Home – Home – Jornals – Chemistry for Sustainable Development 2025 number 6

This study is developed to estimate the proportion of sorbed water converted to ice and hydrate during the interaction of wet sand samples with methane by NMR relaxometry method. It was demonstrated that a thin film of tightly bound water exists in small pores at the rock-fluid interface. This water does not freeze at the subzero temperatures achieved during the experiment; its quantity remains constant, regardless of the sample's water content. The amount of tightly bound water, as well as the amount of water converted to ice and hydrate, was calculated for all samples. Based on the known hydrate stoichiometry, the amount of methane converted to hydrate was calculated. Based on the obtained data, the optimal water content in the sample was determined, which would result in the greatest amount of hydrate formation.

Composite silicon (Si) layers containing a synthesized narrow-bandgap indium arsenide (InAs) phase are of interest from the viewpoint of extending the optical absorption region and photoresponse of Si to the near and mid-IR region (λ = 1-3.5 μm). In this work, we investigate single-crystal Si layers subjected to sequential implantation with In⁺ and As⁺ ions followed by thermal annealing in a furnace (solid-phase crystallization) or pulsed nanosecond annealing with a C⁺/H⁺ ion beam (liquid-phase crystallization). By means of scanning electron microscopy, secondary ion-mass spectrometry, x-ray diffraction, optical infrared spectroscopy, and photoconductivity methods, the structural, optical, and photoelectric properties of the composite layers are studied. It is shown that pulsed annealing leads to deep diffusion of As atoms into Si to 1 μm with the formation of a solid solution Si:As, and the In impurity is pushed to the surface. Thermal annealing leads to a slight redistribution of impurities and to the formation of secondary phases of InAs and In₂O₃. In both cases, a high electron concentration (~ 2 × 10²⁰ cm^-3) is achieved, and an intense absorption band with a maximum at 3.6 μm is detected. The photoresponse spectra of the mesa diodes at 300 K show a photosensitivity region of 0.5-1.2 μm, comparable with a typical Si photodiode. No photoresponse was detected in the region of 1.2-2.4 μm.

The method of THz radiation modulation based on the semiconductor-metal phase transition in vanadium dioxide (VO₂) is explored. Thermal heating of the VO₂ film on the silicon substrate above the metallic state temperature results in ~80% reduction of THz radiation transmission. For two-electrode VO₂ film structures with a millimeter-sized interelectrode gap, heating the film by electric current leads to ~42% transmission reduction only. At the same time, due to heating of the VO₂ film substrate, a slow (seconds-running) cooling process and the reverse transition of the film to the semiconductor state occur. To increase the modulation frequency up to hundreds of kHz, it is proposed to create a structured system of separated micron-sized VO₂-elements instead of a continuous film, which allows for much faster cooling of such elements confirmed experimentally.

In this work, we study the temperature- and electrically-induced phase transition in thin vanadium dioxide films by spectral and microellipsometry methods. It is shown that the resistance of the vanadium dioxide film changes dramatically, by more than three orders of magnitude, at a temperature of about 67 °C, which is associated with the semiconductor-metal phase transition. Using the developed numerical algorithm for solving the inverse ellipsometry problem, the spectral dependences of the refractive n(λ) and absorption k(λ) indices for the semiconductor and metallic phases of vanadium dioxide are calculated from experimentally determined parameters Ψ and Δ. In the ultraviolet and visible regions of the spectrum, the changes in n and k are found to be insignificant upon heating, whereas in the near-infrared range there is a sharp redistribution of the optical response associated with the phase transition in vanadium dioxide. It is shown that the greatest changes in the refractive and absorption indices occur at a wavelength of 1100 nm and range from 2.94 to 1.57 and from 0.91 to 1.95, respectively. A reversible change in the parameters Ψ and Δ is detected by microellipsometry during the electrically initiated formation of a thin conductive filament in vanadium dioxide between two contact pads. The results obtained demonstrate the promise of vanadium dioxide for use in tunable optical and optoelectronic devices in the near and middle infrared ranges.

This work presents the design and experimental investigation of a prototype heat flux sensor based on a thin YBaCuO film deposited by pulsed laser deposition onto single-crystal Al₂O₃(1̅102) substrates. A technologically simple approach is proposed for producing oriented YBCO films without expensive miscut substrates, enabling the realization of the transverse thermoelectric effect. Comprehensive studies of the morphology, phase composition, and thermoelectric properties of the films deposited at various substrate temperatures are carried out. The sensor prototype fabricated from the film grown at 700 °C demonstrates the maximum sensitivity of 177 μV∙cm²/W, comparable to that of reference water-cooled sensors.

