Home – Home – Jornals – Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves 2019 number 1

Integrated geological and geochemical studies were performed for lignite from the Yenisei middle reaches, represented by carbonized fragments of trees with high germanium contents. Geochemical characteristics of terrigenous sediments with Ge-bearing lignite are determined. The chemical and mineral compositions, textures, and structures of carbonized wood fragments were studied. Scanning of individual cross sections of lignite fragments has revealed a regular distribution of germanium and impurity elements. Consistent patterns of the formation of Ge-containing lignites have been established, as well as the processes of their posthydrothermal transformation, which led to the impoverishment of the primary contents of the valuable component and to the input of a number of impurity elements. The latter formed rims over the lignite fragments and microveinlets with sulfide mineralization. The hypothesis has been put forward that germanium mineralization formed in lignites of the Kas basin, in particular, the Serchanskoe deposit.

One of the main objectives of geoelectric prospecting is mapping of the consolidated low-conductivity basement geometry. To resolve the issue, it will be equally important to delineate local structures at the bottom of the sedimentary complex and to estimate the misinterpretation of results due to the presence of areas with nonuniform conductivity in the stratified geologic cross section. Another relevant objective of EM sounding is to resolve the problem of delineation of anticlinal oil and gas traps. The horizontally layered model with a local inclusion of 3D abnormal areas is certain to fit for the above-mentioned objectives. The study is concerned with the technique of nonstationary EM sounding. When applied to the solution of structural problems, this technique considers the uniform distribution of fields within relatively large volume units of the space explored. Consequently, it results in the more efficient application of the perturbation technique (Born approximation) to the solution of the forward electrodynamics problem. The study presents the findings of 3D tomographic inversion with the use of synthetic and physical modeling data. They definitely allow us to acknowledge that the proposed mathematical apparatus for 3D inversion based on Born linearization of the forward problem has proved to be quite applicable.

Results of profile magnetotelluric (MT) and magnetovariational (MV) soundings of the Pamir-Alai zone are presented. The problems of construction of a 2D geoelectric model of the lithosphere of the Pamir-Alai zone and its characteristics are considered. The results of the MT sounding inversion indicate the existence of a zone of lateral plastic flow in the Earth’s crust beneath the Alai depression, which manifested itself as a conductive lower-crust structure traced for at least 200 km in the E-W direction along the strike of the Alai depression. Analysis of the relationship between the parameters of the geoelectric structure and the seismicity distribution in the study region has revealed a spatial correlation between the location of the hypocenters of K > 11 earthquakes that occurred in the Pamir-Alai territory and the geoelectric structure of the Earth’s crust in this region. New data on the tectonic stratification of the Earth’s crust have been obtained, which permits us to supplement and refine the existing geological and geophysical data on the deep structure of the Pamir-Tien Shan junction zone. Conclusions about the nature of anomalous crustal conductivity in the Alai basin have been drawn.

The paper aims at consideration of tactical ways of education development in Russia taking into account the concepts offered by the communities of specialists. The authors make case to figure out the common in the concepts, that could contribute to the breakthrough in educational policy and forward leading positions in education to the Russian Federation. The methodology of research is based on the structural and functional analysis of various sources, that specify educational strategies in the developed countries and in Russia. Materials and discussion. Russia’s entering the VI technological mode, formation of digital economy, technological social sphere have resulted in formation of new meanings and values of education. This has changed its landmarks and focused on individual learning. Critical thinking, creativity, cognitive and cross-discipline skills, cooperation and a complex problem solving have appeared instead of fundamentalism as a new basis for teaching and education. New basis has changed the nature and amount of formal and non-formal educational technologies, making the Government and civil society, seen as the subjects of interactions, to renew old models of education management and create the new ones. This process is supposed to require analysis of the global synergetic effect that has arisen from the total integration of earlier separated social systems. «New» education requires «new» control; «new» management assumes formation of new ecosystem of training and upbringing as they are closely connected within education. Conclusions. The contradiction in the speed of modernization of training\upbringing and their ecosystem is considered to be the main one that determines destructive processes in modern educational space of Russia. Their ecosystem contains external conditions which condition doesn’t always allow to construct the changes necessary for educational breakthrough. Due to this fact, education management is characterized multipolarity of concepts and needs the synthetical construction based on the common goal of education. If we speak about personality formation, than currently we assume that requires, interests and motives to the process and organization of the «structure» of the main actors of educational interactions such as Government, civil society, family, individual, and business sector differs to antagonism extent. The authors believe that further development and optimization of educational interactions are possible only in case of «concentration» of these requests, interests and motivation on a personality

High dynamics of social processes results in rather contradictory tendencies in the education system. These tendencies characterize the content of education and directions of its development in the transitional era. This era is seen as era of transformation of industrial capitalism into digital capitalism. The contradictory processes in education resulted from human transfer to digital civilization, reveal the serious crisis. The modern generation is against of training when the teacher is seen as a talking head and students are just passive listeners. The world Information treasury is seen as an “outside brain” and it is possible to connect anytime. You just need to know how to do it. This could appear not a complicated task whereas it is rather complicated to grasp the methodology of formation of creative thinking and to enhance the brain functions of students. The paper aims at revealing the key contradictions in modern education, which are determined by historic crucial point, changes in socio-economic development of civilization. Authors make case that development of productive forces and transformation of economy are very significant being determining factors of social changes and educational paradigms. Technological progress, applied sciences and innovative technologies become the determining factors of modern social production which specifies contradictory peculiarities in development of education system. The mission of modern education is seen as an opportunity for personal formation aimed at social progress.

