V. P. Bessmeltsev, M. V. Maksimov, V. V. Vileiko, N. V. Goloshevskii, V. S. Terent'ev
Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 1, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
Keywords: многоканальный конфокальный микроскоп, дифракционный оптический элемент, сдвиговые плоскопараллельные пластины, multichannel confocal microscope, diffractive optical element, shifted plane-parallel plates
Implementation of a laser scanning confocal microscope is described, where the specimen is scanned by an array of illuminating beams, which significantly increases the velocity of object image construction. The array formation is provided by using a diffractive optical element. Scanning by the array of laser beams over the specimen is performed by galvanometric scanners with moving refractive plane-parallel plates. Owing to application of such a scanning device, the beams in the illuminating channel and the signal beams in the receiving channel pass through one motionless array of confocal diaphragms; as a result, the scanning beams in the specimen plane and the signal beams in the plane of the photodetector matrix can be used without an additional synchronized pair of scanners. The proposed confocal microscope can be applied in problems that require a fast response
S. V. Adishchev1, T. A. Duda2, Yu. V. Zaitseva1,3, V. A. Zykova1, A. G. Milekhin2, K. A. Okotrub1, N. V. Surovtsev1,3 1Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 1, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia 2Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Lavrent'eva 13, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia 3Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
Keywords: комбинационное рассеяние света, индикатор порядка, углеводородная цепь, Raman scattering, order indicator, hydrocarbon chain
The intensity of the line of antisymmetric vibrations of CH2 in the Raman spectrum of molecular layers of fatty acids and phospholipids is sensitive both to the molecular order in the layer (lateral order) and to the conformational order of the hydrocarbon chain of the molecule. Though the intensity of this line is widely used as an indicator of order in molecular layers containing hydrocarbon tails, the nature of sensitivity of the line of antisymmetric vibrations to the order is still disputable. This issue has been experimentally studied, and it has been demonstrated that disordering leads to redistribution of vibrational modes and to changes in polarizability of antisymmetric vibrations. A hypothesis is proposed that the intensity of the line of the Raman scattering of antisymmetric vibrations of CH2 is determined to a large extent by their interaction with electron excitation of the hydrocarbon chain}
I. Sh. Steinberg1, P. E. Tverdokhleb1,2,3, A. Yu. Belikov1 1Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 1, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia 3Novosibirsk State Technical University, pr. Karla Marksa 20, Novosibirsk, 630073 Russia
Keywords: лазерное гетеродинное микрозондирование, оптические материалы, фазовые микронеоднородности, laser heterodyne microprobing, optical materials, phase microinhomogeneity
A method for studying internal phase inhomogeneities in transparent optical materials by point-to-point three-dimensional laser heterodyne microprobing is proposed. The light microprobe in this case is a traveling micrograting formed in the zone of overlapping of two focused coherent light beams: reference and signal. The size of the microprobe in the x, y, z directions and the degree of influence of spherical aberration with a change in the microprobing depth are estimated. The capabilities of the method are illustrated by examples of detection and subsequent imaging of phase inhomogeneities in the volume of laser ceramics and its random layers
Yu. V. Chugui1,2,3 1Technological Design Institute of Scientific Instrument Engineering, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Russkaya 41, Novosibirsk, 630058 Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia 3Novosibirsk State Technical University, pr. Karla Marksa 20, Novosibirsk, 630073 Russia
Keywords: дифракция света, телецентрические проекционные системы, фурье-оптика, размерный контроль, light diffraction, telecentric projection systems, Fourier optics, dimensional inspection
Characteristics of spatially non-invariant telecentric projection systems, which are widely used in practice, are considered within the framework of wave optics. In the class of the Fresnel functions, the pulse response of the system is precisely calculated for various values of the projection objective and filter apertures. It is found that the response consists of two components, which determine the invariant and non-invariant properties of the system, respectively. Based on the approximation of the Fresnel function by elementary functions proposed previously by the author, an analytical expression for the pulse response is derived for the first time, and the response behavior is studied for various relationships of the objective and filter apertures. The correctness of choosing the parameters of the known quasi-invariant optical systems is analyzed. Recommendations on choosing the filter aperture are given to improve their spatially invariant characteristics. In contrast to available optical and geometrical methods, the proposed approach allows one to obtain reliable information about the character of wave field transformations in the considered systems
S. A. Dvoretskii1, A. P. Kovchavtsev1, I. I. Lee1, V. G. Polovinkin1,2, G. Yu. Sidorov1, M. V. Yakushev1 1Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Lavrent'eva 13, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia 2Novosibirsk State Technical University, pr. Karla Marksa 20, Novosibirsk, 630073 Russia
