, chlorite, chlorite-smectite, muscovite, and kaolinite) and organic matter (OM) but no carbonates from 0 to 80 cm and the other contains authigenic Ca-Mg carbonates (up to 30%) of Mg-calcite and excess-Ca dolomite from 80 to 128 cm. The sediments also contain a rare phase of weddellite CaC2O4·2H2O discovered for the first time in Transbaikalian lakes. The evolution of Lake Arakhlei and its drainage basin comprised four stages, with pollen zones that mark the Late Pleistocene and Holocene climate history of the Beklemishev basin. The reconstructed history of Lake Arakhlei for the past ~15,500 years followed general climatic changes in the Northern hemisphere. Thus, integrated research, including detailed analysis of mineral components and spore-pollen assemblages in lake sediments, is a workable tool for studying climatic controls of continental sedimentation.
I.A. Vishnevskaya1,2,3, E.F. Letnikova1, N.A. Kanygina4, A.I. Proshenkin1, N.G. Soloshenko3, E.V. Vetrov1, V.Yu. Kiseleva1 1VS. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 3A.N. Zavaritsky Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, ul. Akademika Vonsovskogo 15, Yekaterinburg, 620016, Russia 4Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevskii per. 7, Moscow, 119017, Russia
Keywords: Пассивная континентальная окраина, изотопная хемостратиграфия, U-Pb датирование обломочных цирконов, источники сноса, реконструкции, Сибирская платформа, Passive continental margin, isotope chemostratigraphy, U-Pb dating of detrital zircons, provenances, reconstructions, Siberian Platform
Subsection: PETROLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND MINERALOGY
U-Pb dating of detrital zircons from the sandstones of the Mamakan Formation has been made. Geochemical and isotope parameters of the carbonate deposits of the Yanguda Formation in the Vendian-Cambrian cover of the North Muya continental block have been estimated. It has been established that only the Neoproterozoic (630-915 Ma) rocks of the North Muya block were the provenances of terrigenous material. In the least altered carbonate rocks of the Yanguda Formation, the 87Sr/86Sr ratio is within 0.70814-0.70879 and δ13C varies from -0.4 to + 1.9‰. Comparison of the evaluated isotope parameters with those of carbonate rocks of typical Vendian-Cambrian sections shows that the carbonate deposits of the Yanguda Formation accumulated in the Early Cambrian, about 520 Ma. Sedimentation of the Mamakan and Yanguda Formations took place in the local sedimentary basin in the Vendian-Early Cambrian, in the absence of tectonic activity within the North Muya block. Detrital material that formed during the destruction of the rocks of the Siberian Platform basement and cover was not supplied into the basin.
I.F. Chaika1,2, A.E. Izokh1,2 1V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: Лампроиты, расплавные включения, хромиты, Инаглинский массив, Алданский щит, Lamproites, melt inclusions, chromites, Inagli massif, Aldan Shield
Subsection: PETROLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND MINERALOGY
We consider a hypothesis of the origin of PGE-bearing ultramafic rocks of the Inagli massif (Central Aldan) through fractional crystallization from ultrabasic high-potassium magma. We studied dunites and wherlites of the Inagli massif and olivine lamproites of the Ryabinovy massif, which is also included into the Central Aldan high-potassium magmatic area. The research is focused on the chemistry of Cr-spinels and the phase composition of Cr-spinel-hosted crystallized melt inclusions and their daughter phases. Mainly two methods were used: SEM-EDS (Tescan Mira-3), to establish different phases and their relationships, and EPMA, to obtain precise chemical data on small (2-100 μm) phases. The obtained results show similarity in chromite composition and its evolutionary trends for the Inagli massif ultramafites and Ryabinovy massif lamproites. The same has been established for phlogopite and diopside from crystallized melt inclusions from the rocks of both objects. Based on the results of the study, the conclusion is drawn that the ultramafic core of the Inagli massif resulted from fractional crystallization of high-potassium melt corresponding in composition to low-titanium lamproite. This conclusion is consistent with the previous hypotheses suggesting an ultrabasic high-potassium composition of primary melt for the Inagli ultramafites.
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"TEXT";s:4:"TEXT";s:28:"Yu.G. Lavrent’ev, L.V. Usova";}
V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: Электронно-зондовый рентгеноспектральный микроанализ, метрологические характеристики, минералы, X-ray electron probe microanalysis, metrological characteristics, minerals
Subsection: PETROLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND MINERALOGY
X-ray electron probe microanalysis is a complete mineral analysis technique. Therefore, the sum of obtained concentrations can be used as an indicator of the quality of analysis. There are two kinds of errors of the sum of concentrations. The first is related to the deviation of the sum from the basic value and can be called a difference error. The second is the scattering of results around the mean value and can be called an averaging error. The difference error characterizes the reproducibility of the measurements and equals 0.41% at the current precision level. The averaging error characterizes the repeatability of the measurements and equals 0.23%. The difference error can be used as a quality indicator directly during analysis, while the averaging error can be used after analysis of a batch of specimens. According to the modified three-sigma rule, the acceptable sum values of separate analyses are in the range 98.8%-100.8%. This range is obviously valid only for an ideal model with a basic sum value of 100%. In real analyses, the basic value deviates from 100% because of the presence of elements which are not detected in the analysis and elements with a variable valence. According to the three-sigma rule, the acceptable scattering of the sum of concentrations around the average value is ±0.7%.
