Home – Home – Jornals – Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics 2018 number 12

The results of experimental and theoretical studies of femtosecond laser pulse filamentation with use of a bimorph deformable mirror are presented. The mirror allows controlling the position of the filamentation domain throughout a model path due to phase distortions of different parts of a laser beam, determining localization of filaments and high-intensity channels in the beam cross section, and forming long (> 100 m) high-intensity (10^{11- 1012 W/cm2) weakly diverging plasma-free channels.}

The paper presents an extinction matrix for an ensemble of ice hexagonal plates and columns. The extinction matrix for droxtals and bullets was estimated. The calculations were carried out for particles with characteristic sizes from 10 to 100 μm, for wavelengths from 0.3 to 10 μm, assuming a gamma distribution over particle size with the width parameter μ < 4. It is found out that for the visible light, the extinction matrix of an ensemble of atmospheric ice crystals is a unit matrix with a scale coefficient being equal to the doubled area of the particle projection. The error of such a representation does not exceed a tenths of a percent and does not depend on the type of crystals and their spatial orientation. It is also established that this representation of the extinction matrix is applicable in the IR region only to hexagonal columns, bullets, and similar crystals with the characteristic size larger than 20 μm when the wavelengths is less than 8 μm.

The frequency behavior of the spectral contributions of the initial, middle, and “finite” parts of the power-law structure function (with an exponent less than one) to the spectral density (SD) of a random process with stationary increments is considered. It is shown that it is considerably more complicated than the strictly positive monotonic power-law frequency dependence of the initial SD. The latter corresponds only to the behavior of the spectral contribution of the initial section of the given structure function. The analytical approximation dependences of the frequency behavior of all these spectral contributions are presented and analized. They are recommended for wide practical use.

A method of solution of the inverse problem of satellite sounding of the atmosphere for the retrieval of vertical profiles of optically active gas concentrations from high resolution atmospheric spectra in thermal and near infrared ranges jointly is presented. To demonstrate the capabilities of the method, a computational experiment was performed to retrieve the vertical profile of the main methane isotopologue with simultaneous use of synthetic spectra in the thermal and near-infrared regions. The spectra simulated reproduce the spectra measured by TANSO-FTS/GOSAT IR Fourier spectrometers. The signal-to-noise ratio in the spectra was set at 350. The model experiments show higher accuracy of retrieval of the methane vertical profile and its total column in case of joint use of both spectral bands (thermal and near-IR) in comparison with the use of each band separately.

The results of experimental studies of the daily dynamics of atmospheric gases and the meteorological characteristics of the atmosphere at different altitudes on the southeastern coast of Lake Baikal are presented. Measurements were carried out in July-August 2015-2016 at the “Boyarsky” station (51.84°N, 106.06°E). At the same time, lidar measurements were made aimed at studying the formation of vertical structure of aerosol fields both in background conditions and in the presence of sources of smoke caused by forest fires.

A possibility of retrieving the columnar concentration of carbon dioxide using a neural network is analyzed, as well as the concentration profile when sounding from a space orbit of 450 km and from an aerostat at altitudes of 23 and 10 km. Possibilities of using a priori data on temperature, pressure, and reflected and scattered signals are considered. The errors of retrieval of the columnar CO₂ are 0.15% and 0.5% at altitudes lower than 2 km for lidar with a telescope diameter of 1 m and laser pulse energy of 50 μJ at a resolution of 60 km.

Several methods for estimation of the visibility for fog forecasting, including the proposed by authors are discussed. To get necessary meteorological information, WRF-ARW model was used. The forecasts were estimated using the European network of synoptic observation data, with high spatial increments. The analysis of the methods in general showed satisfactory quality of prediction of this phenomenon.

The results of remote detection of objects containing explosives by means of a combined use of a lidar detector of explosive traces and a portable express gas chromatograph are presented. It is shown that the lidar detector of explosive traces confidently detects the simulators of TNT, hexogen, and PTEN from a distance of 5 m when sounding the surface of a sample. It is shown that laser action on the surface of the sample causes vapor desorption and provides a reliable detection of samples by means of the gas chromatograph. It is shown that the joint use of the method of laser sounding and gas chromatography makes it possible to increase the reliability of detecting explosives. The prospects have been determined of using the gas chromatography method in the research on the development of laser sounding techniques.