Keywords: многорядное ИК ФПУ, фотодиод, локальная квантовая эффективность, точечный источник, пороговая чувствительность, пространственное разрешение, scanning IR FPA, photodiode, local quantum efficiency, point source, threshold sensitivity, spatial resolution
Modern designs of time delay and integration (TDI) IR linear scanning focal plane arrays (IR FPAs) are analyzed. Advanced designs of linear IR FPAs with increased sensitivity and spatial resolution are proposed. The analysis is based on Monte-Carlo simulation of the diffusion of photogenerated charge carriers in photodiode arrays based on mercury-cadmium-telluride epitaxial layers taking into account the main photoelectric and design parameters of the detectors and optical system
P. Jindal, H. J. Kaur
Chitkara Institute of Engineering and Technology, 140401, India, Chandigarh, Patiala National Highway, NH-64
Keywords: фотонный кристалл, ширина запрещённой зоны для фотонов, раз ветвитель мощности, дефектное отверстие, метод разложения электромагнитного поля по плоским волнам, photonic crystal, photonic bandgap, power splitter, defect hole, PWE
Nano-photonics is an emerging area of optical materials, which would take the opto-integrated circuits towards progress. Photonic crystal (PC) based power splitters are useful constituents for the design of photonic integrated circuits (PICs). They are very important devices for connecting different building blocks on an integrated optical chip. In this paper, a two-dimensional PC Y-junction power splitter ($21 \times 15$ $\mu$m) based on the resonance effect with circular air holes etched on a hexagonal lattice with a period $a$ is proposed. The plane wave expansion (PWE) and finite difference time domain (FDTD) techniques are used for analyzing the structure. The simulation results show that the optimum resonance occurs when the radius of the defect hole is $0.3a$, leading to the maximum and equal power distribution
S. M. Borzov, O. I. Potaturkin
Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 1, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
Keywords: дистанционное зондирование Земли, гиперспектральные изображения, классификация типов поверхностей, спектральные и пространственные признаки, remote sensing, hyperspectral images, surface type classification, spectral and spatial features
Subsection: ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF SIGNALS AND IMAGES
Various methods of spectral-spatial classification of hyperspectral data are reviewed. Papers devoted to the most popular ways of using spatial information for increasing the accuracy of classification maps are considered. It is shown that the best results are obtained by using preprocessing of 'raw' data before the procedures of pixel-wise spectral classification. Disadvantages, limits, and possible directions for developing existing methods are investigated and analyzed
V. V. Kibitkin, A. I. Solodushkin, V. S. Pleshanov
Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademicheskii 2/4, Tomsk, 634055 Russia
Keywords: метод корреляции цифровых изображений, векторное поле, вихрь, погрешность, метод Монте-Карло, деформация, псевдоизображение, digital image correlation method, vector field, vortex, error, Monte-Carlo method, deformation, pseudoimage
Subsection: ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF SIGNALS AND IMAGES
A problem for determining the center, size, and spatial distribution of displacements of a vortex on the basis of a plane vector field is under consideration. A seed algorithm is proposed instead of typical contour scanning, and specific circulation is used as a criterion for determining the center of a vortex flow. In order to increase the stability of this algorithm, a parameter playing the role of a threshold is introduced. A Monte-Carlo method is used to study the influence of measurement errors on the accuracy in determining the coordinates of a hard rotation center, and the relationship between the false alarm probability and the threshold level is established. The use of the least squares method for calculating the spatial distribution of displacements is shown. This approach is demonstrated on the example of a real vector field measured in the vicinity of a main crack tip
N. I. Chervyakov, P. A. Lyakhov, N. N. Nagornov
North-Caucasus Federal University, ul. Pushkina 1, Stavropol, 355009 Russia
Keywords: дискретное вейвлет-преобразование, цифровая обработка изображений, шум квантования, разрядность, формат с фиксированной точкой, discrete wavelet transform, digital image processing, quantization noise, bit-width, fixed-point format
Subsection: ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF SIGNALS AND IMAGES
The effect of the quantization noise of the coefficients of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) filters on the image processing result is analyzed. A multilevel DWT method is proposed for determining the effective bit-width of DWT filter coefficients at which quantization noise has little effect on the image processing result. The dependence of the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) in DWT of images on the wavelet used, the effective bit-width of the coefficients, and the number of processing levels is revealed. Formulas are derived for determining the minimum bit-width of the coefficients that provide high quality of the processed image ($\textrm{PSNR} \geq 40$ dB) depending on the wavelet used and the number of processing levels. Experimental modeling of a multilevel DWT image confirmed the results obtained. In the proposed method, all data are represented in fixed-point format, making possible its hardware-efficient implementation on modern devices (FPGA, ASIC, etc.)