A.S. Makshakov, R.G. Kravtsova
A.P. Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Favorskogo 1a, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
Keywords: Литохимические потоки, бриолитохимические потоки, золото-серебряная минерализация, Lithochemical and bryolithochemical stream sediments, Au-Ag mineralization
The first bryolithochemical studies have been carried out within the Dukat ore field (Balygychan-Sugoi trough, northeastern Russia), in its northeast (Dukat Au-Ag deposit, Chaika site) and on its eastern flank (Au-Ag ore occurrence, Piritovyi site). Sampling was made along primary water streams draining Au-Ag ore zones, because the headstreams localized in the permafrost zone are poor in alluvial sediments or lack them, whereas the stream banks and beds are overgrown with aquatic and semiaquatic mosses. We examined samples of moss cushions with loose sediments (fine silt suspension and sand-silt material). The study has shown that moss cushions are an effective natural trap extracting finely dispersed, ultradisperse, and colloid-dispersed particles, including ore ones, from water stream suspension. The contents of major elements indicating Au-Ag mineralization (Au, Ag, Hg, Sb, As, Pb, and Zn) in the bryolithochemical and lithochemical samples were compared. The highest contents of these elements have been revealed in the bryolithochemical samples. Scintillation analysis shows a predominance of finely dispersed Au and Ag particles. The chemical composition of lithoparticles and probable species of elements indicating mineralization were studied by energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. It has been concluded that the bryolithochemical stream sediments are an integral part of the lithochemical ones and can also be effectively used to reveal geochemical anomalies and identify the corresponding ores. It is shown that the bryolithochemical sediment streams bear important information about the chemical composition of primary ores, as they have the same major indicator elements (Au, Ag, Hg, Sb, As, Pb, and Zn) and nearly the same mineral composition (finely dispersed gold and silver, electrum, silver sulfosalts, and simple sulfides). The proposed bryolithochemical research is promising not only for northeastern Russia but also for other areas with similar landscapes, primarily areas where lithochemical and bryolithochemical stream sediments form in the northern subarctic and arctic environments.
K.R. Kovalev1, S.O. Syzdykov2, Yu.A. Kalinin1,3, E.A. Naumov1,3, V.V. Baranov2, V.P. Sukhorukov1,3, A.S. Gladkov4, F.I. Zhimulev1
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"HTML";s:4:"TEXT";s:529:"1V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 2RG Gold LLP, Abylaikhan Str. 73, 3-4 fl., Akmola Region, Burabay area, Shchuchinsk, 021700, Republic of Kazakhstan 3Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 4Institute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Lermontova 128, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia";}
Keywords: Северо-Казахстанская золоторудная провинция, месторождение золота Райгородок, прожилково-вкрапленные руды, Au-Cu-Pb-Ag-Te-Bi-минерализация, возраст минерализации, North Kazakhstan gold ore province, Raigorodok gold deposit, vein-disseminated gold ores, Au-Cu-Pb-Ag-Te-Bi mineralization, age of mineralization
The Raigorodok stockwork gold-sulfide-quartz deposit is located in the contact zone of a monzogabbro-diorite massif belonging to the Stepnyak complex (442 Ma). Two main ore formation stages have been established: early, with disseminated gold-bearing pyrite-chalcopyrite mineralization related to skarn, propylite, and K-feldspar formation, and late, with productive mineralization. The late stage was accompanied by the formation of beresite, sericite, and quartz and comprised two substages: (1) quartz-gold-pyrite-chalcopyrite mineralization and (2) quartz-carbonate-gold-polysulfide mineralization. The 40Ar/39Ar ages of beresites and sericites are 422.9 ± 4.3 Ma and 416.7 ± 4.3 Ma, respectively, which is 19-22 Myr younger than the age of the host intrusive massif. The deposit ores formed stepwise, at temperatures of 112-335 ºC and fluid salinity of 0.7-21.2 wt.% NaCl equiv. Sulfur for skarns, propylites, beresites, and ores might have been provided by a deep magma chamber, and the carbonaceous shales of the Vendian Sharyk Formation might have been the source of gold. The isotope and geochemical data and the results of fluid inclusion study suggest that Raigorodok is an intrusion-related deposit. At the same time, the deposit has a number of signs of porphyry-epithermal ore-magmatic systems.
S.V. Ershov, V.N. Bardachevskii, N.I. Shestakova
A.A. Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: Нижний мел, сейсмогеологический комплекс, клиноформа, сиквенс, продуктивный пласт, корреляция, Западная Сибирь, Гыданский полуостров, Lower Cretaceous, seismic sequence, clinoform, sequence, productive bed, correlation, West Siberia, Gydan Peninsula
We discuss the geologic structure of the Berriasian-Lower Aptian deposits of the Gydan Peninsula. Eight seismic sequences have been distinguished; most of them are associated with Lower Cretaceous regional clinoforms of West Siberia. A correlation of productive beds was based on the stratotype sections of the Yamal and Gydan Peninsulas as well as seismic and well data. A sequence stratigraphic model of the Berriasian-Lower Aptian complex is proposed.