The modern trends in the system of higher education of the Republic of Buryatia concerning the consequences of its massification are analyzed in the article. The author focuses on the crisis moments, the unpreparedness of higher education in peripheral regions to become the basis for the formation of the knowledge economydue to the decline in the quality of education, qualitative and quantitative discrepancyof the graduates to the real needs of the regional economy by the profile and level of education. It is necessary to find own ways to develop the higher education in the region by providing unique opportunities for students. The main conclusions are based on the author’s sociological researches on the education quality and the labour market in the Republic of Buryatia.

The article analyzes the development of the economy of the Republic of Buryatia in 2007-2017. Next, the results of forecast calculations of the development of the republic for the period up to 2021 are presented and analyzed in two versions - basicand optimistic. Forecast calculations were performed using the dynamic input- output model of the economy of the Republic of Buryatia with fuzzy parameters developedby the authors. The paper shows that under favorable macroeconomic conditions anda sharp increase in investment in fixed assets, a significant acceleration of economicgrowth in Buryatia is possible. Specific projects that will accelerate economic growthin the republic are discussed.

The problems and trends in the development of rolling stock on the motor transport complex are revealed. The arguments and objections of the transfer of motorvehicles to gas engine fuel and electric traction are given, the strategy of switching to electric vehicles is noted. Data have been obtained showing that electric vehicles are now more economical than cars equipped with internal combustion engines. In the last decade, a rapid electromigration has started in the world, so it would be morecorrect for Russia to take a course not on transferring transport to gas engine fuel, but for electric traction. Gas would be more effectively used to generate electricity and heat. The progress in the sphere of batteries is to finally and irrevocably send the internal combustion engines to the «dump of history».

The analysis of the development of the forest industry from the second halfof the 1950 years to the present time in the context of 15 subjects of Russia, the territory of Western and Eastern Siberia. There are three periods, which differ in the rate of development of forest industries, the level of production indicators, the number and severity of problems. On the basis of regional features and tendencies of development of forest branches, and also at the account of the purposes, tasks and forecast indicators of “Strategy of development of a forest complex till 2030 year” prospects of development of a timber industry complex of the Siberian regionsare defined.

The most important feature of China’s policy in national rare-earth industry is the creation of technological chains “from raw materials to high-tech products” withorientation on domestic demand only. Russia now faces the problem of choosing theway of how to develop the rare earth industry, and in experience of China, can be useful. In particular, this is relevant because of the beginning of the Tomtor niobiumrare-earth deposit development. However Russian approach should be flexible and combine various instruments of industrial and trade policy. It would be difficult to introduce the instruments of such a policy used in China because of the national specifics and different starting conditions for building a rare-earth industry in Russiaand China. Russia should enter into global chains of high-tech products based on rare earths, and the first is a stimulation of domestic demand for high-tech products and components. China’s experience seems to be useful there.

He article is given the analyses of the legal framework and practice of forming and using budget funds at the local level. According to the author, in Russia the potential of local finance is not used in full, which is due to the existence of stablestereotypes in the field of municipal budgetary policy related to the use of programbudgeting, an increase in the level of budget transparency, the stability of budget revenues, the use of financial mechanisms for involving citizens in solution of localissues. In order to find out how effective the use of these budget mechanisms is,to reveal not always obvious consequences of improvements in the budget process, the author analyzes the real state of affairs in the field of local finance, focusing on changes in the municipal budget policy of recent years.

The article focuses on the urgent problem of attracting the private investmentto oil explorations. The author having long-term CEO experience in exploration company examines the potential increase of investigation activity for the three main groups on the national subsoil usage market - government, large vertically integrated corporations and independent exploration companies. As he suppose the independent companies have the greatest potential to increase search activity, but thecurrent regulating arrangements relating the restoration of the mineral resources doesnot contribute to the investment attractiveness of prospecting. The article proposes some specific measures to motivate the independent investors and attract venture capital in oil exploration.