Yu. N. Zolotukhin, K. Yu. Kotov, A. M. Svitova, E. D. Semenyuk, M. A. Sobolev
Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 1, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
Keywords: идентификация динамики, квадрокоптер, расширенный фильтр Калмана, рекуррентная нейронная сеть Элмана, identification of the dynamics, quadrotor, extended Kalman filter, Elman recurrent neural network
Subsection: MODELING IN PHYSICAL AND TECHNICAL RESEARCH
A method for identification of the dynamics of a quadrotor-type vehicle is proposed. The method is based on the Elman recurrent neural network, which corresponds to the canonical form of a dynamic system in the space of states and does not require structural correction. The results of a numerical experiment reveal the convergence of the network learning algorithm with the use of an extended Kalman filter
V. G. Polovinkin1,2, V. A. Stuchinsky1, A. V. Vishnyakov1, I. I. Lee1 1Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Lavrent'eva 13, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia 2Novosibirsk State Technical University, pr. Karla Marksa 20, Novosibirsk, 630073 Russia
Keywords: ИК фотоприёмное устройство (ИК ФПУ), фотодиод, фоточувствительный элемент (ФЧЭ), локальная квантовая эффективность, пространственное разрешение, infrared focal plane array (IR FPA), photodiode, detector, local quantum efficiency, spatial resolution
Subsection: MODELING IN PHYSICAL AND TECHNICAL RESEARCH
The results of calculation of the spatial distribution of the local quantum efficiency over the area of photodiode-based IR focal plane arrays (IR FPA) are presented. The diffusion of photogenerated charge carriers in the absorber layer of the array was calculated by Monte-Carlo simulation. Methods of reducing the amount of necessary calculations based on using the symmetry properties of the array are discussed. Requirements for the photoelectric and design parameters (absorber-layer thickness, charge-carrier diffusion length and optical absorption length in this layer, the ratio of the size of n-p juntions to the geometrical dimensions of the detector pixels) are formulated that ensure the threshold sensitivity and spatial resolution of IR FPAs
The pure water vapor absorption spectra have been measured by the photoacoustic method in transparency microwindows near 6177 cm-1 at several pressures at a room temperature. Cross section of the water vapor continuum absorption has been determined to be (5.4 ± 0.8) × 10-24 × cm2 × mol.-1 × atm-1. This value is 4 times lower than the data known from FTS measurements and 20 times higher than the results obtained from CRDS measurements in this transparency window.
E.L. Loboda1, O.V. Matviyenko1, M.V. Agafontsev1, V.V. Reyno2 1National Research Tomsk State University, 36, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050,Russia 2V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634021, Russia
Keywords: ИК-диагностика, горение, спектр, температура, турбулентность, IR thermography, combustion, spectrum, temperature, turbulence
The results of theoretical and experimental studies on determination of the scales of turbulent vortices in flame produced during the combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels and vegetable combustible materials with the usе of thermography methods are presented. A good agreement is shown between the sizes of temperature inhomogeneities experimentally measured in thermograms with the scales of turbulent vortices calculated from the spectra of the temperature variations in the test flame.
A.E. Kulagin1, S.N. Torgaev1,2,3, G.S. Evtushenko1,2,4 1V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634055, Russia 2National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russia 3National Research Tomsk State University, 36, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050,Russia 4Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Vavilov Str., 38
Keywords: температура газа, активная среда, частота следования импульсов, кинетика, моделирование, радиальный профиль, газоразрядная трубка, gas temperature, active medium, pulse repetition rate, kinetic, modelling, radial profile, gas-discharge tube
Subsection: OPTICAL SOURCES AND RECEIVERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
We present the results of modeling the radial profile of the gas temperature in metal vapors active media, in particular, copper vapor. The modelling was carried out using a detailed kinetic model of the active medium for gas-discharge tubes (GDT) of various diameters, operating at repetition rates of 10 and 20 kHz. The effect of the operating frequency and the GDT diameter on the gas temperature profile was shown.