The work is aimed at numerical simulation of electromagnetic characteristics of multiresonant metamaterials, consisting of microresonators made of vanadium dioxide and silicon designed to operate in the infrared range. The dependence of the spectral response on the metamaterial geometric parameters and reflection coefficient contrast during the semiconductor-metal transition in vanadium dioxide is analyzed. It is shown that the electromagnetic response in the infrared range is determined by the Mie resonances, as well as by the plasmon and quasi-guided resonances. Hybrid metamaterials on silicon substrates can ensure higher reflection coefficient switching contrast in a wider spectrum compared to similar structures on quartz substrates. Spectral dependencies of the switching power threshold for metamaterials on quartz and silicon substrates are determined.

Cleaning the surface of InSb from oxides is an important step in epitaxial growth and post-growth technological processes, since the oxide layer leads to the formation of defects in epitaxial layers and degradation of device parameters. It is shown that cleaning the InSb surface from oxides by annealing in an indium flux reduces the maximum annealing temperature and surface roughness compared to thermal annealing in vacuum: the root mean square roughness of the InSb surface is found to be 1.2 nm after cleaning by annealing in vacuum at 400 °C and 0.9 nm after cleaning by annealing in an indium flux at 355 °C followed by annealing in vacuum at 380 °C. The lower surface roughness of the InSb substrates after the cleaning step improves the crystal quality of the grown epitaxial layers. Based on the in-situ monitoring of oxide desorption by high energy electron diffraction, it is shown that the antimony flux slows down the indium oxide desorption process, which leads to the necessity of increasing the maximum annealing temperature.

In this paper, we present the results of a study of Al_xGa_1-xN layers with different Al contents grown by ammonia molecular beam epitaxy on Al₂O₃ substrates using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that the inversion domains from the AlN buffer layers do not grow to the film surface during further growth of Al_xGa_1-xN layers with Al contents x ≤ 0.2. In the Al_xGa_1-xN layers with 0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.5, plateau-shaped defects extending to a height of more than 200 nm form above the inversion domains; at x ≥ 0.5, plateau-shaped defects extend through the entire Al_xGa_1-xN layers.

A numerical solution of the direct scattering problem for the one-dimensional Helmholtz equation is considered. Within the framework of the transfer matrix method, an implicit difference scheme for the transfer matrix of the second order of approximation accuracy is obtained by the integral method. Based on the duplication strategy, the convolution theorem, and the fast Fourier transform, an algorithm for the accelerated solution of the Helmholtz equation is presented, which asymptotically requires only O(Nlog²N) arithmetic operations. Numerical modeling of the scattering problem is performed using the example of an exponential smooth layer whose solution is known. Numerical simulation has confirmed the accuracy and high speed of the proposed algorithm, which is necessary in practical applications for optical and acoustic sensing of media in applied optics and acoustics.

The subwavelength scattering of a plane electromagnetic wave normally incident onto an array of parallel cylinders is considered. If the wavelength is much longer than the lattice period, then a quasi-static approximation can be used. The solution for the electric field potential is presented as a series of the Laplace operator eigenfunctions. To find the coefficients of the series, a conformal mapping that drastically simplifies the boundary conditions is used. The result of solving the Laplace equation by the conformal mapping method is compared to the calculation of the wave problem in the COMSOL^® Multiphysics. The quantitative difference between the electric field intensities obtained is less than 1% at a wavelength 60 times greater than the grating period.

Image registration methods are widely used in processing satellite images of the Earth. This solves the problem of establishing the correspondence of images of the same landmark obtained from different distances, different angles, under different lighting conditions, at different times of the year, etc. This article presents a method for assessing the potential accuracy of localization of area and linear landmarks of significant sizes, which can be considered flat given the altitude of the orbit from which the survey is made. The accuracy of localization is determined depending on the shape of the vector reference image, its size, accuracy, and the accuracy of localization of the boundaries of the observed image of the object. It is shown that, under favorable conditions, it is possible to obtain subpixel accuracy of localization of area and linear objects of significant sizes.