Development of global education under the conditions of globalization is seen as a challenge to Russian education, which affects the development of national educational system. The impact factor is determined by the measures of the government, regional authorities, scientific-pedagogical community, business sector and studying people. The growth of economic, technological and humanitarian significance of knowledge, high competition in the knowledge and technology market have resulted in significant changes in higher education. Currently, the universities deal with innovative development of enterprises, science and research, application of the results obtained; the universities define cultural and human development of society. Globalization has brought together all areas of society into the tangle where hierarchical system of development has been transformed into the system where the priority is either functional and tensor and various activities became either super-level and sublevel; the subsytems and their elements became a complicated structure of relations. This globalist system can be imagery described as a system where every man is for himself; every man is for all people; all people are for every man and all people are for all people. The education has become either the consumer of the products produced by other branches of social development and the supplier of its own services. Finally, it has been segregated into specific branch of society with economic laws and producing specific features. National education should aim at development of regional education systems that create advanced technologies in all the branches of economy, integrate into the world educational space and influence its development by means of suggesting its own models of innovative education. The authors see the system-based approach to education system, its relation to other social activities and its aims as one of the instrument for building the models of innovative education in Russia. .

In this paper we discuss the social philosophical and educational aspects of Big Data. Coined as a term for the mechanism of collecting, storing, and processing huge amounts of data, Big Data has lead to visible shifts in scientific research and the understanding that there is now a novel culture of information and communication technology. We discuss the processes of gathering Big Data and its affect on all areas of social development, including research and finances. One of the applications of this technology is in the sphere of higher education; a function, forecasting Big Data development has been determined and is discussed in the following paper. A vivid example of using this technology in the process of university teaching and research is given based on a novel interdisciplinary project of Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology (Krasnoyarsk, Russia). This project is aimed at building a geographical information system on the basis of large amounts of geographical data collected by remote sensing equipment.

The article deals with the role of education as an instrument of preserving Russia as a global development actor. The author analysed the problem by means of methodology that includes global-stadial concepts (D. Bell, J.K. Galbraith, P.F. Drucker, M. Castells, K. Marx, etc.), I. Wallerstein's world-system analysis, and a system-holistic approach to education (V.S. Il'in, N.K. Sergeev, V.A. Slastenin and others).This scientific toolkit shows the way of mankind development, nature of the world; the paper proves the necessity of molding not a "specialist", but of a holistic personality. The author shows that the future of mankind and Russia mainly depends on whether the opportunities opened by new technologies will be used in the interests of the majority of the world's population or of hyper-bourgeoisie. In order not to be on the "roadside of history", Russian education should form the actor of "Resistance and Development". The basic values of this person are seen as freedom, justice. solidarity, and development. It is guided by post-materialistic motivation, has competencies that meet the challenges of the post-productive world, strives for creativity, focuses on a dualistic ideal (a combination of personal and social interests allows you to solve common problems without suppressing personal preferences). In the interests of forming the actor of "Resistance and Development" it is necessary to increase financial investments in the institute of education, to ensure its accessibility and quality, supporting talented children and their early development, to extend the research methods of education, focusing on the formation of a systemic vision of the world. The author highlights that education is not an "expense item", but a sphere of investing in the Future.

XXIst century faces the global sociospheric processes in which the problem of human rights is aggravated at the international and global levels, despite international legal instruments on human rights adopted in the mid-ХХ th century. The article aims at specifying the socio-cultural nature of international concept of human rights. The author explains specific features of this phenomenon at the international and global levels, the role of legal education in solving conflict situations. Dialectical methodology, system-based philosophical approach, comparative legal, socio-cultural research methods, integration of results. The legal principles that make the basis of international legal instruments on human rights are taken from the Western sociocultural and legal traditions. They assume either balancing legal mechanisms and contradictions inherent in a given culture in the area of human rights, forming the main vectors of changes and aspects of the given problem in the form of their three-dimensionality or «triad». These are: “the rights of the oppressed (minimal) - the formal universal equality of rights - the rights of imperious personalities (maximum)”. At the global level, two more vectors of extreme polarization of the problem are added. On the one hand, “total powerlessness of people in global processes”. On the other hand, “the lawlessness of persons endowed with global power”. Such global transformations in the field of human rights exacerbate relevant global issues. The main way to resolve contradictions is holistic, when the problem itself is put wider. It is: the problem of rights and the right to duty of a person in society - in the relevant social strata, at certain levels of social organization, taking into account the existing social and natural conditions. Such a formulation of the problem and its practical solution are impossible without a full-fledged legal education, in which the said concepts should form the basis and form a developed legal understanding and legal culture of the individual.

The article explores the main directions for solving problems related to the study of the national characteristics of the State in a period of social crisis. The authors focus on the need to develop fundamentally new methodology, without which such a learning process is defective. In this connection, the authors highlighted the leading concept of characterizing our liberal education. They also draw attention to the need to use pedagogic experience, which proved itself in the history of the educational system in Russia. The article analyzes the leading concept of the origin of the State and society, as well as features of their functioning in different historical periods. The paper shows the main traditions that allowed young people to form a harmonious socio-cultural outlook, where the role of State structures covered adequately. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of major transformation, which bears the globalization processes and has identity of individual societies. The authors analyze mondialism as one of the dominant concepts, accompanying modern globalization. The authors argue that many problems are caused by the uncertainty of the axiological orientation that characterizes the educational system not only to Russia but also the entire world. Failure to address socio-economic problems of the modern Russian State increasingly actualizes the problem a new humanitarian education, which would take into account to the maximum extent of our history and features of modern life. The authors make case that it is important to revive unique theoretical works of Russian thinkers of the past in order to study the nature and role of the State in the world.

Advanced economy in Russia makes cluster approach a dominating vector of economic development. It plays significant role for the single innovative environment where university plays the key role. The paper tries to prove the efficiency of cluster approach in building advanced economy in the country, define the capacities of university and find out the role of regional universities in clustering of Russian economy. The article applies scientific methods as analysis, synthesis, comparison and forecasting. The author uses specific methods as theory of cluster analysis and analysis of the works of famous scientists and philosophers. The paper finds out that world markets of intellectual property and competition among universities in the area of science and education play the key role. The author outlines that synergy effect in economic development and raising of education and living standards are supposed to be reached through interaction among the participants who define socio-economic development. The article reveals the capacities of cluster approach to organizational structure of interaction among universities, business and state as an innovative form of their integration. Establishment and functioning of clusters is the most efficient and promising way of advanced economic development. The paper shows that efficiency of cluster approach in the cluster-net partnership is explained by the principle of relation that results in significant synergy effects. The author specifies the role and place of university in clustering economy. The idea is based on the fact that promising strategy of clustering economy is seen as a strategy where regional universities involved in development and transfer of new technologies play the key role. These universities are seen as the advantage of regional strategic development. The history of cluster-network partnership is considered on example of West Siberian and Far-Eastern Federal Districts.