V.Yu. Shigaev
Saratov State University, ul. Astrakhanskaya 83, Saratov, 410012, Russia
Keywords: Активизация геохимических процессов, нелинейность геоэлектрохимических методов, принципы прогнозирования нефтегазоносности, концентрации слабозакрепленных микроэлементов, постоянный электрический ток, Activation of geochemical processes, nonlinearity of geoelectrochemical methods, guidelines for petroleum prediction, contents of loosely fixed trace elements, direct electric current
Petroleum prediction in local objects and the applicability of geologic environment parameters in this regard are considered. The proposed guidelines for petroleum potential prediction are based on the analysis of the distribution of typomorphic epigenetic multivalent elements loosely fixed in rocks before and after electric current treatment. The advantage of geoelectrochemical methods, providing data on the chemical composition of above-productive deposits, is demonstrated.
N.G. Granin1, I.B. Mizandrontsev1, V.V. Kozlov2, E.A. Tsvetova3, R.Yu. Gnatovskii1, V.V. Blinov1, I.A. Aslamov1, K.M. Kucher1, V.G. Ivanov1, A.A. Zhdanov1
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"HTML";s:4:"TEXT";s:501:"1Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Ulan-Batorskaya 3, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia 2V.M. Matrosov Institute for System Dynamics and Control Theory, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Lermontova 134, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia 3Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Lavrent’eva 6, Novosibirsk, 630000, Russia";}
Keywords: Ледовый покров, кольцевая структура, течения, апвелинг, гидрат метана, Байкал, Baikal ice cover, ring structure, currents, upwelling, methane hydrate
Subsection: GEOPHYSICS
Hydrophysical studies and mathematical modeling of ring structures on the Baikal ice cover have shown that their existence at the stage of ice cover degradation is due to anticyclonic currents. Such currents can be generated as a result of local upwelling, which we associate with the rise of methane hydrates from the top layer of bottom sediments and their dissociation. Analysis of satellite images shows that the radii of ice rings range from 1300 to 2400 m, which is close to the baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation. The measured ice thicknesses in the area of the rings are in agreement with model calculations. Deep water renewal in Lake Baikal can also be associated with the rise of hydrates.
A.S. Zakupin1, Yu.N. Levin2, N.V. Boginskaya1, O.A. Zherdeva1 1Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Nauki 1B, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 693022, Russia 2Sakhalin Branch of the Federal Research Center of the Geophysical Service of the Russian Academy of Science, ul. Tikhookeanskaya 2A, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 693010, Russia
Keywords: Прогноз, сейсмичность, каталог, LURR, Prediction, seismicity, catalog, LURR
Subsection: GEOPHYSICS
The potential of the load-unload response ratio (LURR) method for medium-term earthquake prediction is studied for Sakhalin Island as an example. An approach to the generation of predicted conditions and assessment of their implementation in real time is considered. The results of a retrospective analysis of other large Sakhalin earthquakes are used for generalization. It is shown that deviations of prediction parameters from specified values are satisfactory for this method. It is recommended that this method be used to compile summaries of medium-term predictions for Sakhalin provided that catalogs should be filled as soon as possible.
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"TEXT";s:4:"TEXT";s:51:"V.V. Veretennikov, S.S. Men’shchikova, V.N. Uzhegov";}
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634021, Russia
Keywords: коэффициент аэрозольного ослабления света, микроструктура приземного аэрозоля, обратные задачи, aerosol extinction coefficient, near-surface aerosol microstructure, inverse problem
Subsection: OPTICS OF CLUSTERS, AEROSOLS, AND HYDROSOLES
Results of retrieval of microstructure parameters of near-surface aerosol in the summer period from spectral measurements of the aerosol extinction coefficient are presented. Experimental data were obtained in Tomsk at a horizontal path using an atmospheric transmittance meter at 11 wavelengths in the range from 0.45 to 3.91 μm. The numerical algorithm, based on the method of integral distributions, was used to solve the inverse problem. In the first part of the work, the variability of the geometric cross section of particles of the fine and coarse fractions and the total ensemble is analyzed. The influence of smoke pollution of atmosphere on the variation in microstructure parameters is considered. It is shown that fine particles make the main contribution (73-77%) to the total cross section of near-surface aerosol. The coefficients of variation of the cross sections of the particles are high in the range 53-61% for the fine and 53-69% for the coarse fractions of aerosol in monthly intervals without taking into account the influence of the smoke. Correlations between the aerosol extinction coefficients at different wavelengths and the aerosol microstructure parameters retrieved are investigated.
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"TEXT";s:4:"TEXT";s:51:"V.V. Veretennikov, S.S. Men’shchikova, V.N. Uzhegov";}
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634021, Russia
Keywords: коэффициент аэрозольного ослабления света, микроструктура приземного аэрозоля, объемная концентрация, средний радиус частиц, обратные задачи, aerosol extinction coefficient, near-surface aerosol microstructure, volume concentration, mean radius of particles, inverse problem
Subsection: OPTICS OF CLUSTERS, AEROSOLS, AND HYDROSOLES
The variability of the volume concentration and the mean radius of the fine and coarse fractions of near-surface aerosol is studied based on solution of the inverse problem for spectral measurements of aerosol extinction coefficient. It is shown that coarse particles make the main contribution (80%) to the total volume of the near-surface aerosol. The mean radius of fine particles varies in the range from 0.08 to 0.25 μm. The range of variation in the mean radius of the coarse aerosol is 1.06-3 μm. The influence of atmosphere smoke on the variation of microstructure parameters of the aerosol is considered. The variability of the retrieved microstructure parameters of near-surface aerosol is compared with similar results obtained from solar spectrophotometry.
