Home – Home – Jornals – Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics 2019 number 2

The qualitative and quantitative effects on the line profile of hard and soft velocity-changing collisions with scattering of absorbing molecules at large and small angles, respectively, are considered. It is shown that in the diffusion model of the profile, known as the model of "soft" collisions, scattering at large angles makes a significant contribution comparable to that in the model of hard collisions. The difference between these traditional models lies only in the mathematical forms of the representation of the collision integral, integral and differential, and the following analytical expressions for the profiles. Simple approximate formulas for the profile were derived and tested, which simultaneously took into account hard and soft collisions.

Calculations of line broadening and line shift of water vapor and carbon oxide confined in nanoporous media are presented. The collisions of free H₂O (CO) molecules with physically adsorbed on the surface molecules are discussed. Changes in the rotational structure of levels in physically adsorbed molecules are taken into account. The comparison with the existing experimental data is performed.

The work compares the chronologies of H₂O and CO₂ and pressure in the vacuum-extracted tree-ring disc gas samples of six Scots pine trees from one growth region. The results are analyzed. The analysis shows that discs have different annual CO₂ distributions, the H₂O data weakly correlate with precipitation, but the detected cyclicity is common to all the chronologies analyzed.

The results of theoretical studies of spatially localized near-field light structures (photonic nanojets) that are formed when laser radiation is scattered on a meta-surface in the form of a single-layer ordered assembly of dielectric microparticles (spheres, cones) embedded in a transparent matrix (silicone film) are presented. By solving Maxwell's equations by the method of computational electrodynamics (FDTD), a detailed analysis of the main parameters of localized light structures (length, width, peak intensity) under the influence of the light fields of neighboring microparticles was carried out. It has been established that the main factors influencing the characteristics of the photon nanojet under study are the spatial orientation of the microcones, as well as the depth of their immersion into the silicone matrix. It is shown that a number of spatial configurations of conic microassemblies allow the creation of an ensemble of photon nanojet with specific characteristics unattainable for isolated microcones. Ordered clusters of spherical particles have an advantage in terms of a comprehensive assessment of the parameters of photonic nanojets.

Longitudinal waves in a saturated porous medium simulated by a double-phase medium are under study. Exact expressions for a wave propagation velocity and attenuation coefficient are obtained. High-frequency and low-frequency wave asymptotics is investigated, and partial cases of soft and dry soils are considered.

The boiling in a superheated water jet discharged from a short cylindrical nozzle in the presence of a passive swirler has been experimentally investigated. The evolution of the disintegration of the boiling liquid jet with an increase in the degree of superheating has been studied. Characteristic structures and forms of the flow have been identified. The correlation between the jet shape and boiling regimes has been found. Significant fluctuations and flow instability at certain temperatures was noted. The possibility of influencing the flow pattern has been experimentally shown.

A mathematical model is constructed to describe a steady one-dimensional temperature distribution in a hollow circular cylinder made of a polymer dielectric with a constant difference in the electric field potentials on the cylinder surfaces. Based on systematized data on the dependence of the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of polymer materials used as dielectrics in engineering on temperature, a qualitative analysis of the model is performed for a prescribed density of the heat flux supplied to the inner surface of the cylinder and intensity of convective heat transfer on the outer surface. The results obtained in the study allow one to determine the area of applicability of polymer dielectrics used in various electrical engineering applications, including electrical insulation of DC high-voltage cables, and to formulate the conditions for the thermal breakdown of the cylindrical layer of the dielectric.

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the occurrence and control of flaming combustion and thermal decomposition of typical forest combustible materials by creating a fire break in the form of a wetted layer with a fixed width, length, and depth and a given volume of the contained liquid. The ranges of parameter values that ensure stable suppression of the flaming combustion and thermal decomposition of forest combustible material were determined. Experiments were performed for all major types of forest combustible materials: leaves, needles, twigs, and mixtures of the listed materials. Prediction of the required (minimum) water volumes and sizes of the fire break for guaranteed control of the combustion of forest combustible materials of the types studied was made.

Results of a series of firing tests of two model nozzles made of a carbon--carbon composite material are reported. This material can be used to fabricate nozzles for a large-scale liquid-propellant rocket motor. The tests are performed in an experimental setup operating on oxygen and hydrogen. It is shown that the thermochemical loads on the nozzle material in model tests are greater than those under real conditions. The temperature of the outer surface of the nozzle is measured in each experiment by thermocouples and an infrared imager. The level of linear erosion of the wall material during the entire test period is determined. It is demonstrated that the results of firing tests can be used for estimating the operation performance of a large-size motor. A simple analytical dependence is proposed for recalculating the results of model tests on material erosion to full-scale conditions.