Regional labour market faces the urgent need in specialists with higher agricultural education. Many young people do not see the opportunities for employment and career after graduating from agricultural institutions. Therefore, they don’t intend to enter agricultural higher institutions. Those students who graduated from agricultural institutions don’t work in the sphere of agriculture. Agricultural universities face the problem of making education more attractive, marketable and requested by the youth. The author see internships abroad as one of the criteria contributing to raising the attractiveness of agricultural education as the necessity in specialists with international experience arises in modern society. It leads to development of international cooperation among universities and opportunities for students to get practical experience abroad. The paper highlights the significance of agricultural internships abroad for students trained at agricultural institutions. The authors specify the goals, tasks of internships and their specific features. The paper explores the experience of Novosibirsk State Agrarian University in organizational support of these internships and describes agricultural internship in Bavaria (Germany) which is implemented under cooperation between NSAU and Agroimpuls Bavaria. The authors show statistical data for previous 15 years: the number of students who had internship in Bavaria, Faculties they are trained at, international programs they further applied to and the contribution of internship into their employment after graduation. The authors analyze the reports and reviews of 224 students who passed internship in Germany. The authors make conclusion about the role and significance of international internship for students and organization of agricultural internships at agricultural higher institutions.

The paper highlights the situation on the selection and structuring of the content of professional education. The author analyzes psychological and pedagogical resources and considers theoretical and methodological approaches to its solution. The author finds out that express-test is effective method of assessment of students trained at technical higher institutions. This conclusion is made on the basis of psychological and physiological features, personal and professional development of students, specific training at institution (general and logical thinking, enhanced spatial thinking, technological level, higher concentration on the subject, visual memory, refocusing, faster and more exact thinking processes, inert personality when learning etc.). Students’ age peculiarities, major, efficient means and methods of training quality control contribute to development of students’ cognitive activity. It is one of the leading mechanisms of students’ higher independence and responsibility.

The article analyzes the problems of professional training and employment of people of retirement age. The author shows that pension reforms on the course causes the problem for old people employment. The processes that occur in social and economic life and higher proportion of old people in Russia result in the need to build gerontological culture of society focusing on the role of old people in social development. The gerontological education assumes influencing people in their preparation for older age; revealing resources for development and participation in the public life for productive activities. The paper outlines that it is necessary to solve the problem and prepare people for retirement. Lifelong learning and being open-minded are seen as the reasons for old people efficient employment. Old people need to solve their problems efficiently not relying on governmental and public authorities. The article highlights the tendencies of professional training development that should be considered when teaching old people. These tendencies include: continuity of education, standards of professional training, democratic education, education availability, free compulsory education, equal rights in for professional and higher education aimed at personal development. The article represents professional standards and competency-based approach for training qualified personnel. The concept «competency» is the dominant criterion when evaluating staff qualification as it is the main parameter of professional training and qualification of national employees. The author proposes the measures on improving professional training and employment of old people.

The article highlights the changes that occur in the sphere of foreign language teaching. According to the ontognosiological concept of sense formation formulated by N.P. Chupakhin, the knowledge meaning is seen as correlation of knowledge demand and topical possibilities. The authors show that this research outlines demand for foreign language knowledge that results from potential capacities of their knowledge depends on motivation. The article is devoted to the communicative approach in the area of foreign language teaching in the context of globalization and integration. The authors have analyzed the advantages and effect of communicative method, its topicality and priority in the integrated foreign language teaching. The article deals with the principles of communication and interaction of the language learnt and foreign language culture. This method can be applied in order to enhance oral speech skills for overcoming the language barrier by means of communication practice and integration into international environment. The communicative method aims at enhancement of foreign language teaching by means of teachers and students interaction on the basis of linguistic theory and communicative methodology of language teaching. The paper outlines the importance of information sources of a foreign language that expand capacities and quality of education as well as form efficient education process and activities of teachers and students. The article analyzes experimental results on application of communicative methodology in teaching students of Radio and Physic Faculty. The topic significance deals with the problem of learning process modernization with applying communicative methodology and communication in e-teaching. This is seen as an important condition for integration into international environment. The paper discusses the advantages of education and innovative technology in comparison with traditional forms of training.

The article considers the problems of ensuring the continuity of educational curricula for secondary, higher and postgraduate education on natural sciences based on the updated content of secondary education. At present, the Republic of Kazakhstan is upgrading the education system and the content of secondary education. In this regard, new state compulsory school standards, typical learning plans, and curricula have been developed. But these changes are not taking into account in educational programs of higher and postgraduate education to the full extent. Therefore, an absence of continuity in the contents of educational programs of secondary education and educational programs of higher and postgraduate education is evident which affects the quality of education system as a whole. The necessity of education continuity is institutionalized in the regulations and standards of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Typical general educational and professional learning programs are developed in accordance with the requirements of the State Compulsory Educational Standard, and working programs are developed on the basis of appropriate standard curricula. The article provides the rationale for reworking the curricula for training prospective teachers, taking into account the updated content of compulsory education in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The paper uses typical curriculum of Physics and considers the aspect of continuity in regards to the principle of training continuity at different levels of education. The authors speak about urgent need to develop the national system of staff teaching and educating and revision of training programs for students of pedagogical universities-future teachers of general education organizations, in accordance with new requirements, is necessary at present time.