D.N. Troshkin, V.E. Pavlov
Institute for Water and Environmental Problems of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, 656038, Barnaul, 1, Molodezhnaya str. IWEP SB RAS
Keywords: полуостров Ямал, Обская, Гыданская и Байдарацкая губы, функции распределений оптических толщ облаков, Yamal Peninsula, the Gulf of Ob, Khalmyer Bay, Baidaratskaya Bay, probability density of clouds’ optical thickness
Subsection: OPTICS OF CLUSTERS, AEROSOLS, AND HYDROSOLES
The statistical analysis of summer cloud optical thickness over three geographically restricted zones in the region of the Ob Bay (dry and wet zones, coordinates are given) is performed with the use of ENVISAT-based experimental data on the cloud optical thickness obtained in 2008-2011. Type of functions of probability density of cloud optical thickness for each zone is determined. In logarithmic coordinates, each of these functions has several (3-4) maxima, indicating the occurrence of individual modes. The functions are approximated by a set of normal logarithmic distributions with certain parameters. The parameters prove to be well repetitive from year to year. There are three modes above the low-watered western zone, while in the eastern zones, where full-flowing rivers with relatively warm waters run from the south, they increase to four. On the authors’ opinion, water evaporation with subsequent condensation promotes the formation of an additional mode with low optical thickness. Anthropogenic emissions, which increase the number of condensation nuclei in the eastern zones, may also play a specific role in the process of enhanced condensation. Distribution function curves and tables with parameters are presented. Such data can be useful for calculations on radiation regime for small Yamal areas.
G.A. Kaloshin
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634021, Russia
Keywords: микрофизика и оптика аэрозоля, рассеяние Ми, ветровой режим, разгон, параметризация, моделирование, программа, microphysics and optics of aerosol, Mie scattering, wind mode, fetch, parameterization, modeling, software
Subsection: OPTICS OF CLUSTERS, AEROSOLS, AND HYDROSOLES
MaexPro aerosol model of marine and coastal surface layer is presented. It is based on long-term observations of the particles sizes distribution in the 0.01-100 mm size range. A key feature of the model is the parameterization of the amplitude and width of modes of the aerosol size distribution function (ASDF) as functions of fetch and wind speed. The ASDF form and dependences on the altitude above sea level and relative humidity are studied. An expression is derived for the altitude profile of the aerosol extinction coefficient. Significant differences in its spectra at different altitudes are shown, the most pronounced in the altitude range from 0 to 10 m due to the gravitational effect on the medium and coarse fractions of the marine salt aerosol (MSA) particles. The model allows calculation of optical indexes of MSA particles versus the humidity in the wavelength range 0.2-16 mm. The domain of applicability of the model is determined.
The results of measurement of signal-to-noise ratio of a coherent lidar echo signal scattered by a diffuse screen are presented. Measurements were carried out under different refractive turbulence strength in the atmosphere. It is shown for the first time in the experiment that the mean power of echo signal of a coherent lidar increases with the turbulence strength.
T.K. Sklyadneva, B.D. Belan, T.M. Rasskazchikova, V.G. Arshinova
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634055, Russia
Keywords: синоптические процессы, циклон, антициклон, воздушная масса, synoptic process, cyclone, anticyclone, air mass
Synoptic processes observed in Tomsk region between 1993 and 2016 are analyzed. A significant decrease in the difference in the frequency of cyclones and anticyclones over the past decade is revealed. There is a tendency to decline in the frequency of Arctic air mass invasion and growth of subtropical and tropical ones.
Calculations of UV radiation for the regions of Russia, where anomalies of the total ozone content were observed in the first quarter of 2016, are performed. Ozone depletion in the winter in the Northern regions of Siberia, even to the levels of the so-called ozone hole is not critical. However, much weaker ozone variations in the early spring can lead to dangerous levels of erythemal UV radiation, when one need in protection from ultraviolet radiation.
P.G. Kovadlo1, V.P. Lukin2, A.Yu. Shikhovtsev1 1Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, 664033, Irkutsk, 126a, Lermontova str 2V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634055, Russia
Keywords: турбулентность, эффективная скорость турбулентных течений, эффективная высота турбулентности, turbulence, effective turbulence velocity, effective turbulence height
The work is aimed at the improvement of the model of turbulent atmosphere at the Large Solar Vacuum Telescope site using the analysis of the energy turbulence spectrum in a wide range of frequencies and deformations of the vertical profile of the structure characteristic of the air refraction index in the atmospheric boundary layer (up to 1 km) depending on the surface turbulence energy.
A device for measurements of the power/energy of large-format optical (laser) radiation beams is described. It includes two interchangeable measuring units, one for measurements of the energy in each pulse of a pulsed-periodic laser, and the second, for the continuous radiation power measurements.
A.A. Sukharev
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634055, Russia
Keywords: оживальное тело, средняя интенсивность, однородная среда, ogival body, mean intensity, homogeneous medium
An optical model of a shock wave formed due to supersonic airflow around a body of an ogival form is developed. Mean values of airflow parameters were calculated from the Navier-Stokes equations using the CFD Fluent 6.0 software package, taking into account the compressibility of the gas. It is shown that the maximum values of the structural characteristic are several orders of magnitude larger than the values typical for the unperturbed shock wave of the atmosphere. Results of calculation of the mean intensity and deviation from the rectilinear direction of propagation of the optical beam crossing a shock wave at the beginning of a path in a homogeneous medium are presented. It is shown that an increase in the aircraft speed leads to an increase in the transverse dimensions of the beam due to diffraction. Magnitude of angular displacements of a beam crossing the shock wave depends only on the altitude above the Earth's surface at which the shock wave is formed. The impact of shock wave on the crossing beam decreases as the altitude increases.