This paper deals with the problem of steady-state creep of a rectangular membrane in a rigid matrix with a ratio of the height to width of not less than 0.5 in the case of piecewise constant dependence lateral velocity over time. The creep of the membrane with a single change in the rate of transverse pressure over time is investigated. Two variants of the contact conditions of the membrane and matrix: perfect slip and no-slip are considered. Three stages of creep of the membrane are investigated. The analysis is carried out until the time at which the membrane is in almost complete contact with the walls of the matrix. Time dependences of the variable thickness of the membrane and the stress intensity in the membrane are obtained. It is shown that in this problem, the rule of summation of partial times is not performed.

A problem of compression of an isotropic medium with a periodic system of variable width slits compared with elastic displacements is under consideration. The edges of the slits are under the action of internal pressure. It is assumed that the ends of the slits have zones of plastic deformation. The presence of several zones of contact of the edges of each slit is studied in the assumption that one of the section may have slippage. The problem of equilibrium of the periodic system of slits with partially contacting edges under the action of a compressive load reduces to the problem of linear coupling of analytical functions. Contact stresses and the sizes of contact zones, adhesion zones, and end zones of plastic deformations are determined.

The problem of determining the transversely isotropic tensor closest in Euclidean norm to a given anisotropic elastic modulus tensor is considered. An orthonormal basis in the space of transversely isotropic tensors for any given axis of symmetry was obtained by decomposition of a transversely isotropic tensor in the general coordinate system into an isotropic part, two deviator parts, and a nonoric part. The closest transversely isotropic tensor was obtained by projecting the general anisotropy tensor onto this basis. Equations for five coefficients of the transversely isotropic tensor were derived and solved. Three equations that are stationary conditions were obtained for the direction cosines of the axis of rotation (symmetry). Solving these equations yields the absolute minimum distance from the transversely isotropic tensor to the given anisotropic elastic modulus tensor. The transversely isotropic elastic modulus tensor closest to the cubic symmetry tensor was found.

The Lord-Shulman theory of generalized thermoelasticity based on a memory-dependent derivative is employed to study the propagation of plane harmonic waves in a two-dimensional semi-infinite thermoelastic medium. The numerical solution is analyzed for various values of the time delay parameter.

This paper describes a problem of the theory of elasticity for a three-layer material in which two layers located symmetrically relative to the central layer have identical properties. The central layer has a normal detachment crack whose tops are located in the neighboring layers. The solution of this problem is reduced to solving a system of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. A stress intensity factor for normal detachment cracks is determined, and its dependence on the problem parameters is investigated.

The purpose of this study is to prepare specimens of 10 and 20% nano Al₂O₃ particle reinforced LM25 metal matrix composites (MMCs) by stir casting. Another goal is to develop models using the response surface methodology (RSM) approach for predicting the surface roughness parameters and cutting force components during machining of the MMCs by a CBN7020 tool. With the help of the model developed, comparisons of 10 and 20 wt. % nano Al₂O₃ particle reinforced LM25 MMCs are performed. Combined effects of three cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut) on the surface roughness parameters and cutting force components are explored by using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The resultant values of the parameters are found to agree well with available experimental values.

This paper describes the simplest cases of a rectangular cantilever beam loaded by an concentrated force that is distributed by the load or dead weight. There are five geometric parameters whose optimal values can be calculated on the basis of five requirements: rigidity (or concentrated elastic energy), strength, equal strength, ratio of sectional sizes, and resistance to the shear force (strength condition in interlaminar shear). The parameter range is determined, outside of which the linear beam theory cannot be used to correctly calculate the bending of equal strength beams loaded by distributed forces or dead weight.

The main regularities of the degradation of the strength properties of structural materials (metals and alloys) resulting in a decrease in long-term strength were investigated. A mathematical model describing the viscoplastic deformation and damage accumulation in polycrystalline structural alloys in creep was developed using the equations of the mechanics of damaged media. The paper presents the results of experimental studies of the short-term creep of 12Kh18N9 steel and VZh-159 high-temperature alloy at constant temperatures and different stresses set in the samples and the results of experimental studies of creep recovery in some structural steels. The deformation and damage accumulation were studied numerically and the results were compared with the data of field experiments.