The article is devoted the model of intra-school system of education quality control, which is able to provide the receipt of objective information about the state and development of the educational process seen as the main component of curriculum. The significance of this problem is explained by the need to create a comprehensive assessment of the quality of education, due to the introduction of new Federal State Educational Standards (FGOS) and the need to assess their achievement at all levels. A significant part of the work is devoted to the analysis of national and foreign experience in education quality control, which resulted in highlighting the main approaches to the comprehensive assessment of the quality of education in the institution.. The authors outline the components of the model of intra-school education quality control. They define the goal, object, subject of assessment; procedures, technology, reasonable criteria and indicators. The paper contains the guidance on establishment and development of intra-school systems of comprehensive quality control in the institution. This is seen to be aimed at improving the effect of educational technologies and students’ personal development as well as their competencies. The article focuses on the organizational and functional structures, standards, diagnostic and assessment procedures that provide a comprehensive quality control of students’ educational achievements and institutional efficiency. Following the data obtained, the authors make case about the model of internal system of education quality control, which is able to forecast the changes in learning outcomes.

The problem of professional specialist formation in University education arises in sociocultural situation of multicultural world. This year is specific for Vasiliy Sukhomlimskiy’s 100-anniversary, who was the famous and outstanding soviet teacher and scientist. This anniversary contributes to reconsidering and searching for new senses and meanings in traditional reading of his ideas. The paper explores ethno cultural aspects of national professional education in multiculture environment; she reviews education in the context of ethnical aspect as an activity on transmitting the knowledge (values, moral and ethical milestones, historical traditions etc.), concrete culture (ethno cultural context) but not some abstract cultural and historical experience (polyculture context). Current sociocultural situation in multinational Russia faces the problem of ethno cultural context in the content of professional education. Professional education guarantees preserving and transmitting of ethno cultural traditions following the fact that there is no ideal balance between poly ethics and ethno culture in sociocultural situation in Russia and Europe. The author specifies famous teachers of the past views on the problems of modern university education. The article aims at considering the theory and practical implementation of ethno cultural context of university education in the conditions of multicultural environment. The author explores multicultural education in university where the object of research is supposed to be hermeneutic aspects of pedagogical experience and knowledge of Vasiliy Sukhomlinskiy in multicultural education at university. The paper sees cultorological approach in the context of content competency-based approach requirements as a methodological basis. The article focuses on theoretical ideas of Vasiliy Sukhomlinskiy applied in practical training of personality in the soviet school and their transmitting to modern university education in polycentric world.

The research aims at analyzing national education. Globalization as a cultural phenomenon assumes distribution of economic, legal, sociological, and other theories, including digital technologies, in the sphere of their application in science, art and education. Globalization aims at transmitting values, models of self-perception and world perception, as well as models of communication between countries considered to be carriers of universal human culture, «civilization» (Europe and the USA) into barbarian countries of the «second» and the «third» worlds. In the process of globalization, education is particularly evident. It moves from upbringing and training of Homo sapiens person to «training» of the specialist, Homo habilis, and, further, to the «formation» of the consumer, Homo consúmens, after which the formation of a «robot-resistant» person of service or Homo officialis. The latter is naturally supplemented by Homo dominus, the formation of which can be completely different, but, in general, is not a necessity: Unification of power, cephalization of control (mondialization) actually counteract development. Digital technologies are just a small part of the process. Destruction of traditional education at the university is associated with the fact that the modern university is outdated, unable to form a level of competence of students, sufficient to effectively solve problems in all areas of activity and in all specific situations. The author highlights that in a rapidly changing society, in which new fields of activity and new situations appear, training should be more dynamic. The purpose of such training in the university is seen in the formation of key competencies related to the chosen major and specifics of professional self-realization. Thus, instead of the supposed «expansion» and «dynamization», education narrows and becomes more and «stationary». Elements of scientific search, co-creativity, are withdrawn, replaced by the production of templates, allowing to achieve a state of competitiveness in relation to robots and technologies in general.

The article is dedicated to philosophical and psychological analysis of the concept of Karma yoga at the works of Swami Vivekananda who is supposed to be one of the most outstanding representatives of the Indian spiritual thoughts. The analysis is carried out in the context of classical Indian philosophy. The paper explores the impact of Karma yoga methods on personality development. The author investigates the impact of karma on the character of the individual; he studies the possibility of applying ancient knowledge in order to create a more harmonious models of individual spiritual development in the modern world. In Russian literature, Swami Vivekananda is generally regarded as a philosopher and thinker. The article considers his ideas in the context of the so-called «ancient Indian pedagogics». Ancient Indian one, because the concept of «karma yoga» does not belong to Vivekananda, but is, according to one of the Russian scientists, the cultural heritage of the «creative genius of the Indian people». Vivekananda, being one of the most famous spiritual leaders of India, gave this ancient concept a new, modern sound, relevant to our days. Questions related to the education of the individual, able to make the right spiritual and moral choices, personality, the ability to sacrifice, etc., in a broad sense, can be attributed to the field of pedagogy, understood as an indissoluble unity of education and upbringing.

The article presents a theoretical analysis of the problem of empathy as a psychological means of reducing the conflict behavior of teachers in the process of mediation. Most of the pedagogical collectives of modern schools are characterized by increased conflict. This causes not only high nervous loads, but also engenders rivalry, discredit, avoidance and adaptation to conflict in the pedagogical environment. As a result of the increase in emotional tension, conflict interaction takes on forms of destructive nature. The psychological characteristics of the teacher's personality and the specific nature of his work have determined the choice of empathy in the total number of mediational techniques as a means of reducing their conflicting behavior. This justifies the relevance of the study of the selected problem in the face of growing levels of conflict in the society. The scientific interest lies in a deeper study of empathy as an effective means of reflexive management of the conflict behavior of teachers. The methodological basis assumes provisions of the personality-activity and value-semantic approaches to the study of the personality of the teacher as a subject of communication and empathy; principles of reflexive control; system of assumptions that reveal the nature of interaction and interpenetration of emotional and cognitive processes. Some theoretical approaches to the analysis of empathy are considered, and its results served as the basis for formulating a number of conceptual provisions that reveal the psychological nature of empathy as a means of reducing conflict resistance and mechanisms of positive impact on the educator. The authors suggest the set of conceptual assumptions that can make the basis of a model of one of the effective means of conducting the mediative process. Further the research is enhanced by the need to conduct a special study of the problem in their interrelations and the subsequent elaboration of the methodology for carrying out the mediative process in the pedagogical environment. Conflict solving and restoration of working relations on the basis of the relationship between empathy and reduction constitutes the prospect of further work in this direction.