In article the problem of distribution of the fictitious organizations which have arisen in development of the shadow phenomena in economy because of which the country annually rises incurs huge losses and there are shortages in the budget. The typical signs of short-lived firms, indicators indicating tax risks are listed. Also authors have presented the genesis of formation of the fictitious organizations and directory systems allowing to create methodical tools by determination of their quantity. To establish volumes and scales of shadow economy rather difficult as activity has latent character, thus, according to the experts and average values oftechniques it is possible to define (with a high share of an error) only the approximatenumber of the fictitious organizations. On the basis of data of official statistics (the SPARK program allowing to define the index of due discretion) and by means of graphic display of a situation, authors have presented dynamics reflecting tendencieson reduction of number of the considered firms. Despite the specified fact, the problem remains unresolved - shadow processes continue the development. In articleactions for reduction of number of the considered organizations are also offered.

The article claims that Kuzbass as a resource region, needs to build its economy on the principles of resource regions’ development with regard to local peculiarities. Authors analyze the possibilities of innovative transformation of the coal industry, approve its high potential to be a driver of innovative development of the overall economy in Kuzbass. The principal directions of this influense through coal industry are allocated. The prospects of formation of a carbon-chemical cluster are considered. The potential of other sectors that can have a significant impact on overall economic growth (oil refining, methane recovery, tourism, agriculture, knowledge economy, etc.) is discussed. The article shows that, in order to meet all the goals and objectives of the long-term Kuzbass-2035 Strategy, the region requires a model of sequential and methodical creation of high-tech economy based on using the region’s potential and competitive advantage to full advantage.

The article is dedicated to social and economic development of Kuzbass region on a short-term and medium-term horizon. Main problems and economic potential of the region are briefly analyzed. Program for primary actions targeted at a breakthrough in the regional economy and social sphere is initiated. Targets, key directions and measures of the program are defined. Predictive model evaluations for targeted scenario of Kuzbass development are presented.

The article describes the strategic positions of the Kemerovo region in the national economic space at the time of a new cycle of strategic planning, assesses the results of the implementation of the previous strategy of the region, calculated before 2025. Formulation of conclusions about the loss of leadership positions of the region, strategic risks of economic reversal and reduction of human capital. The objective necessity of strategic decisions for reaching the trajectory of sustainable development is argued. The process and peculiarities of the development of the Strategy of social and economic development of the Kemerovo region until 2035 are revealed. The main directions and development goals of the Kemerovo region, reflected in the draft Strategy, are presented; the methodology of strategic forecasting of key socio-economic indicators is disclosed. The variants of development are highlighted and the formulated strategic vision of the future region is shown. The mechanisms for implementing the Strategy, opportunities and risks are described. The key innovative drivers of economic and social development acceleration (neo-industrialization, introduction of digital technologies in agro-industrial complex, foreign tourism, export of medical services) are determined.

The article presents the results of the study of the dynamics, commodity and geographical structure of exports of the Kemerovo region in the light of all-Russian comparisons over the past five years. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the commodity structure of non-commodity exports as a factor of qualitative improvement of the export structure and strengthening the position of the region in foreign markets. The characteristics of the non-oil export of the Kuzbass in comparison with other subjects of the Siberian Federal district. The analysis of problems, risks and factors hindering the dynamic growth of non-oil exports of Kuzbass by small and medium-sized enterprises in the context of increasing business migration to other regions of Russia. The findings suggest that the dynamics of non-oil exports of Kuzbass not only repeats the all-Russian growth trend, but also overtakes some groups of goods, while maintaining the raw orientation. Small business when entering foreign markets of non-raw materials products is experiencing significant problems and needs support.