Four brittle materials are subjected to shock tests: gabbrodiabase, two modifications of cast iron, melted quartz, and beryllium. An interferometer is used to locally probe a free surface in order to calculate its velocity, thereby determining the criterion of the initial stage of brittle fracture of all materials tested - the formation of horizontal steps at the forefront of a compression pulse, which indicate the presence of local sources of fracture of the material. It is determined that the brittle material resists the shock compression as long as it has the reversible transfer of momentum and energy of the processes occurring at meso- and macrolevels.

Based on the elastic theory and the seepage flow theory, a new analytical solution with consideration of the seepage force is proposed to determine the external stress on the lining of a circular TBM tunnel. According to this solution, the relationships between the permeability coefficient of rock masses and the maximum allowable drainage flow are studied. The influence of the controlled drainage flow and the elastic modulus of surrounding rocks on the external stress is discussed. Moreover, in order to validate the results obtained from the elastic analytical solution developed in this paper, a comparison between the results obtained from the solution considering the seepage force and that without consideration of the seepage force is performed.

Based on the analysis of peculiarities of Siberia’s colonization during the period prior to 1917, the article discusses the issue on “colonial” status of Siberia, as well as economic and political- administrative factors which gave the birth to the colonial syndrome in its development. Historical analysis allows assertion that the notion “colony” when used in relation to Siberia isn’t quite relevant to the existing, habitual and established, meanings of this term. On the one hand, colonial syndrome should be seen as the inevitable development stage in the “life cycle” of newly developing territory, on the other hand, it had been conditioned by the deeper reasons of political nature concerned with the so called “minimalist” approach to managing the Siberian development. In significant part, these problems were the logical consequence of the structural weaknesses of the Russian economy in itself.

The article analyzes the views of N. M. Yadrintsev, who was of the largest researchers of Siberia and a representative of regionalism, his assessment of conditions and results of the Siberia development and peopling, colonization policy towards the region in historical retrospect and as compared to the European expansion in other regions of the world, his arguments in favor of voluntary colonization as opposed to other colonization models, his seeing of the most urgent problems of developing Siberia, such as Siberian indigenous peoples issues, use of natural resources, Siberian industry development, a sad state of education and culture, dominated state of trade monopolies in the region, and regional governance. The paper shows that N. M. Yadrintsev’s ideas became widespread in the intellectual environment and partly received support by government circles. While many problems have been solved, however, a vision of the region as a raw material colony, an object of external control, and some other aspects still remain challenging.

The article examines some different definitions of the Arctic supporting zone in the national legislative instruments and names zones’ main features. They are: general and social functions - to develop communication and resource potential, to improve quality of life; organizational setting - “project of projects” on the “special territory”; economic model - government-private partnership; spatial structure - transport and industrial framework, consisting of mail lines, hubs and various centers; type - the level of natural resource development, the maturity of specialization, the center and periphery ratio, the specifics of financial mechanisms. The authors have made the first comparative-rating analysis of those zones. The Methodology includes choice of a municipality as an operating unit, calculation of zones’ indicators summation of municipal indicators, use of the Municipal Passports data, rating calculation for each indicator and average overall. The rating allowed determining the factors of strong zone differentiation, which affect the socio-economic development of the Arctic regions. The region’s proposals for the projects in zones are considered. The authors find important to analyze of the mechanisms for the implementation of anchor and other investment projects.

The article discusses the historical and sociological aspects of the transformation of the image of Siberia in the public consciousness of Russians in the XIX - XXI centuries. Based on the analysis of the texts of historians and philosophers of the past, as well as modern researchers, the reasons for the ambivalent perception of the region are shown. It is concluded that the integration of Siberia into the sociocultural space of Russia is the result of the latter’s self-colonization. Modern exotisation of Siberia allows us to conclude that this process has not yet been fully completed.

The article analyzes the current state of the manufacturing industries in Russia under the conditions of sanctions that caused the problem of import substitution. The indicators of the state and development of the manufacturing industries, characterizing the scale and quality of production, indicators of production factors (labor and capital) and foreign trade activities were analyzed. The results of import substitution as a policy of increasing the competitiveness of Russian products with a view to bringing them to the world market are briefly discussed. It is concluded that, although the state officially set about creating a digital economy and a breakthrough in the export of high-tech and high-tech products, in reality, the technical and technological development of the country in terms of import substitution did not accelerate. The analysis can be regarded as a kind of monitoring of economic reforms in Russia, caused by sanctions and import substitution.