The article compares positions of Spinoza and Hobbes regarding the issues which they solve in a partly similar or even coincident way, as well as differently, often to a great extent. Such a comparison made it possible to clarify important components of the doctrines of both philosophers. First of all, we reveal that Hobbes, who declared his adherence to empiricism, actually recognized the independent role of the human mind in the creation of mathematics and mechanics. We note that Spinoza and Hobbes were in a real solidarity with each other when rejecting churchmen’s scholastic verbalism and typical human ideas of God and biblical spirits. At the same time, we show that in his non-recognition of the divine nature of the human language, Spinoza is more consistent than Hobbes. Taking into account a mechanistic nature of the scientific picture of the world emerging in the 17th century, we reveal a specific character of both philosophers’ viewpoints concerning the issues of recognition of empty space, classification of causes and relationship of human freedom and necessity.
Aleksandr Valerievich Khlebalin
Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Nikolaev st., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: истина, корреспондентная теория, дисквотационная теория, дефляционизм, экспрессивная функция истины, truth, correspondent theory, disquotational theory, deflationism, expressive function of truth
The article studies the validity of H. Field’s assumption of the possibility of confusing two different conceptions of truth, a correspondent conception and a disquotational one, in the concept of truth as it is used in the natural language. It is shown that both philosophical conceptions are not sufficiently developed to represent Field’s assumption as a well-developed theory. We ascertain that Field’s assumption faces the problem of explaining the possibility of disquotational truth to increase a theoretical-evidential value of the theory in mathematics.
Oksana Ivanovna Tselishcheva
Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Nikolaev st., 630090, Novosibirsk,Russia
Keywords: норма, релятивизм, переописание, парадигма, несоизмеримость, герменевтика, norm, relativism, redescription, paradigm, incommensurability, hermeneutics
The article compares the positions of T. Kuhn and R. Rorty regarding the concept of the progress in science and its norms. It is shown that the concept of changing the «vocabulary» as an analog of the paradigm requires a specific doctrine of «redescription». The author demonstrates that despite Rorty’s adherence to Kuhn’s theory of the structure of a scientific revolution, he has to remain largely adherent to the traditional concept of the progress in science.
In logic, a scientific theory is traditionally represented as a deductive closure of primitive sentences of the theory. In this, a set of terms of the theory is divided into a theoretical part and an empirical one. In that regard, the question arises concerning the role of theoretical terms in the resulting deductive system, and it is usually solved by means of methods for eliminating the theoretical part in order to isolate empirical consequences of the theory. It is shown that the method for constructing a deductively equivalent system for the theoretical part proposed by F.P. Ramsey not only describes an empirical significance of theoretical terms for the original theory, but also explains the role of a theorist in the development of scientific knowledge.
Vitaliy Valentinovich Tselishchev1,2 1Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 8, Nikolaev st., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk National Research State University, 2, Pirogov st., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: IF-логика, квантор, пропозициональные связки, сколемовские функции, теоретико-игровая семантика, IF logic, quantifier, propositional connectives, Skolem functions, game theoretic semantics
The article considers complications of the IF logic apparatus caused by the need to eliminate its counterintuitive consequences. It is shown that this leads to complication of the IF logic conceptual apparatus which contradicts its original goals. In particular, we consider the need to distinguish two types of skolemization, as well as the interpretation of propositional connectives leading to modification of the concept of branching quantifiers in IF logic.
The article shows that the formalization method is not universal. First, mathematization gives no way to answer a number of questions, for example those related to the essence of knowledge. Second, mathematics is quite valid for representing knowledge in the field of exact science, but it is less adequate for humanities. Third, not all mathematical disciplines are used in applications; it is rather the task of applied mathematics. Fourth, even in applied mathematics, not all its fields have a universal application.
Evgeniy Alekseevich Bezlepkin
Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Nikolaeva str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: информация, знание, структура, энтропия, жизнь, Лоренц, Шредингер, Дойч, information, knowledge, structure, entropy, life, Lorentz, Schrodinger, Deutsch
The article shows that the concept of «life» is fundamental not only for biology, but also for physics. We consider scientists’ attempts to define this concept through more general scientific categories than categories of biology. Such categories include information and entropy which help to treat life as an objectively existing structure. The article classifies fundamental physical features inherent in the concept of «life».