The authors show that the development of open-cast coal, primarily coking, mining is delimited by a horizon period of 20-30 years, and in order to increase production, it is necessary to develop new underground mining technologies, oriented towards the development of reserves, which are now considered low-tech. According to the authors, the coal mining development program should include an assessment of the “ecological coal-mining capacity” of the region a) according to the degree of influence of existing enterprises and b) the consequences arising after their abandonment (closure). In order to stimulate mineral developers to an innovative solution of technological and environmental problems, it is proposed to switch to preferential use of a competitive form of granting the right to use mineral resources in the region, with the inclusion of requirements for the development and implementation of new mining technologies in the competitive conditions.

The article considers components of innovation potential of the Kemerovo region. It proposes the integral indicator to evaluate innovation potential of regions in Siberian Federal District. It presents indicators for each component of innovation potential.

The article provides an argument the need for raising the retirement age and an analysis of the actual socio-economic situation of the Russian population, in-dicating the country’s unpreparedness for reform. The actual life expectancy of the population of the Russian Federation does not match the expected, as well as the duration and standard of living of the population of developed countries. The incidence of residents of many regions of Russia is growing morbidity. The level of actual labor remuneration and, accordingly, the potential amount of pensions not lower than 40% of the salary according to international requirements will not allow for ensuring the necessary quality of life for pensioners. The extension of the retirement age will not fill the lack of qualified personnel in the economy. The ratio of working-age population and pensioners is relatively stable. The neces-sary expenses for the implementation of pension reform may exceed the budget savings from raising the retirement age. It is proposed to introduce a deferral of the entry into force of the adopted law on pension reform and to carry out pur-poseful preparatory work in the system of health care, pension system, economic regulation of prices and tariffs, in other areas. This will allow, when the economy and society will be ready, to return to the question of the need to raise the retire-ment age.

The best corporate governance practices, summarized in the form of international standards, serve as a means to increase the effective management of major corporations. The article analyzes the implementation of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Principles corporate governance in some major Russian companies. For analysis, the assessment methodology of the corporate governance quality proposed by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) is used. The quality of implementing corporate governance standards was comparatively assessed in eight Russian companies. It was checked the implementation of 91 norms, which were grouped into four levels of corporate governance (initial, improved, developed, leadership). Quantitative assessments of the achievement by various large Russian companies of various levels of corporate governance are given. Оnly the initial level of implementation of the standard has been achieved, when mandatory requirements of the current corporate legislation are observed. When moving to more advanced levels, the degree of implementation of corporate norms in all companies is reduced. No correlation was found between the quality of corporate governance and performance indicators of companies.

In October 2016 Canada - the sixth world largest oil producer and the fourth largest oil exporter - ratified Paris Agreement on Climate Change and took unbinding commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 30% below 2005 levels by 2030. The federal carbon pricing backstop from the beginning of 2018 is the main policy tool for GHG emissions reduction. Canada became the second largest oil producer following Norway, who introduced GHG emissions pricing. Considering the increasing risk of mandatory global and/or regional mechanisms of payments for carbon emission introduction Canada decided to give national oil producers and consumers necessary time to get prepared to this risk in a preemptive regime. The aim of the article is to evaluate the impact of carbon pricing on projected oil production in Canada using scenario modelling of oil demand and production. We show first that carbon tax will not considerably impact oil production in Canada. Second, capacity of US oil refining to absorb expanding amounts of heavy Canadian oil as well as the lack of export infrastructure could restrict Canada’s oil production growth.

The present article makes a point about self-employment in Russia, which still has no conventional definition, nor in scientific literature, nor in legal field. Heterogeneity of self-employed is emphasized by the fact that self-employed are perceived not only as those who demonstrate entrepreneurial behavior but also those who are employed by individuals. Next goes the short history of self-employment legislative regulation in Russia within last five years - from the draft of the patent initiative and special registry up to legislative definition of those who perform self-employment activity.

Due to limited state resources, allocated for scientific projects in Russia, it is reasonable to consider the attraction of additional financial sources, in particular, via crowdfunding mechanism. The research features specifics of the crowdfunding community: a portrait of an average backer and key motivational factors of the crowdfunding participants. The paper also reveals spheres in which crowdfunding can be applied with the most of efficiency, so that to supplement the existing system of financing science and education in Russia.