The purpose of the study is determining the prospects for technological development of engineering industry in the Krasnoyarsk Krai, which is one of the largest industrial regions of the Russian Federation.Based on the forecasts performed by leading Russian and international "think tanks" and a series of in-depth expert interviews key trends of mechanical engineering are identified: revolution in materials; digitalization of processes; cognitization of large-scale systems; institutional transformation. A "map" of new technologies in machinery construction was developed for an expert assessment of the prospects of these technologies; an expert survey was carried out.Based on the survey data, six groups (clusters) of technologies that vary in prospects for modernization and for the creation of new machinery construction enterprises in the Krasnoyarsk Krai were identified. Five groups with medium and high level of prospects include 24technologies; 15 of them are digital (63%). The research shows that the expected technological changes in engineering industry in the Krasnoyarsk Krai correspond to the global trends of digitalization and robotization, and this changes will take the form of "catch-up" modernization. A difficult ecological situation characteristic for the region determines the high priority of "monitoring of negative environmental impacts", "diagnostics of machinery and equipment", "technology ensuring environmental safety", etc.

The article deals with the development and adaptation problems of the regional machine- building complex of the Novosibirsk region. The differences of priorities of import substitution and export-oriented model of development are systematized; the necessity of domination of export-oriented strategy in modern conditions is shown; the factors influencing the formation of export potential of regional machine-building enterprises in recent years are revealed; the characteristics of regional institutions of support of exporters are given. In the work are also discussed measures to support the diversification of the regional production of machine-building complex implemented in the Novosibirsk region: the formation of the municipal order on civil products of the defense industry; the creation of centres for collective use of new technologies for the defence industry, oil and gas and other industries; the development of Technopark structures of industrial and industrial parks. As the priority directions of import substitution in the regional engineering the authors consider: the formation of clusters for the production of components for military and civilian equipment; development of processes of localization of production (creation of Assembly enterprises); production of new products at the traditional capacities of existing enterprises, interregional cooperation and integration, etc.

The current situation in the agrifood market is characterized, on the one hand, by the differentiation of food markets in terms of saturation, and on the other hand, by a reduction in consumer demand due to rising prices. Consumer prices in these segments are much lower than the level of inflation. The processes of import substitution in the food market occur against a background of a decline in consumer demand and an increase in the share of food expenditures in households. Analysis of regional statistics shows a high degree of stratification both in terms of production and consumption of food per capita. An outpacing increase in food prices casts doubt on the correctness of the choice of measures and instruments of protectionism. Proper protectionism, the author believes, can not be realized at the expense of reducing the standard of living of the population, but rather combine market mechanisms with point-wise temporary support for those industries that are characterized by growing profitability and high return on investment. The author considers it necessary to use the tools of the green box (in particular, the program of food cards), the lifting of the embargo on food imports and the introduction of export and import customs duties, depending on the degree of saturation and the formation of domestic industry markets.

In 2014 FAS of Russia proposed to introduce international exhaustion of trademarks rights regime in Russia (legalize parallel import of branded products) step by step for different product groups. Meanwhile FAS of Russia did not present criteria for selection of product groups for introduction of international exhaustion of rights at first. An objective of this study was to formulate criteria for selection of product categories for parallel imports legalization in the first place on the basis of existing experience of the assessment of parallel imports legalization effects and to identify these categories taking into consideration the analysis of the composition of “protected” trademarks (included in TROIS), international trade flows of branded goods and the volume of investments of the right holders in Russia.

The influence of the geopolitical and economic crisis of 2014 on the health of the residents of St. Petersburg was studied. According to the accepted hypothesis, the crisis had a negative impact on the health of the townspeople and the conditions for their livelihoods. To test the hypothesis, we examined the dynamics of indicators characterizing the health of the population, as well as the factors that affect it. To analyze pre-crisis trends, a linear trend was constructed for each indicator and extrapolated values for the two following the peak crisis were calculated. The main measure, which characterizes the impact of the crisis on the dynamics of the indicator, was a negative deviation from the trend in these years. More than twenty indicators were analyzed, which showed a negative deviation, a significant negative deviation from the trend of indicators of environmental protection, resource health care, consumption of food products. It is shown that the current healthcare development program of the city contains understated targets and does not take into account environmental factors, which reduces its effectiveness as an instrument of regional social policy. The proposed method makes it possible to calculate scientifically grounded targets for the programs of restorative development of the social sphere in St. Petersburg.