Aleksander Leonidovich Simanov
Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 8, Nikolaev st., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: философия, методология, физика, теория, philosophy, methodology, physics, theory
Is justified by the views of the author, according to which explicitly philosophy plays a role in physics during the crisis of the old and the formation of a new physical picture of the world.
Dmitriy Vladimirovich Vinnik
Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 8, Nikolaev st., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: сознание, психика, квантовая теория сознания, квантовая механика, суперпозиция, нелокальность, наблюдатель, коллапс волновой функции, метафизика, измененные состояния сознания, нейтральный монизм, панпсихизм, mind, psyche, quantum theory of mind, quantum mechanics, superposition, nonlocality, observer, collapse of wave function, metaphysics, altered mental states, neutral monism, panpsychism
The paper attempts to distinguish a speculative-metaphysical content of quantum theories of mind and a specific scientific one. The conclusion is made that the hypothesis of the quantum-mechanical nature of abnormal psychological phenomena cannot be verified empirically because of their non-reproducibility in laboratory conditions. We give arguments for a methodological approach which asserts that if the hypothesis of the quantum nature of the brain elemental base is correct, then traces of quantum phenomena can be found in everyday and laboratory-reproducible mental states, viz bistable perception, distribution of answers, distribution of associative tests results, and memory. An approach is proposed within which the analysis of behavior, propositions and making decisions by a person carried out with the help of the probability-theoretic apparatus of quantum mechanics gives reasons for interpreting brain states as quantum macro-phenomena of quantum computing states. We propose perspective approaches for verifying hypotheses of the quantum-mechanical nature of psyche: 1) simulation of cognitive functions with quantum neurocomputers; 2) application of invasive neurodetectors for detecting tunnel effects and quantum correlation phenomena in neurons.
Anna Yuryevna Moiseeva
Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Nikolaeva str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: вера, очевидность, произвольность, эвиденциализм, прагматизм, belief, evidence, arbitrariness, evidentialism, pragmatism
The article postulates the existence of the “evidentialist” and “actualist” conceptions of belief in epistemology, which originate from classical philosophy. There is a move from a primitive, non-analyzed concept of belief to a concept which allows an epistemologist to consider belief not only from his or her own perspective, but also from perspectives of a philosopher of language and a philosopher of mind. Such an approach enriches and deepens epistemological consequences that an epistemologist receives. Тhis move is considered in the context of the “pragmatization” trend, which is a general property of modern philosophy.
The paper provides a review of the collection of scientific works «Williamson on Modality» and contains a brief summary of the main ideas of the articles published in the book.
E. I. ANDREIKOV1,2, A. S. KABAK1,2, N. YU. BEILINA3, S. I. MISHKIN4
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:326:"1Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
The recycling process of carbon fibres was investigated using thermal solvolysis of polymer composites in the medium of coal tar pitch in the 320–400 °С temperature range. The effect of thermal treatment therein on properties of carbon fibres isolated via the recycling was investigated. The paper presents research data by scanning electron microscopy and mechanical tests of isolated carbon fibres compared to the initial ones used for composite synthesis.
An opportunity to use Zh, D, and KS coal of the Kuznetsk Basin referred to bituminous coals as raw materials to produce activated carbon was investigated. Formulas of coal/pitch systems were developed using coal-tar pitch as a binder. The optimum coal tar content (5 mass %) in the system was determined. New activated carbons based on coal/pitch systems were produced; parameters of their microporous structure, adsorptive properties, and strength performance were examined.
N. I. FEDOROVA1, YU. N. DUDNIKOVA1, L. M. KHITSOVA1, A. N. ZAOSTROVSKY1, and Z. R. ISMAGILOV1,2 1Institute of Coal Chemistry and Chemical Materials Science, Federal Research Centre of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia iccms@iccms.sbras.ru 2Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: coal, low-temperature pyrolysis, semicoke, pore structure, thermogravimetric analysis, oxidative breakdown
The paper presents research results on the pore structure and the reactivity of semicoke derived from LF, LFG, G, F, and C coal by low-temperature pyrolysis at 600 °C in the Fisher vessel. It is certified that the development of pore structure upon semi coking depends on the nature of the initial raw materials because when the degree of metamorphism is increased, the specific surface area of semicoke derived therefrom is reduced. As demonstrated by comparative analysis, semicoke derived using coal of a higher degree of metamorphism is characterised by reduced reactivity towards oxygen. The correlation between the temperature of the beginning of mass loss (T1) and that of maximum mass loss rate (Tmax) of oxidative breakdown for the investigated samples of semicoke vs its specific surface area was found. It is stated that T1 and Tmax
indicators are reduced when the specific surface area of semicoke increases.