A softwave-controlled photoacoustic spectrometer is developed on the basis of TEC-520 diode laser (output power 30 mW, coarse tuning range 6060-6600 cm-1, line width ~ 5E-5 cm-1, fine tuning range 0 - 2.5 cm-1), WS-UIR laser wavelength meter (relative error Δλ/λ ~ 1E-8), and resonance photoacoustic detector with threshold sensitivity ~ 3E-10 W × cm-1 × Hz-1/2. Procedures and computer programs for spectra measurements and processing are developed. The results of the water vapor spectra measurements are presented.
V.I. Serdyukov, L.N. Sinitsa, A.A. Lugovskoi, N.M. Emelyanov
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634055, Russia
Keywords: Фурье-спектроскопия, спектр поглощения, метан, Fourier spectroscopy, absorption spectrum, methane
A low temperature vacuum cell 220 cm long with windows of quartz, ZnSe, and KBr has been developed for work with the Bruker IFS 125-M high resolution Fourier spectrometer providing a threshold sensitivity to absorption on the order of 10-7 cm-1. The cell allows recording the absorption spectra of gases in the temperature range from 200 to 296 K with the accuracy of 0.9 K in the region 1000-20000 cm-1.
N. N. Abramov
Mining Institute, Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, 184209 Russia
Keywords: Подземное сооружение, сейсмотомография, физико-механические характеристики пород, приконтурный массив, частотный спектр сигнала, Underground structure, seismic tomography, physical-and-mechanical characteristics of rocks, adjacent rock mass, signal’s frequency spectrum
Physical processes are initiated in rock mass by long-term induced vibration loads which give rise to triggering factors the neglect of which can result in instability of underground structures. The methodical characteristics of the triggering factor monitoring are described for the specific operating conditions of an underground powerhouse hall of a hydroelectric plant in the Kola Peninsula in Russia.
A. P. Bobryakov, A. F. Revuzhenko
Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
Keywords: Срез, триггерный эффект, мягкое нагружение, разлом, трение скольжения, фильтрация газа, сыпучая среда, Shear, triggering factor, soft loading, fault, sliding friction, gas flow, granular medium
The process of shear of a rigid rough plate in a granular medium is considered. The influence of three factors is analyzed: stiffness of loading, weak shocks and air flow. It is shown that weak shock actions and air flow, either separately or jointly, can act as a trigger of uncontrolled dynamic release of elastic energy in rock mass.
The main objective of this experimental work is to determine the physico-mechanical properties of tuffs used as building stone and to investigate the relationships between basic mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural tensile strength, loss of volume by abrasion and impact strength) as well as physical and index properties (apparent porosity, dry unit weight, water absorption, P-wave velocity, Brinell hardness and point load index) of tuffs which are relatively easy to implement and low cost. The rock type investigated in this study was tuffs. Statistical analyses were performed to correlate the different properties. The results show that there are good and satisfactory relationships between the mechanical and physical-index properties of tuffs.
A. A. Kozyrev, V. I. Panin, I. E. Semenova, O. G. Zhuravleva
Mining Institute, Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, 184209 Russia
Keywords: Управление геодинамическими рисками, напряженно-деформированное состояние, сближенные месторождения, крупномасштабные горные работы, численное моделирование, тектонически напряженные массивы горных пород, Geodynamic risk assessment, stress-strain state, closely spaced deposits, large-scale mining, numerical modeling, rock mass under tectonic stresses
The results of investigations for solving the topical problem of geodynamic risk assessment in mining of the Khibiny rockburst-hazardous deposits in the Kola Peninsula are presented. The developed procedures and approaches contribute to minimization of geodynamic risks under large-scale mining of close-spaced apatite ore deposits. The geomechanical model is constructed, which allows analyzing successive development of a system of closely spaced deposits in the Khibiny Massif. Based on the model data on stress-strain state, the optimal sequence and direction of mining in the conditions of rockburst hazard is determined. The nested structure of the rock mass, direction of the tectonic compression, main radial faults, daylight surface relief and the parameters of the ore bodies are taken into account. The complexing of the predicted stress fields and seismicity improves reliability of detection of higher rockburst hazard zones. The examples of stoping sequence justification using a set of in-situ and numerical methods are given. The main lines of development in the support of mining based on geomechanical studies and the variants of process solutions toward regional and local unloading of rock mass are shown.
G. G. Kocharyan, S. B. Kishkina
Institute of Geosphere Dynamics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
Keywords: Индуцированная сейсмичность, техногенные землетрясения, открытые горные работы, карьер, мониторинг, зона нуклеации землетрясения, разломная зона, кулоновское напряжение, Induced seismicity, triggered earthquakes, surface mining, open pit mine, monitoring, earthquake nucleation zone, faulting zone, Coulomb stress
Subsection: ROCK FAILURE
The influence of surface mining on the initiation of large seismic event is considered. The conditions of shearing-type dynamic events are described. In terms of a surface mine with the similar parameters as the Bachatsky open pit mine in Kuzbass, the mining-induced change in the stress state in the plane of a future rupture as a result of a triggered-type tectonic earthquake nearby a fault plant is quantified. The calculations are performed for different geometrical parameters of the fault zone: the changes are more observable in the zones of gently dipping thrust faulting and less appreciable in the area of steep normal faulting and strike-slip. In case of large surface mines, the zone of positive change in the Coulomb stresses higher than several tenths mega pascals has a considerable dimension and an area markedly larger than the area of nucleation zone of earthquakes of the magnitude . In such conditions, even a small variability at the level of first percentage points of the natural stresses can be sufficient for the initiation of seismicity-generating shearing along the high-stress faults. It is found that, as against underground mining, the surface mining activities have no influence on localization of large earthquake sources but can draw the event nearer.