The article analyzes the tendencies of development of higher education. The article discusses the features of the interface of professional and educational standards, the introduction of a demonstration qualification exam as a final form of practice-oriented learning, the involvement of students in the process WorldSkills Russia.

Working with statistical indicators often requires additional information to be understood and interpreted correctly. Some data can be considered either a manufacturing defect, or evidence that there was an event close to almost incredible. The article gives examples of such strange indicators and their author`s interpretation.

Author’s position concerning directions of digital economy’s influence on industrial companies’ activities is presented in the paper. Russian and foreign publications on digital transformation practices are analyzed. Main attention is paid to new instruments and principles of business management which determine company’s competitiveness in digital economy and help to develop new production philosophy. Analysis of Russian companies’ cases revealed that digital transformation yet covers only limited number of processes and business objects.

The paper analyzed the nature of financial technologies (FinTech). A historical periodization of evolution of FinTech is proposed. A list of factors that led to the emergence and fast development of FinTech is given. A list of main models of coexistence of traditional and innovative models of financial services is proposed. It is demonstrated that the financial services market will be dominated by financial institutions that combine traditional and innovative models.

The purpose of this article is to determine the efficiency of investments in Big Data, conducted by Amazon, Alibaba Group and eBay - three global leaders of e-commerce based on dynamics of their main economic indicators and consumers’ feedback analysis. The authors analyzed the investments in research and development as well as the latest projects related to Big Data. They are mapped to the value that consumers of these companies receive as a result of utilizing Big Data. Consumers’ consent to the companies using Big Data to enhance their customer experience is analyzed. Authors allocated the following as value parameters: relevance of individual (target) advertising, special offers and actions, transitions to sites of e-platforms. The correlation between consumers’ attitude to the use of their personal data through utilization of Big data and the quality of individual offers of the goods they receive from sellers are investigated and evaluated. Recommendations offered on how online retailers can utilize Big Data investments to further its operations.

ThisarticlereferstothesuccessfactorsofICOprojects which were identified using econometric modeling. The project success criteria are required receiving funding and the stock publishing. It is revealed that the success of projects is in direct proportion to the product’s state of readiness, the presence of a legal entity, the price of the token, the total issue and the average number of pages in social networks. On the other hand the availability of the product-application, the introduction of country restrictions for the participants, the indication of the planned budget, the presence of a minimum financial goal and the possibility of exchanging tokens for Fiat have a negative impact on the success of the project.

The article discusses the possibility of a significant acceleration of economic growth in Russia in the period 2019-2024. A comparison of Russia’s economic growth with the world’s largest economies in the period 1999-2017 is made. On the basis of a dynamic input-output model, the rationale for three options for the development of the Russian economy - a basic, optimistic, and pessimistic one - was made. It is shown that for a new economic breakthrough in 2019-2024, Russia’s GDP should increase by an average annual rate of 4.0-5.5%, while the average annual growth rate of investment in fixed assets should be in the range of 8-10%.The conclusion contains a list of policy measures that should provide a significant acceleration of economic growth.

The article discusses the features of the current model of the Russian economy, which led to both rapid growth in the early 2000s and the subsequent period of long stagnation. According to the authors, to get out of the stagnation trap it is necessary to shift the emphasis in the state regulation of the economy. From the increase in the public sector in the economy and the expansion of large corporations in the most important sectors of the financial and non-financial sectors should move to partnership schemes focused on long-term cooperation between the state and business in different areas. One of the formats of such interaction can be the development of public-private partnership (PPP) if it will not be of the nature of “quasi-PPP”, largely based on the forced for business interaction with the authorities under the scheme “money in exchange for loyalty” and mainly used for fiscal purposes and for the extraction of administrative rent. According to the authors, changes in the legislation and in the actual practice of its application in the direction of transition to mutually beneficial schemes of relations between the public and private parties to partnership agreements can transform PPP into a predominantly inclusive institution that contributes to sustainable economic growth. In combination with the transformation of the motivation of national business elites, this will facilitate the transition to a qualitatively new model of development of the Russian economy, based on a reasonable combination of private initiative with state support for socially significant projects.