The article explores the problem of the adaptation of military specialists to professional activity in process of military training as a result of their professional adaptation. The research explores the concept of adaptation. The authors speak about objective and subjective factors that determine the process of adaptation of prospective military specialists. The article considers the adaptation of military specialists to professional activity as a system; it investigates the main components as well. The authors analyzed psychological and pedagogical proceedings of national and foreign scientists, and systemized the concept «adaptation». They formulated the concept «adaptation of the military specialist to professional activity» as a result of professional adaptation as a system of formed military skills, important adaptive qualities and emotional-volitional characteristics of the individual, allowing them to successfully perform their duties in conditions of military service. The paper explores the main components of adaptation seen as the basis for determining the criteria and parameters for adaptation of military specialists to professional activities when being trained in military majors with specific application on practice. The authors elaborated the system of subjective and objective criteria for adaptation of military specialists. Subjective criteria related to various professionally important qualities of military specialists include motivation-value, emotional-volitional, content-cognitive criteria. As a criterion having an objective basis, an activity-behavioral criterion is proposed. The parameters of these criteria have been developed, which make it possible to objectively and comprehensively assess the results of the process of adapting military specialists to professional activity during their military occupational specialties training.

The paper explores the issues related to professional training of agricultural specialists in integrated educational and industrial environment. The authors analyze current requirements to the content, forms and methods of professional training. The article considers scientific approaches to development and design of content of professional training in integrated educational and industrial environment. The authors explain the importance of advanced, activity-based, integral, competency-based, module and education approaches in building the system of professional training. The authors focus on formation of positive motivation and valuable attitude to agriculture in integrated educational and industrial environment. The paper describes the forms of teaching that contribute to integrated professional training in the institution and agricultural enterprises. The authors specify the functions of education actors at the stages of planning and implementation of professional training. The article shows the areas of teachers’ and tutors’ responsibilities in institutions and agricultural enterprises. The authors specify the components of studying days, teaching methods that take into account specific features of professional training in integrated education and industrial environment: project method, method of working plans, method of administration, method of learning through action and method of developing cooperation. The article explains specific features of applying the methods in order to define the level of professional competencies and their components, especially practical experience. Following the requirements of professional and educational standards, the authors designed the practical guidance on organization and implementation of integrated professional training. They point out the principles of administration seen as system and integrity; objectivity and completeness of information; focus on the purpose and objectives of professional training that reflect the requirements developed by professional school in cooperation with the enterprise. The authors speak about lifelong improvement of education quality and conditions for this; involvement of stakeholders, teachers and students in administration process of integrated model of professional training and polysubjectivity of consumer. Considering the principles mentioned above, the authors designed a draft scheme for integrated professional training and administration functions for each component of the scheme.

Various publications dealing with physicomathematical modeling of detonation processes in gas suspensions of fine, submicron, and nano-sized aluminum particles within the framework of mechanics of continuous and heterogeneous media are reviewed. Important issues of the description of thermal dynamics, transport properties, and ignition mechanisms are discussed. Specific features of combustion regimes of micro- and nano-sized particles are considered. Closing relations for a semi-empirical model of detonation of suspensions of aluminum nanoparticles in oxygen are presented.

The first experimental observation of optical free induction signals of free radicals is reported. The signals were observed on the line of the rotational transition of the OH radical in the terahertz region. OH radicals were generated in the chemical reaction of excited oxygen atoms with water molecules. Radicals were excited by free-electron laser radiation pulses. Free induction radiation was detected in real time using ultra fast terahertz radiation detectors. The possibility of using optical free induction signals of radicals as a new method for detection of free radicals in combustion processes is discussed.

A number of di-, tri-, and tetraazido-substituted azines as potential energetic dispersing components of solid rocket propellants for ramjet engines have been studied. The enthalpy of combustion and the enthalpy of formation of several azides (2,4,6-triazidopyrimidine, 2,4,6-triazidopyridine, 3,4,5-triazidopyridine-2,6-dicarbonitrile and 3,4,5,6-tetraazidopyridine-2-carbonitrile) were experimentally determined. Eleven azides studied were compared with MX in terms of the enthalpy of combustion in oxygen to CO₂ and water (in the case of the presence of hydrogen in the component), as well as in terms of the temperature of the products of adiabatic conversion of the studied components due to the high enthalpy of formation in the absence of an external oxidizer and the amount of gases released in this process. It has been found that the enthalpy of combustion of all the investigated azides burned in air is significantly higher than that of HMX, and in seven of the azides studied, the combustion temperature was significantly higher. As regards the gas release volume (24-31 mol/kg), the azides are inferior to HMX (41.9 mol/kg). Based on the combination of properties, the investigated azides can be considered as promising dispersing components of solid propellants for ramjet engines.

Thermochemical calculations have been used to study the energetic potential of compositions based on a number of hypothetical tetrazole derivatives with a very high mass content of nitrogen (73-75%). Quantitative dependences of the energy parameters of composite solid rocket fuels on the nature of a high-enthalpy polynitrous oxidizer and the presence of a metal in the composition have been established.