A. A. Onuchin1,2, T. A. Burenina1, H. Balzter3, A. G. Tsykalov4 1V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Akademgorodok, 50/28, Krasnoyarsk, 660036 Russian Federation 2Academician M. F. Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Prospekt Krasnoyarskiy Rabochiy, 31, Krasnoyarsk, 660014 Russian Federation 3University of Leicester, Bennett Building, G04 (CLCR), University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH United Kingdom 4Ministry of Industry, Energy, Housing and Communal Services of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Lenin str., 125, Krasnoyarsk, 660009 Russian Federation
Keywords: бореальные леса, лесная гидрология, гидрологические циклы, баланс снеговой влаги, географический детерминизм, boreal forests, forest hydrology, hydrological cycles, snow moisture balance, geographical determinism
The article is concerned with the discussion of the reasons for the contradictions existing in the assessment of the hydrological role of forests. The authors believe that the accumulation of new information related to seemingly well-studied processes and phenomena necessitates revisions of traditional views and leads to new knowledge of the hydrological role of forests. Various conceptual approaches to assessing the hydrological role of forests in different geographic conditions are considered. System analysis of the materials obtained by the authors and literature data made it possible to identify the features of the hydrological cycle depending on the structure of forests and climatic conditions. The data of 460 snow surveys in the period of maximum snow reserves in 212 forest stands growing in different climatic and ecological conditions were used. The comparison of the features of snow moisture balance of the forest and treeless ecosystems in different climatic conditions contributed to understanding the reasons for the contradictory assessments of the hydrological role of forests. The authors showed that in the conditions of mild and warm winters, forests are more powerful evaporators of snow moisture than treeless sites and in conditions of severe winters with frequent snowstorms, they are the accumulators of snow moisture and sources of river flow. The paper presents a conceptual model describing the mechanisms of water cycle in the forests of the boreal zone, which determine the features of the influence of forest ecosystems on the river runoff depending on the geophysical background.
E. R. Bukhanov1, M. A. Korshunov2, A. V. Shabanov2 1Federal Research Center Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Akademgorodok, 50, Krasnoyarsk, 660036 Russian Federation 2Kirensky Institute of Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Akademgorodok, 50/38, Krasnoyarsk, 660036 Russian Federation
Keywords: оптика, фотонные кристаллы, фотосинтез, optics, photonic crystals, photosynthesis
A review of the state and analysis of works related to optical processes of photosynthesis are given. Particular attention is paid to the work on the investigation of these processes in iridoplasts and chloroplasts with photonic crystal structure. From a general point of view, a photonic crystal (PhC) is a superlattice with a characteristic scale of periodicity of permittivity (refractive indices) of the order of the wavelength of the light wave. In such structures, the forbidden bands occur in the spectrum of electromagnetic waves. This means that in a given spectral range the light of any polarization cannot enter the PhC or exit in any direction. An important property of PhC is high degree of localization of electromagnetic waves on the lattice defects. In this case, defective energy levels manifest themselves in the forbidden zones of the PhC. An atom or molecule emit a quantum with a frequency corresponding to a defective mode. Most of the works dealing with the study of optical processes of photosynthesis have not taken into account the features of light propagation in structures. Periodic structures have been found in the plant and animal world. This paper presents the effect of a long-period structure on the optical properties and local characteristics of light waves, including the transmission and reflection spectrum, as well as the distribution of the electromagnetic field in the layered structure. Based on modern mathematical apparatus, the main spectral and optical characteristics were calculated using the example of a begonia plant. In recent works describing the propagation of light, the long-period structure was not taken into account. However, for the interpretation of the results, concepts (antenna, reaction center, the presence of two photosystems) without a detailed description of the physical nature were introduced. In addition, we had to employ a resonance mechanism for the transfer of excitation energy from the donor molecule to the acceptor molecule and quantum coherence. The analysis of the data obtained within the framework of a unified approach made it possible to explain the mechanism of the effect on photosynthesis, namely, the appearance of two photosystems (division of the stop zone into two parts), the feature of the long-wavelength quantum yield, its amplification (Emerson effect), including the red boundary shift, the efficiency of photosynthesis with additional irradiation and the expansion of the absorption region.