The results of American economists William Nordhaus and Pol Romer investigations are described in the article. They have got Nobel prize on economics for them. The general criterion for two winners is defined by which the Nobel Committee was guided really. It is introduction of feedbacks in economic and mathematical modeling. Methods of comparison of Nobel 2018 laureates ‘ achievements with the results of their predecessors (K. Arrow; R. Solow; J. Shmookler and others) are used. The progress made by the laureates themselves is noted. Three blocks in the models of W. Nordhaus and P. Romer are distinguished; and the functions of each of them are considered. The assumptions that underlie the models constructed by them are also considered.The author notes that climate change models are also being built in Russia; but there are no economic blocks in them; models of long-term economic growth with endogenous scientific and technological progress are formed in Russia also; but representatives of natural Sciences do not participate in them. It follows from the experience of the laureates that this gap should be bridged. The article also describes the hobbies of both winners.

The article deals with the phenomenon of deepening cyclical and structural instability of Russian economy, which has a negative impact on technological modernization and economic growth. According to the authors, the basis of economic cycles is a system of structural shifts of different directions and the expansion of contradictions in “structural crisis - structural shift” system. A structural-and-cyclical approach is proposed, revealing the nature of cyclicity, not only using its impact on structural shifts, technologies, investments (internal factors), but also through influence of external factors that lead to a qualitative transformation of the economic system. Based on the declared approach, the authors concluded that the depth of economic losses, the degeneracy of innovation, structural and technological sources of Russian economy is due to a high degree of market entropy, the prevalence of negative externalities in the economy, the imitative nature of institutional structures, the inertia of economic relations. All these negative factors are de-stimulating for technological modernization and force de-industrialization trend. The proposed approach allows establishing the genetic relationship between structural dynamics and cyclic fluctuations, reveals the dialectic of the impact of cyclic intervention on structural parameters and reverse influence of structural correlations (stability and instability) on the depth and nature of the cycle as a whole, on interphase and intraphase transitions in particular. Obviously, in this case, the research object is expanded, the model of interaction between the cycle and the structure of the economy becomes clearer, which makes it possible to identify algorithms for their interrelation and influence on macroeconomic indicators. The features of the impact of cyclical dynamics on structural shifts of the economy are determined: the shift is the primary structural determinant. It has been substantiated that the structural cycle of Russian economy is deformed, since the crisis does not eliminate disproportions in the economic structure but acquires features of a degenerative type of transformation. In conditions of increasing cyclical and structural instability, the integrated model of structural-and-anticyclical policy acquires special significance. To change the trajectory of Russia’s economic development, an integrated model of counter- cyclical and structural policies is needed.

The work specifies the notion of structural deformations as a reproductive category with multiple effects in the economic structure. Structural deformations are considered possible in a fast growing innovation economy. Such deformations arise from inherent features of innovation such as: uncertainty of innovation, highdynamics of the process, peculiarities of innovative products and innovation cycles, existence of pseudo innovations, etc. It is suggested necessary to consider additional distortions of economic structure, arising in the process of modernization of Russian economy.

The work evaluates the innovative potential of Rostov region’s economy, formed as a result of the implementation of the region’s innovation policy, which has shown inefficiency in the use of the sufficiently high scientific, technical, innovative and educational potential of the region due to a number of problem areas for innovative development of the regional economy. This determined the research task of justifying directions of the regional economic policy aimed at innovative restructuring of the regional economy. To solve this problem, a benchmarking method was used that provided identification of international best practices in the implementation of economic policy in the context of rapid deployment of the 4th Industrial Revolution, which includes the following areas: neo-industrialization, digitalization and formation of regional innovation system. This allowed building a cognitive model that ensures deployment of regional economic policy from goal-setting, through criteria and metrics to the result of an innovative restructuring of the economy of the Rostov region. If neo- industrialization is identified as one of the three directions of targeted orientation of the regional policy of innovation restructuring of the economy, the high growth rates of the regional industry are used as its criterion, and one of the metrics is connection to achievements of the 4th industrial revolution, in particular, the development of Don designers on this level, as well as the use of m2m tariffs of cellular companies. As a metric testing strategy for development of digital economy, the road map “Digitalization of the urban environment in Rostov-on- Don” was used. Finally, as an indicator of the last component of the cognitive model of innovation restructuring of the economy of Rostov region - a regional innovation system - an audit of its elements was used.