The results of complex forest-ecological studies at the Khan-Khukhii Mountain Ridge in the territory of National Natural Park Khan-Khuhii-Khyargas-Nuur, Western Mongolia are presented. The forests at the Khan-Khukhii Mountain Ridge are isolated from the north by the desert, and from the other sides - by dry steppes. The location of the stands makes it possible to study climatic, geomorphological and economic factors, affecting forest formations along the border of forest distribution. Five sample plots in accordance with the variety of forest vegetation and geomorphological locations were established during the field surveys. Sample plots were placed at the lower forest boundary in the old-growth larch sparse stand experiencing the greatest pasture load, and in the herbaceous larch stand with zoogenic inhibition of undergrowth and fragments of selective felling of the lower part of the northern slope. Larch forests of green moss-red bilberry type with the participation of the Siberian stone pine are characteristic of the upper part of the slopes. The Siberian stone pine stand with dead ground cover is bordered by watersheds and a steppe southern slope and a herbaceous larch stand in the north. An intrazonal object was categorized as yernik (dwarf birch) on permafrost grounds. The geomorphological affiliation of the Siberian stone pine and larch formations to elevations above the sea level and slope exposition is shown. The zoogenic factors determining silvicultural processes limit forest restoration and lead to the formation of a savannah type of vegetation. Under adverse climatic conditions, primary pests of larch needles and root pathogens are detected. Forest logging leads to the growth of grass cover and movement of livestock into the forest zone, followed by the cessation of forest restoration. In the forests of the Khan-Khukhii Mountain Ridge there are no signs of fires (no cinder and fire scars on tree stems), which indicates a long pasture load and the impossibility of accumulation of combustible material. The results of the study made it possible to recommend the directions for silvicultural operations on the territory of the National Natural Park Khan-Khukhii-Khyargas-Nuur. First of all, it is necessary to identify factors of the curtain and highly dense forest regeneration on the border between the forest and steppe. If there is a continuing intensive pasture load, forest compartments will remain within the present boundaries or will be reduced. The impact of global climate change on the current distribution of forests has not been revealed.

The State Forest Inventory (SFI) has been performed in Russia since 2007. The methodology of SFI includes stratification of the stands and limitation of the area of sample plots (SP). The projecting of the SFI is based mainly on the data of the forest planning (FP), which was applied earlier. The differences in the evaluation of timber stock based on the results of SFI and FP and the SFI methodology are a subject of discussion. The background statistics of SFI and FP data of Uvatsky forestry district in Tyumen oblast are considered. A feature characteristic of evaluating timber stocks by SFI and FP is a marked asymmetry of their distribution, which makes parametric estimation of the stock accuracy ineffective in both cases. It is shown that the limitation of the area of SFI SP did not influence the final stock evaluation. An attempt was made to estimate the error of timber stock evaluation using non-parametric statistics of resampling, generating a set of pseudo-samples. The use of resampling of SFI SP and FP forest inventory surveys at SFI points made it possible to determine the dependence of the accuracy on the number of SP and the value of the intra- forest compartment variation of timber stock, which did not depend on the number of SP and turned out to be much higher than that provided in the SFI projecting methodology. Generation of pseudo-samples of SP on the forest map considering the obtained values of intra- compartment variation allowed to determine the expected dynamics of the accuracy of evaluation of timber stock with increasing SP. Underestimation of the intra- compartment variation of timber stocks partly explains the large difference in the evaluation of timber stocks using SFI and FP data. The low influence of the applied stratification of the stands on the accuracy of SFI results is shown.

Information on thinned tree stumps was included in a stand reconstruction technique to test possible improvements in the estimates of stand variables (aboveground biomass, total stem volume, stem volume growth and stand density). Thirty sample trees and one hundred and sixty-eight stumps of the Sakhalin fir Abies sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Mast., the Ezo spruce Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière, and Glehn’s spruce Picea glehnii (F. Schmidt) Mast., were collected in six stands of pure tree species within the Hitsujigaoka Experimental Forest in Hokkaido, Japan. Stem analysis data and census data both gathered in 2013 from six stands were used to estimate stand variables in the past. Then, the stand variables were estimated by the stand reconstruction technique, with and without the stump information and subsequently compared in terms of prediction accuracy. In other words, the reconstructed values were statistically compared with the observed values obtained from censuses between 1988 and 2013. The results showed that the accuracy of the estimated variables can be improved by alleviating underestimation after adding old stumps. Without adding data on the stumps, the percentage error of the estimates of the stand variables varied within ± 20 % of the observed values. By including the stumps, the percentage error of the estimates of the same stand variables generally fell within ± 15 % for the years after 1997. The 95 % confidence intervals of the estimated means by the bootstrap method suggested that adding stumps does not always improve the prediction in stand density; but generally, improves the predictions on aboveground biomass, stem volume and stem volume growth. Overall, dramatic changes in the aboveground biomass and stand density through thinning operations were reproduced better, although the amount of improvement is sometimes minimal, by incorporating information on the stumps for all 3 species examined.

The results of long-term studies of the role of the pyrogenic factor in the dynamics of forest ecosystems in the mountain Cis-Baikal region are considered. The consequences of surface fires in the full range of their intensity, from weak to extremely strong, are analyzed. The damage characteristics in pine and larch stands, differentiated by the types and degrees of fire impact, were obtained: burning and drying on stems, death of crowns with weakening the viability of trees, anomalous thinning. Fire scars on the surface of the tree stems, as an indicator of the degree of fire impact, serves as an external diagnostic sign of the post-fire condition of specific individuals. The higher on the stem fire scars are, the greater part of the tree was exposed to harmful thermal effects. But due to the variability in growth expressed in forest stands, trees differ in their reaction to such impacts. Young Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. and the Siberian larch Larix sibirica Ledeb. tree stands are largely damaged and, as a rule, die after the exposure to medium-intensity fires, and at the age of 10-15 years even die after low intensity surface fires. The most vulnerable to fires are tree species with thin bark, such as Siberian stone pine Pinus sibirica Du Tour, Siberian spruce Picea obovata Ledeb., Siberian fir Abies sibirica Ledeb. and flat-leaved birch Betula platyphylla Sukacz. It is noted that 100-120-year-old Siberian stone pine stands are largely damaged by low-intensity surface fires, and are completely damaged after intense surface fires. The quantitative indices of liquid and solid surface runoff at the burnings are given. Mathematical models for the formation of liquid surface runoff and associated erosion of soils on burned areas are proposed, depending on the main factors affecting the development of these processes. The pyrogenic destruction of forest ecosystems inevitably results in the degradation of mountain soils, the restoration of which after surface fires takes many decades.