L.V. Karpenko, A. S. Prokushkin
V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Akademgorodok, 50/28, Krasnoyarsk, 660036 Russian Federation
Keywords: лесные болота, стратиграфия, радиоуглеродное датирование, индекс влажности, стадии смен фитоценозов, контактные слои, аккумуляция торфа, forest bogs, stratigraphy, radiocarbon dating, humidity index, stages of phytocoenoses change, contact layers, peat accumulation
The results of palaebotanical and radiocarbon study of the forest-bog ecosystem in the lower Dubches river are given in this paper. It was established that the paludification process of this area started in the late-glacial period and the Holocene, in the period from 14.4 to 9.5 thousand calendar years ago. The stratigraphic analysis of peat deposit of five profiles with different peat thickness has shown that the bog massif has formed due to the emergence of different bog parts and each of them has developed differently at the initial period. The peat deposit of profiles was formed by low-mire, mesotrophic and Sphagnum peats of forest-swamp and swamp subtype. The contemporary bog ground vegetation is presented by pine-dwarf shrub-sphagnum phytocoenosis (riam) with a well-developed tree layer of bog pine. The detailed stratigraphic analysis of deposit of a sample profile in the central part of the profile has shown that the succession series of bog phytocoenoses beginning from the late glacial period until now embraces 18 stages of changes. It was also stated that these changes are related to changing hydrological regime (humidity index variation (HI) from 2.1 to 7.8 is noted). Five development stages of bog vegetation have been revealed, which are closely connected with the humidity regime. The first stage lasted a short time, 14 400-13 356 calendar years ago. It was characterized by humidity index 7.8 and by dominating hyperhydrophilic hypnophytocoenoses. The second and third stages - 13356-2866 calendar years ago are characterized by humidity index 5.7-2.1 and by the development of eutrophic birch-rich-in-herbs and also birch phytocoenoses. The humidity index 7.3, as well as development of swampy Scheuchzeria phytocoenoses are characteristic of the fourth stage, 2866-1868 calendar years ago. The fifth stage, 1868 calendar years ago, - present time is characterized by humidity index 4.5-3.3, and by dominating fuscum phytocoenoses. The botanic peat analysis has shown three contact layers formed by birch peat which can be the evidence of xerothermal periods of the Holocene in the Near-Yenisei Siberia and afforestation of bog by birch tree stands. It was found that the average rate of vertical peat growth varied from 0.16 to 0.39 mm/year, i. e. much lower than peat accumulation rate in riams of middle taiga in the West Siberia.
O. A. Klimova, A. N. Kupriyanov
Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Prospekt Sovetskiy, 18, Kemerovo, 650065 Russian Federation
Keywords: лесовозобновление, подрост, семена, семеномер, отвалы угольных разрезов, forest regeneration, undergrowth, seeds, seed measuring device, coal mine dumps
The paper studies the number of seeds of woody plants falling on coal dumps of Kuzbass located in the northern and southern parts of Kuznetsk basin and in the mountain taiga belt of the lowlands of the Kuznetsk Alatau, as well as the number of regenerations, including shoots and young undergrowth. Large quantities of birch seeds (from 200 thousand to 2 million seeds per ha, and in the favorable conditions of growth in the forest in the mountain taiga belt of the Kuznetsk Alatau up to 4 million seeds per ha) fall on the dumps. To a smaller extent, the seeds of aspen, poplar and willows, and to an even smaller degree of Scots pine, fall on the dumps. In the mountain taiga belt, Siberian fir seeds have been registered. The number of seeds and forest regenerations on dumps depend on the shape of the meso- micro- and nanorelief, which causes the uneven distribution of shoots and undergrowth. The best conditions for natural regeneration are in favorable ecological niches characterized by pronounced microrelief, the presence of scattered, moist, loess-like carbonate rocks with a developed humus accumulating embryozem. Natural reforestation under unfavorable environmental conditions (with the exception of sea buckthorn) is slow.
V. V. Ivanov, A. N. Borisov, A. E. Petrenko
V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Akademgorodok, 50/28, Krasnoyarsk, 660036 Russian Federation
Keywords: высотно-поясной комплекс, выборочная рубка, область доминирования, древостой, текущий радиальный прирост, оптимальная густота, altitudinal-belt complex, selective thinning, dominating area, tree stand, current radial increment, optimal denseness
The issues of optimizing density of pine stands growing in the Eastern Cis-Baikal region are considered in the article. In the conditions of light coniferous mountain taiga and pine-subtaiga high-altitude complexes, a survey was carried out of the compartments selectively felled with different intensity and control areas unaffected by logging. The dependence of growth of a stem diameter on the quantity of resources accessible to a tree is revealed. As an indicator of the provision of a tree by the resources, the dominance area (DA) was calculated taking into account the stem diameter and growth conditions. It is shown that at the age of 100-120 years, pine trees are able to develop additional resources available after logging, which is manifested, among other things, in the increase of annual radial growth. The estimations of the resource distribution between trees in the stand have been obtained and DAs calculated. These characteristics ensure stable growth rate of trees in stem diameter and the formation of a well-developed crown. The proposed approach can be used to develop the tables of optimum density of pine stands in the f conditions of growing forests of the Eastern Cis-Baikal region at different age stages of the formation of protective forests. After carrying out logging operations in pine stands of a certain age, the number of trees corresponding to the calculated values of optimum density should be left.
In the basin of Tom River (Russia) the distribution of laurel poplar Populus laurifolia Ledeb. populations is fragmentary due to its ecological requirements and to the anthropogenic transformation of the territory. Adaptability of P. laurifolia to well-aerated gravel-boulder alluvium results in its narrow ecological niche, confining it to grow mostly in the multi-stream areas of mountain rivers. Current distribution of poplar stands in the Tom River basin, their primary location near islands and tributary mouths are largely determined by human economic activity in the 20th century. At present the relative sustainability of these poplar stands under anthropogenic transformations in the region is ensured by their low accessibility. The natural dynamics of poplar stands is influenced by massive invasion of alien plant species into the indigenous floodplain plant communities. Spatial differentiation of P. laurifolia populations according to their composition takes place in the area. The grey-bark form with rounded wedge-shaped leaf blade base is common in the up-stream areas, while in the tributary basin and mid-stream areas the white-bark form with a heart-shaped leaf blade base is common as well. Combined analyses of quantitative and qualitative traits and phenotype frequencies also confirmed population differentiation according to their composition. The mid-stream laurel poplar stands display greater phenotype diversity and a higher proportion of inter-population differences in phenotype composition. The latter trait did not differ significantly among the up-stream populations with low differentiation. It was suggested that the current population structure in the Tom River basin area developed as a result of the original populations’ fragmentation due to the combined effect of neotectonics, valley glaciation in the Kuznetsk Alatau Mountains and anthropogenic influence.