A. N. ZAOSTROVSKY1, N. A. GRABOVAYA1, N. I. FEDOROVA1, E. S. MIKHAILOVA1, and Z. R. ISMAGILOV1,2 1Federal Researcg Centre of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia 2Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: gas coal, coal petrographic analysis, vitrinite reflectance, coal macerals, reflectogram, coal cokeability
The paper investigated petrographic
characteristics of seam commercial samples of gas coal collected in various
Kuznetsk Basin mines. Reflectogram analysis identified petrographic
peculiarities that determined coal cokeability during high-temperature coking.
According to the results of the additional assessment made for coal
physicochemical properties, significant gas coal reserves might be used as
valuable raw materials for the coke-chemical industry.
O. S. EFIMOVA, N. I. FEDOROVA, S. A. SOZINOV, and Z. R. ISMAGILOV
Institute of Coal Chemistry and Chemical Materials Science, Federal Research Centre of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia E-mail: efimovaos@mail.ru
Keywords: coal dust, mine dust, coal, granulometric composition, electron microscopy, elemental analysis
Physicochemical properties of coal dust sampled from the fine filter of the mine degassing plant of the Kuznetsk coal basin were explored. The coal dust sample was thoroughly characterised by scanning electron microscopy and atomic emission spectroscopy; technical analysis was also carried out and granulometric composition was determined. Relationships were found between changing the chemical composition of mineral components of the mineral portion of coal dust and coal particle size relying on the data acquired.
S. A. SOZINOV, L. V. SOTNIKOVA, A. N. POPOVA, L. M. KHITSOVA, R. P. KOLMYKOV, V. YU. MALYSHEVA, S. YU. LYRSHCHIKOV, S. A. KRASNOV, and Z. R. ISMAGILOV
Federal Research Centre of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia E-mail: sozinov71@mail.ru
Keywords: coal tar pitch, asphaltenes, coke residue, structural fragments, films
Lately, side products of oil processing and coal liquefaction, i.e., asphaltenes, have been extensively investigated. The data regarding the macromolecular structure and morphological characteristics of asphaltene aggregates were mainly acquired in the area of petrochemical technologies. It is known that the concentration of asphaltenes in solution and the presence of additives of various chemical nature have an effect on the structure of asphaltene associates. The data about the formation of planar asphaltene associates and condensed graphite-like structures are of particular interest. In connection with the optimizing of conditions for anodic mass graphitization, coal tar pitch asphaltenes (β-fraction) were investigated. Coal tars with high contents of β-fraction proved themselves in the best way as efficient binders upon thermal treatment of the anodic mass. The present work investigated structural characteristics of macromolecules of medium-temperature coal tar pitch (CTP) using a set of physicochemical methods. The method of selectively soluble groups was used to isolate β-fraction asphaltenes; toluene and hexane were utilised as selective solvents. In order to form asphaltene films, a 0.01 % solution of asphaltenes in toluene was selected. It was demonstrated that structural fragments of CTP asphaltene molecules contained mainly condensed compounds with a number of rings of 3–7. These species contained C11 alkyl substituents and larger the content of which could not be practically determined. Therefore the structure of CTP asphaltene molecules could be described by the Speight model. The coke residue of CTP asphaltenes is characterised by the presence of crystallites from naphthenoaromatic layers. These structures are comprised of subunits of 7–8 layers, with a size of 20–25 Å, graphite-like; an interlayer distance of 3.42 Å.
G. YU. SIMENYUK1, YU. A. ZAKHAROV1,2, V. M. PUGACHEV2, V. G. DODONOV2, T. O. TROSNYANSKAYA2, T. S. NECHAEVA1, L. V. ILKEVICH1, E. S. MIKHAILOVA1, and Z. R. ISMAGILOV1,3 1Institute of Coal Chemistry and Material Science, Federal Research Centre of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia E-mail: galina-simenyuk@yandex.ru 2Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo, Russia 3Boreskov
Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: nanocomposite, carbon matrixes, chromium oxides and hydroxides, electrode materials, supercapacitor
Preparation methods of nanostructured composites based on various carbon materials filled with chromium oxides and hydroxides were developed via reduction of potassium dichromate with hydrazine. Materials with different parameters of the porous structure and specific surface, such as microporous Kem10 and mesoporous Carb3, and also carbon nanotubes (non-ozonised CNT-1 and ozonised CNT-2), were used as carbon matrixes. As demonstrated by research on asymmetrical cells of a supercapacitor with working electrodes based on the resulting nanocomposites via a set of electrochemical methods (cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, and impedansometry), surface decoration of matrixes with chromium oxides and hydroxides leads to an increase in capacitance and a decrease in the inner resistance of supercapacitor cells.