One of the directions of progressive plant successions on the dumps of daylighting grounds is the artificial formation of forest stands. Pine and sea buckthorn stands are planted in the Kuzbas in the areas of forest reclamation, while birch forests appear as a result of natural overgrowing. As the model object, the Kedrovsky coal mine was selected, located in the subzone of the northern forest-steppe of the Kuznetsk basin. The dumps of the Kedrovskiy coal mine were used 25-35 years ago, and are now characterized by a wide range of tree stands, varying, first of all, in density and closeness of crowns. During forest inventory and geobotanical studies, a description of the structure of the communities formed were completed and the species composition of the main and undergrowth tree species, the nature of reforestation under the cover of the first generation of trees and the ecological and cenotic structure of the herbaceous populations were studied. It was established that on the dumps Scots pine trees are stable and of one tree species stands with the occasional presence of other tree species: thosewith high crown density developed ondead soil cover, while the sparse stands were characterized bywell-formed undergrowth. In birch forests, on the contrary, the tree species composition is enriched, a stable undergrowth is developing. In pine and birch stands, the forest species are increasing, the share of ruderal vegetation is considerably reduced, the variety of species of legumes family grows, which, along with the successful regeneration of trees and shrubs, is indicative of the forest trend of succession. In the sea buckthorn stands a degradation is noted; due to repeating fires, reforestation is poorly expressed, the predominance of ruderal species is observed in the herbaceous layer. It has been established that the sea buckthorn inhibits the course of progressive forest successions.

The study was performed on 25-year-old grafted progeny of young and mature generative trees of the Siberian stone pine Pinus sibirica Du Tour. The Siberian stone pine forests in the south of Western Siberia, grafted on a young tree stock, the influence of the age of the mother tree on the vegetative and generative crown structure of the grafters and the degree of epigenetic inheritance of age- specific features of morphogenesis were studied. The analysis of the results showed that the differences between the grafting of young and mature trees according to the generative structure of the crown are expressed by an order less than in the vegetative structure. Ontogenetically, older grafts of mature trees with smaller crown sizes were superior to those of young trees due to the efficiency of generative processes in terms of the unit volume of the crown. According to the level of growth, which was estimated by the size of the stem and crown, they were significantly inferior to the grafts of young trees. The most interesting result is a noticeable difference in branching between the two groups of trees. The grafts of young trees were branched in accord with older axesformed mainly from the buds of regular renewal, due to which the total number of shoots in the crown increased substantially and, as a result, its density increased threefold. The share of latent buds in the grafts of mature trees increased substantially, and branching was developing mainly due to the first and second branching axes; as a result, the crowns of the grafting of mature trees visually resembled separate branches from the upper parts of the crown of ontogenetically old trees The results obtained imply that in the vegetative progeny of trees of a different ontogenetic state, the growth potential is primarily epigenetically inherited. Qualitative transformations in morphogenesis, including sexual reproduction, should be considered as secondary phenomena, as markers of epigenetic inheritance of growth potential.

The results of the survey of the Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. forest crops in the south of the Far East are presented. Reforestation in this region began in the 1950s and 1960sTherefore, most of the studies were carried out in the young stands. Our studies were conducted on the territory of Ussuriysky and Kurortny Forestry Districts of Primorsky Krai, where 25 temporary sample plots were located. On sample plots, the forest crop indicators were within the following ranges: average DBH 1.0-14.4 cm; average height 1.8-13.7 m; average age 14-42 years. The key role of the inadequacy (in some cases, absence) of silvicultural care for under-canopy Korean pine forest crops in reducing their growth rates is shown. The annual increment of the forest crops in the height and DBH is largely determined by the density of upper stand canopy (R² = 0.6-0.8), which, after first care logging (reconstructive cuttings), should containno more than 15 m²/ha of the upper stand canopy area. Annual DBH increments were analyzed for the Korean pine trees in different sample plots. The trends of a sharp decrease in the width of annual rings in the compartments without silvicultural care are revealed. The first care logging should be made not later than in 15 years after planting forest crops, when their requirement for photosynthetic active radiation (FAR) sharply increases. Forest crops created in open space in the first years had an increase in DBH up to 1 cm per year, which in the absence of clearing decreased twice. After the creation of under-canopy Korean pine monocrops in Primorsky Krai, multi-tree species stands are naturally formed; therefore, simultaneous use of other tree species for planting is not recommended.

The study is focused on the influence of ambient temperature on biomechanical properties of tissues in the treesgrowing in the conditions of protected and open grounds. The investigations were carried out on 11 plant species growing in the greenhouse of Donetsk Botanical Gardens and 11 tree species growing in open grounds in the conditions of the city of Donetsk. The experiment included two series of trials: 1) calculating the Modulus of Rupture (MOR) of woody tissue for species from the fig Ficus L. genus at +23 ºС; 2) finding temperature dependence of the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) and Modulus of Rupture (MOR) for the Illawarra flame tree Brachychiton acerifolius A. Cunn. ex G. Don Macarthur et C. Moore and ceiba Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn., and calculating the same dependences for 11 open ground plants. The values of MOR for 7 greenhouse species averaged 4.9 ± 0.7 МН/m², i.e. circa 20 times lower than in natural environments. Such species as Haroni fig Ficus vallis-choudae Delile and banyan fig Ficus benghalensis var. krishnae (C. DC.) had the lowest MOR values. The study of the influence of low temperatures showed that in the sample pretreated by -23 °C freezing and then heating, MOE dropped simultaneously with slowing of the temperature shift. The altering of MOE is of a stepwise character. The common temperature breakpoint for all the curves is T = 0 °C, i. e. freezing point. According to the values of MOE and MOR, the most resistant species are rubber fig Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. and Benjamin fig Ficus benjamina L. (for greenhouses), and northern red oak Quercus rubra L., common oak Quercus robur L., and silver birch Betula pendula Roth (for open grounds). The studies allow us to recommend temporary outdoor tub-gardening in summertime for greenhouse trees with proper for each plant shading. Open ground trees should be protected from irreversible trunk bending and breakage preventing or reducing exposure of the lower part of their trunks to light using protective fiber wraps or special cases.