Forward growth of gross regional product in the Far East macro-region does not lead to adequate improvement of socio-demographic indicators in terms of sustainable development. The increase of value-added production mainly comes from commodity-producing industries rather than high-tech manufacturing. There is a significant imbalance in the dynamics of the reproductive sector development: from innovative - investment, consumer or infrastructure towards raw materials and energy. Commodity industry is the principal recipient of investment but it fails to create additional jobs. This, in the long run, undermines implementation of government plans for stable and growing population. The current social and economic policies may not produce expected results. The paper argues for necessary development of an innovative sector of the economy in the macro- region. The proposal is transition to a modern version of the State regional policy of polarized development - the concept of regional innovation system as a method to solve the problem. An efficiency assessment is made of its practical application in the Far East region. The proposed institutional changes will improve the socio- economic situation and start transition to a modern innovative type of reproduction in the macro-region.

This articles continue the series of publications with short reports about results of forecasting Russian economy development with expert-statistical Bayesian method. The special feature of this method is that it can be used under the circumstances of strong uncertainty. The fifth step of the research model focussed on social problems. As a result the picture of the most probable future scenario was formulated according to experts’ estimations and their interpretation. Numerical modeling shows strong connection between this picture and resources, Eastern and peripheral scenarios of our model.

The article analyzes the possibility of economic growth in Russia on the basis of potential of its investors. It is shown that gross domestic product (GDP) is still the main indicator reflecting economic growth. However, the conditions for transition to the Inclusive Development Index (IDI) as an indicator of economic growth are being formed. The revealed features of investment activity of organizations reflect the assessment of risk appetite, dynamics and structure of investments in fixed assets. Analysis of investment objectives and sources of financing of investments in fixed assets allowed determining the dynamics of importance of these indicators and recommendations for the use of financial investments of organizations. For this purpose, the relations between investments in fixed capital and financial investments of companies are determined. The place and role of separate financial instruments (equity and debt) for financing investments in fixed capital are investigated. On the example of individual investors (population) a detailed analysis of the population as an investor from the standpoint of investment preferences for financial instruments, which allowed to clarify the financial potential of this type of investors.

The article provides an interim assessment of achieved target indicators of the Strategy for Development of Agricultural Engineering in Russia for the period of up to 2020, which allowed the author to conclude that the results achieved by the industry do not match the expectations. Changes in the strategic planning system associated with coming into force of federal law No. 172-FZ have led to adoption of new strategic documents for development of domestic agricultural engineering. Therefore, the author examines the key intentions of the state regarding the industry in the new realities in terms of their validity and consistency. The result was the conclusion about poor quality of developed strategic documents that have not yet become real management tools.

The paper describes typical strategies that the players of the financial market implement in order to adapt themselves to the FinTech revolution. Sets of strategies are presented as two portfolio matrices based on the following criteria: degree of innovativeness of company’s activities, degree of innovativeness ofproduct, specialization. The latter criterion was introduced due to the fact that many non-financial companies enter financial market.A detailed description is given for each strategy. It is necessary to keep in mind that all strategies that were identified in the present paper are ideal ones. In reality financial market players can combine them. Examples of such combinations are given.

The article disproves the current myths about the functioning of the credit card market in Russia in the area of: a) the insignificance of the banking segment; b) the«usual» cost of borrowing; c) ease of use of grace-periods (preferential interest- free periods); d) low impact on the growth of borrowers’ debt load; e) the possibility of using non-activated cards as a strategic financial reserve; e) economic attractiveness of a new type of credit card - installment cards; g) foreign experience in the functioning of the credit card market in developed countries (using the example of the UK). On the basis of analysis carried out by the author, he has formulated a number of major problems that impede the effective development of the credit card market in Russia at the present stage and suggested a number of debatable solutions.

The article discusses historical forms of PPP, demonstrates that PPP was present throughout the history of the state as such. It is shown at the example of Russia that the advanced forms of PPP (fief, an analogue of concession) may appear earlier than simple ones (farming). It is shown that PPP can generate and systematically generates corruption. Although PPP was present almost everywhere, it took root and developed in different countries in different ways. The development of PPP is intermittent and uneven. PPP contributed to formation of important sustainable forms of economic and legal relationships. The scale of PPPs, measured in terms of their share in gross investment, is relatively small, but significant. Thanks to PPP, the state retains control over important assets, primarily real estate, and receives investments and effective management services from private business.