T. A. LARICHEV1, N. M. FEDOROVA1, YU. A. ZAKHAROV1,2, G. YU. SIMENYUK2, V. M. PUGACHEV1, V. G. DODONOV1, E. V. KACHINA1, and E. S. MIHAILOVA2 1Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo, Russia E-mail: timlar@kemsu.ru 2Institute of Coal Chemistry and Material Sciences of the Federal Research Centre of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia
Keywords: cobalt, cobalt oxides, porous carbon, nanostructured composites, supercapasitors
The paper presents the research results of structural-morphological and electrochemical properties of an electrode material for supercapacitors. The material is a porous carbon matrix with embedded mixed cobalt-nickel oxide nanoparticles. A nanostructured composite was produced by thermal decomposition of mixed nickel-cobalt hydroxides on the surface of carbon nanofibres. The composition and dispersion characteristics of the resulting oxide nanoparticles were determined through X-ray structural analysis and small-angle scattering. As demonstrated by the research on electrochemical properties of the synthesized electrode materials through cyclic voltammetry, the electric capacitance of the latter increased proportionally to an increase in the content of nickel cobaltate in the composite. Electrode materials based on nanostructured carbon-nickel cobaltate composite ensured a significant increase in electric capacitance compared to that of the initial carbon matrix.
YU.A. ZAKHAROV1,2, E.V. KACHINA1, N.M. FEDOROVA2, T.A. LARICHEV2, G.YU. SIMENYUK1, V.M. PUGACHEV2, and V. G. DODONOV2 1Institute of Coal Chemistry and Material Sciences of Federal Research Centre of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia E-mail: zaharov@kemsu.ru 2Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo, Russia
Keywords: cobalt hydroxide, nickel hydroxide, carbon matrix, nanostructured composite, carbon nanotubes, electrode materials
The paper considers properties of nanostructured composites for supercapacitors electrodes. The materials are based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes obtained by pyrolysis of the propane-butane mixture (CNT-1) and additionally aged in argon atmosphere (CNT-2). The resulting CNT are filled with cobalt and nickel hydroxides nanoparticles deposited on the surface and in channels composing nanotube fibres. The composites were explored through transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, X-ray Fluorescence Element Analysis, and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. Electrochemical properties of the resulting nanocomposites were examined. As shown, both introducing cobalt-nickel hydroxide into the carbon matrix and functionalizing its surface by ozonation facilitates an increase in the electrical capacity of composite electrodes. This is driven by the pseudocapacitance of nickel-cobalt hydroxides generated as a consequence of reversible redox processes with the involvement of oxyhydroxide phases formed upon cell charge-discharge.
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:143:"N.V. IVANOVA1, A.A. LOBANOV1, V.S. EMEL’YANOVA1, A.A. VANICHEVA1, and YU. A. ZAKHAROV1,2";s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"html";} 1Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo, Russia E-mail: sayganta@mail.ru 2The Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia
Keywords: binary systems, iron, platinum, voltammetry, electrodeposition, anodic oxidation
The paper presents the results of a voltammetric study of electrodeposition and electrooxidation of nanostructured systems based on iron and platinum with glassy carbon electrodes in various electrolytes. The capabilities of anodic and cyclic voltammetry in the characterization of nanometallic deposits were shown. The conditions for electrochemical synthesis and voltammetric studies of nanostructured electrolytic iron-platinum systems were established.