The central Anatolian region of Turkey is exposed to increasing temperatures and severe drought stress. Due to aridity and desertification brought about by global warming, climate change and overutilization, plant species in these regions are under the risk of extinction. Thus, plant species have to adapt to these harsh environmental conditions of extremely high temperatures and low precipitation. In this study, gas exchange and water potentials of the Arabian almond tree Amygdalus arabica Olivier (C₃-photosynthesis) and four-winged saltbush Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. (C₄-photosynthesis), two drought-tolerant woody species planted previously in an effort to reduce desertification at Karapınar, Konya, and Central Anatolian Region, were periodically measured from May until September under field conditions. Net photosynthesis and transpiration rates, mid-day water potential and water use efficiency were determined throughout the vegetation period in 2015. Maximum net photosynthetic rates were 12.4 μmol m^-2 s^-1 in the Arabian almond tree and 29.7 μmol m^-2 s^-1 in four-winged saltbush, measured in July and September, respectively. Also, the highest transpiration rates were 4.8 mmol m^-2 s^-1 in the Arabian almond tree and 7.1 mmol m^-2 s^-1 in four-winged saltbush. Maximum water use efficiency values were measured in June in both species, which made up 5.7 and 7.7 mmol CO₂ mol^-1 H₂O for the Arabian almond tree and four-winged saltbush, respectively. Lowest midday water potentials for both species were recorded in August. The results indicate that both species have the ability to tolerate drought stress in the region, though due to its C₄ nature of photosynthesis, the four-winged saltbush might overcome those stresses more efficiently than the Arabian almond tree in arid and barren areas .

Morphometric quantitative (length and width of female catkins, length and width of birch-capsules) and functional parameters (germination and germination power of birch-capsules, length of shoots) of the female reproductive sphere of drooping birch Betula pendula Roth. trees growing in the zone of technogenic emissions’ impact in the city of Krasnoyarsk have been studied. The studies were carried out on permanent sample plots established in birch stands growing in the southeastern, northern and northeastern environments of the city of Krasnoyarsk. Reproductive processes of drooping birch in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe were studied for the first time. The studies have shown that two-year periodicity of fruiting is characteristic of drooping birch trees of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe. The sizes of female catkins and birch-capsules vary depending on the genotypic characteristics of trees, the conditions of growth of the tree stand, also in different years of studies. With an increase in the degree of technogenic load, birch trees showed certain signs of a decrease in reproductive activity (a decrease in the morphometric parameters of female catkins and birch-capsules), as well as qualitative indicators (germination and germination power) of birch-capsules. It was revealed that the length of female catkins and the width of birch-capsules are negatively correlated with the content of fluorine in the foliage. The regression equations were calculated within the range of parameters: y = -0.0489 x + 2.8127 и y = -0.0346 x + 1.7732. The quality characteristics of birch-capsules (germination and germination power) were negatively correlated with the amount of settled dust on the lamines, as well as with the fluorine content in the leaf mass. At the same time, the maximum quality indicators were characterized by fruits harvested in background conditions. Functional signs of the female reproductive sphere of drooping birch are the diagnostic criteria for assessing the condition of trees, and can also be a direct indicator of the environmental conditions of growth.

Forest biomass is a key ecosystem trait and an important component of the global carbon cycle. Biomass modelling is performed in terms of forest stands and sample trees. However, all current studies of this subject are carried out, firstly, within limited ecoregions and secondly, without harmonizing in relation to fractional composition of the biomass. Models harmonized in accordance with fraction composition of biomass are widespread and are referred to as additive ones. Among them, two groups of models are distinguished: one is focused on the calculation of equations separately for each fraction, followed by their modification in accord with a special algorithm so that the total result of these equations is equal to the result of the common equation. The second procedure of equation harmonizing applies the opposite algorithm, according to which the common equation is calculated, which is divided into partial ones according to a special scheme, and their total is equal to the final result of the common equation. The database on biomass of 1035 spruce and fir trees growing in their Eurasian habitats developed by the author, is used as a basis for revealing differences between equal-sized trees of two genera in the structure of biomass, while ensuring the principle of consistency in the second of these options. A harmonized model allowing to compare the biomass structure of trees of two genera in terms of a continental approach is proposed for the first time. It has been revealed that total, aboveground and underground biomass of fir trees exceeds that of spruce by13, 11 and 20 % respectively. However, there are some differences between Abies and Picea genera in the ratio of aboveground and underground biomass in the total biomass and in the ratio of the crown and stem biomass in the aboveground biomass, while any differences between two genera are not in the ratio of needles and branches in the crown biomass and in the ratio of wood and bark in the total stem biomass. The proposed model of additive biomass structure makes it possible to calculate spruce and fir stand biomass in Eurasian forests when using ground forest survey data.

International conference on «Preparing Europe for invasion by the beetles emerald ash borer and bronze birch borer, two major tree-killing pests» took place on October 1-4 2018 at Vienna, Austria. Conference was organized by Austrian research and training center for forests (BFW, Vienna) and UK government Department for environment, food and rural affairs (Defra) within the EUPHRESCO project “Pest risk evaluation and pest management” (PREPSYS). 90 researches from 16 countries took part in the conference. 39 oral and 7 poster presentations were devoted to ecology, behavior, distribution, monitoring and control methods of emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis - an Asian invasive pest of European and North American ash species and bronze birch borer Agrilus anxius - an American species, potential invader for Europe. Presented information was distributed among few section: (1) the threats: history and potential, (2) European initial perspectives, (3) monitoring and detection, (4) dispersal and range expansion, (5) managing infestations of invasive buprestids, (6) economic and social dimensions of managing pest invasions, (7) taking stock of multiple factors and next steps. The main interest of audience was concentrated on the situation with emerald ash borer in Russia. Secondary range of invader here occupies 13 administrative districts (oblasts): Yaroslavl, Tver, Smolensk, Kaluga, Moscow, Vladimir, Ryazan, Orel, Tula, Tambov, Voronezh, Lipetsk and Volgograd Districts. The pest is extremely close to the border with Belorussia and surely had crossed Ukrainian border. Conference participants pointed out the necessity of urgent consolidation of European countries efforts in preparing for dendrophagous buprestids invasion. This sad and dangerous event can hardly be avoided.