The aim of the research was to study the species of the spiraea Spiraea L. collection in the arboretum of the Institute for Agrarian Problems of Khakassia to introduce new promising plants into landscape gardening. The results of long-term introductory tests of 17 species of the spiraea collection are presented. To study the plants, well-known methods of observing the growth and development of shrubs, determining winter resistance and prospects were used. The studies were conducted on local species of spiraea and those from other regions. The data on the origin of species, their height in the arboretum, age, and ecological characteristics are given. The rhythm of growth and development of the studied plants for the period 2010-2017 are considered in detail. The average dates of occurrence of the main phenological phases, quadratic deviations and the degree of variation were statistically calculated. It is found that the terms of the onset of the main phases of development varied little in the years of research. The greatest variability (11.0-16.0 %) is typical for spring plant development dates. The grade scales were used to determine one the winter resistance and the perspectives of the spiraea species. In addition, a reference score to assess the state of the plants was presented. As a result, it has been established that the species of the spiraea collection can be divided into three groups by the flowering period. The first group of early flowering plants (from May 11 to May 30) was the most numerous (59 %), in the second group (26 %), flowering occurs from May 31 to June 15, and in the third group plants bloom after June 16 (12 %). A high score of winter resistance was noted in 48 % of the species under consideration. 64.7 % of the studied plants are suitable for introduction into planting greenery in the steppe zone of Khakassia. They are characterized by I and II grades of prospectivity. These are species with wide natural areas of growth, such as: spiraea trichocarpous Spiraea lasiocarpa Kar. & Kir., spiraea of Sargent Spiraea sargentiana Rehd., spiraea lavender S. x syringaeflora Lem.; for the first time these species can be recommended for the landscape gardening of settlements in the pre-Abakan part of the steppe zone of Khakassia.
Forest inventory, which is the first step of forest management planning, is the most difficult stage that requires much time and a lot of efforts. To reduce fieldworks that are considered time consuming and expensive methods of ground measurements, remote sensing data are widely used. Aerial photographs have been an integral part of forest inventory data in Turkey since 1963. Panchromatic and RGBI (Red, Green, Blue, Infrared) aerial photographs acquired by digital aerial cameras proved to be very important in forest inventory. They have maintained their importance for forest management planning process. The aim of this study is to construct a fast and practical inventory model that requires least fieldwork for forest management planning process. Pixel values and vegetation indices (NDVI, DVI, IPVI, RVI and PCA), obtained from remote sensing data, and stand parameters (stand volume, volume increment and number of trees) have been compared statistically. Black pine Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold plantations located in the south-east region of Turkey, Çelikhan Forest Planning Unit, was chosen as a research area. 0.5 meter spacing and 8 bit radiometric resolution Ultracam-X Digital Aerial Photos were used as remote sensing data. According to statistical analysis, IPVI and Green Band values provided the highest evaluation coefficient compared to the models developed for the estimation of stand parameters. Adjusted R square of stand volume, volume increment and the number of tree in the models were found to yield 0.74, 0.73 and 0.50 respectively. It was concluded that stand characteristics estimated by statistical models can be used for forest areas managed for conservation and service purposes.
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"TEXT";s:4:"TEXT";s:67:"S. L. Menshchikov, K. E. Zav’yalov, P. E. Mokhnachev, N. A. Kuzmina";}
Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch, 8 Marta str., 202a, Yekaterinburg, 620085 Russian Federation
Keywords: contaminated and disturbed lands, biological rehabilitation, methods
The 10th national scientific conference with international participation Biological Rehabilitation of Disturbed Lands was held in the city of Yekaterinburg on September 4-7, 2017. More than 180 participants attended the conference from various institutions of 39 Russian cities of Russia and 7 countries (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Morocco, Turkey, and Ukraine). Participation in the conference of a wide range of researchers and specialists is an indicator that the problem of rehabilitation is not becoming obsolete, but, on the contrary, it is growing more urgent. This problem is among the priority tasks of many regions of Russia and foreign countries in which oil and gas production, various mining industries are developed and the transformation of natural landscapes into post-industrial ones takes place. These problems are discussed at the conference, which takes place every 5 years in Yekaterinburg. Thanks to an active exchange of experience between specialists from different countries and due to analysis and discussion of the results, the prospects of cooperation aimed at improving the ecological situation and rational use of natural resources in the industrialized regions are developing. The publications of proceedings of the conference are of great scientific and practical value for scientists and specialists dealing with the problem of rehabilitation and monitoring of disturbed lands. Evaluating the global character of the problems of the conference, an appeal was addressed to the Governments of the regions of the Russian Federation for targeted financing of basic research in industrial regions with a high concentration of disturbed lands. To protect public health and preserve the gene pool of animals and plants, the need of assessing the quality of products obtained in the regions that undergo biological rehabilitation is emphasized. The published collection of conference proceedings presents the results of the research of the last decade.