Based on existing studies of the world practice of implementing the innovation and investment policy, the author determines the model of this policy in Russia neoclassical, based on direct redistribution of resources. Some aspects of the implementation of this model are shown on the example of the Rostov region. The analysis of the dynamics of the average annual output per employee in large and medium-sized organizations in six innovative clusters of the region has been carried out, and the main factors affecting the dynamics of indicators of innovation activity in the region have been identified. Procurement of innovative products for state, municipal, and corporate (regulated public sector organizations) needs has been identified as the most important tool of innovation and investment policy. Contradictions and persistent problem areas of the procurement of innovative products are highlighted based on the audit of the effects of the formation of a single contractual system. Priority directions for stimulating the demand for innovation from public sector organizations have been proposed.

The “May decree” (2018) of the President of the Russian Federation No. 204 has become a policy document defining specific goals and objectives in the economy and social sphere for the next six years. The constituent entities of the Federation are tasked with synchronizing existing and new regional projects and programs in key areas of socio-economic development with this document. In this regard, the author considers the measures to improve inter-budgetary relations in the Russian Federation, which should contribute to the implementation of the tasks and smoothing regional inequalities. Based on the author’s scheme calculations are carried out and the interregional comparative analysis of a number of financial and budgetary indicators in a section of macro- regions of the Russian Federation (Federal districts) is executed. The pros and cons of such innovation in inter-budgetary relations as the model budget of the region are considered. Based on municipal districts the regional specificity of the territorial organization of local self-government is investigated. A comparative analysis of the structural characteristics of regional educational systems within some regions of the Russian Federation was carried. The need to more complete account of the spatial features of the socio-economic development of regions within the system of inter-budgetary relations was expressed.

All-Russian agricultural censuses of 2006 and 2016 provide extensive material for assessing the changes that have occurred over the past decade in the agricultural sector of the Russian economy as a whole and in individual regions. A marked increase in agricultural production in the country as a whole combines with a decrease in the area of cultivated land. The Siberian regions, traditionally considered the main producers of food grain, were significantly inferior to the Russian regions in terms of growth of agricultural production, and the area of agricultural land in the Siberian Federal district was reduced much faster than in the whole country. The observed trends and their consequences are largely due to changes in the volume and structure of land use, in the ratio between different types of farms. These changes, in turn, are the result of market and land reforms of the 1990s, as well as the transformation of the state’s agricultural policy in the mid-2000s. The slowdown in growth and, possibly, stagnation of the agricultural sector in Siberia are inevitable if there are no changes in agricultural policy aimed at compensating for market failures and providing opportunities for competition to agricultural producers located in regions remote from the main markets.

The perspective of development of the Medical and technological cluster of the Novosibirsk region has been assessed as a point of growth of economics through formation of an industrial potential and technological opportunities for manufacturing of competitive products for medicine aimed at import substitution, entering the market of innovative products, elaboration of new developments, manufacturing and implementation of modern medical devices. The new issues related to formation of a cluster have been identified. Key performance indicators of its development for the period up to 2021 have been determined.

The paper analyzes agricultural enterprises activity in Novosibirsk Region; developing and functioning the organizational and economic structure of regional agriculture in the late 1980s, the causes and courses of its transformation in the 1990s; changing of the ownership and legal organizational forms of the agricultural enterprises. It reviews their performance under new market conditions, and some operation indicators like the material, technical and personnel base, the relative share in output of agricultural products, volumes and rates of its development. The author established the transfer of a key role in the agrarian economy of Novosibirsk Region from collective and state farms to large private companies and, at the same time, significantly decreasing of the volume of their output. The situation was especially dire in dairy and animal production. In the 1990s the most difficult period of agricultural sector activity in the Novosibirsk region were in 1996-1998.