A. F. AKHMETOV1, M. N. RAKHIMOV1, I. A. MUSTAFIN1, D. K. FAIRUZOV2, and A. M. KHABIBULLIN3 1Ufa State Oil Technical University, Ufa, Russia 2PJSC "GAZPROM", Saint Petersburg, Russia 3LLC "Gazprom neftekhim Salavat", Salavat, Russia
Keywords: fuel environmental indicators, gas condensate, hydrocracking, catalyst, highly paraffinic gas condensate residues, hydroforming
One of the possible variants of rational processing highly paraffinic gas condensate residues (HPGCR) with the maximum yield of low-sulphur medium-distillate fractions, i.e. hydrocracking in a fixed catalyst bed, was considered. Experiments were carried using a flow through plant. Home-made catalysts, such as KNT-442МNi (hydrorefining catalyst) and KNT-442NiY (hydrocracking catalyst) manufactured at the LLC Ishimbayskiy SKhZK, were used. Process temperature that ensures the maximum yield of diesel fraction was pre-selected. Considering the unique composition of HPGCR, the hydrocracking of initial raw materials, and also 350+ °С and 350–500 °С fractions, was investigated without their pre-preparation. As demonstrated by analysis of diesel fractions of hydrocracking products (180–350 °C), various variants of raw materials, regardless of their fractional composition and recirculation of residues, their key parameters meet the requirements for the commercial diesel fuel of environmental K-5 class. At the same time, regardless of the quality of initial raw materials, the products from variants with the recirculation of residues have somewhat improved characteristics. As demonstrated by analysis results for gasoline fractions (IBP – 180 °C), products have similar characteristics, regardless of the composition of initial raw materials and the residue recirculation mode. These fractions do not require preliminary hydroforming and may be directed to isomerisation and reforming plants. Among the variants considered, the hydrocracking of the initial HPGCR ensuring the maximum yield of diesel fraction and not requiring the preliminary fractionation of initial raw materials and the secondary processing of the primary distillate fractions and the residue is preferable.
A. G. KUTIKHIN1, O. S. EFIMOVA2, Z. R. ISMAGILOV2, and O. L. BARBARASH1 1Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russia
E-mail: antonkutikhin@gmail.com 2Institute of Coal Chemistry and Material Science, Federal Research Centre of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia
Keywords: dust pollution, suspended dust particles, coal industry, cardiovascular diseases, ischemic heart disease
This review exposes the issue of the relationship between exposure to dust particles from coal and coal processing industries with the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Typical features of exposure to dust particles of this type involves: 1) high levels and the chronic type of dust pollution, 2) a small aerodynamic diameter (AD) of dust particles (below 10 µm) that facilitates their inhalation and entry into teethridge, 3) their trend towards aggregating to clusters with an AD between 2.5 µm and 10 µm that set in the upper respiratory tract, and 4) specific chemical composition (carbon, silicon dioxide, alumina, sulphates, carbonates, nitrates, and volatile organic matter). In spite of the generally proven relationship of exposure to all fractions of dust particles with elevated morbidity and mortality caused by CVD, the proportion of cases triggered by dust particles regardless of respiratory system diseases that are characterised by comorbidity with CVD remains unclear. Furthermore, there is an obvious shortage of environmental epidemiology research with monitoring the particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 0.1 µm, exposure to which could most likely explain the relationship between dust pollution and CVD (the particles with so small AD are able to penetrate to the systemic circulation). At last, the majority of multicentre epidemiological investigations that substantiate relationships between dust particles and developing CVD have been performed in developed countries. Carrying out such research in developing countries, considering their geographical, climatic, and socioeconomic peculiarities, and also characteristics of the implementation of coal mining and processing, would facilitate the research on population interlinks of exposure to dust particles with other CVD risk factors and mechanisms of their pathogenic action. The ultimate objective of such research is to make the personified programme of CVD preventive care considering exposure level and duration to dust particles and co-occurring risk factors.
S. A. YASHNIK1 and Z. R. ISMAGILOV1,2 1Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia E-mail: yashnik@catalysis.ru 2Institute of Coal Chemistry and Material Science, Federal Research Centre of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia
Keywords: carbon black, diesel engine exhaust, diesel oxidation catalyst, alumina-supported manganese catalyst
Carbon black emissions together with diesel engine exhaust cause great harm to the environment. In order to efficiently remove carbon black, catalytically coated particulate filters are used. Kinetic parameters (activation energy and pre-exponential factor) of oxidation of carbon black with O2 and NOx were examined in thermoprogrammed and isothermal modes on an example of PtPd/MnOx-Al2O3 catalyst. As shown, reproducible kinetic data may be acquired in the isothermal mode assuming the process is carried out in the kinetically controlled region. This information is important to compare oxidizing properties of catalysts in order to improve compositions of catalytic coatings for particulate filters.