The problem of creating a control system for angular movements of a quadcopter that takes into account the transient process of traction motors is considered. Motion equations are obtained for a two-dimensional model of an apparatus mounted on a gyroscopic stand. This model takes into account the displacement of the vehicle rotation center relative to the center of mass and the transient process of the engines in the form of a first-order device reaction. A regulator based on the structural synthesis method is proposed, which ensures quadcopter setting in a given orientation. The algorithm effectiveness is confirmed by the results of HIL modeling, taking into account the noise and time delays of the real device.

Jamming, as well as various types of spoofing of signals from satellite navigation systems, which are currently the most effective tools in terms of positioning accuracy for moving objects, create a need to search for alternative navigation methods that ensure both accuracy and autonomy in solving the navigation problem. Among such approaches, various methods of integrating inertial navigation systems (INS) with optical navigation systems (ONS) can be highlighted, as they ensure the maximum accuracy over long intervals of motion and the minimum cost. For objects moving along arbitrary trajectories (in the absence of terrain maps and reference points), the existing methods of processing information from optical navigation systems, obtained in the form of an optical flow velocity field, enable the estimation of the current object's velocity projections - both linear and angular. However, the application of traditional methods, firstly, does not allow solving the navigation problem as a whole (determining the object's coordinates and its spatial orientation angles) and, secondly, leads to computational costs that are often critical for onboard computers. In this regard, the article considers an approach that combines the capabilities of an inertial navigation system, which provides a comprehensive solution to the autonomous navigation problem, and a developed optical observer of the object's motion parameters. This observer allows for autonomous estimation of navigation parameters without preliminary calculation of the velocity field, i.e., with the minimal computational costs. For a more complete coverage of the problem, cases of rigid camera mounting on the object, as well as its two- and three-axis stabilization, are considered. The final synthesis of algorithms for stochastic estimation of the object's motion parameters, which accounts for the uncertainty of the probabilistic characteristics of noise in a real inertial-optical navigation system, is carried out considering the possibility of subsequent application of methods from the modern nonlinear filtering theory. Due to specific features that arose during the development of the considered inertial-optical navigation system - namely, the correlation between the object and observer noises - a variant of the extended Kalman filter for correlated noises is used for stochastic estimation of the navigation parameter vector. The results of numerical modeling of the proposed navigation algorithm illustrate the possibility of its effective practical application.

This work deals with the problem of remote monitoring of forest areas in hard-to-reach places for early detection of fires. The analysis of methods and technologies of automation of this process is carried out, including the use of unmanned aerial vehicles and neural network algorithms for detecting flames and smoke on images obtained from remote operational monitoring cameras. A solution is proposed for organizing wireless communication and transmitting information to operational response centers based on a prototype of an energy-efficient ad-hoc network, which can be used under conditions of limitations imposed by terrain topography, remoteness and size of the territory, and allows for taking into account weather conditions and various geographical features of the region where video surveillance is being organized. The paper presents the results of testing both the prototype of the entire fire detection information system and the throughput of the ad-hoc network created during the research. Conclusions are drawn about the prospects for the development of the proposed hardware and software complex.

Introduction. For a millennium, one of the main issues of Russian philosophical thought has been the question of forming a moral ideal that would contribute to the prosperity of the Fatherland. Having passed through the centuries, accumulating and being framed, its constant component remained love for the Motherland. The post-Soviet period, which made serious adjustments to the ideological and moral guidelines, has largely changed the attitude of the younger generation to patriotism. Distortion of historical memory, falsification of history, replacement of the traditional paradigm of education with personalistic models, and a decrease in the role of education in shaping the image of the future generation have led to serious social losses. Methodology. Based on the analysis of the results of large-scale sociological studies conducted over the past five years by the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion, the Russian Society of Sociologists, the Russian Academy of Education and the Academy of Sciences, as well as the country’s leading universities, a conclusion was made about the need to form a modern concept of education based on our own traditions and centuries-old ethical standards. Discussion. The author’s approach to the education of active patriotism as a spiritual and moral organizing principle of the young generation of Russians is proposed, which requires turning to the methodology of social axiology and ethics of education. Civic duty and the obligation to protect the interests of one’s country is one of the foundations of educational strategy today. In this regard, three main concepts have been identified that require special attention to the perception of work ethics as an integral part of the lifestyle, family as a life value and volunteering as a public benefit. Conclusion. A conceptual approach to the formation of spiritual and moral public consciousness will make it possible to create a model that regulates the functioning of social and educational institutions and mobilizes the social intelligence, emotional development and spiritual potential of the Russian public, ready to withstand external challenges.

Introduction. The article is a comprehensive socio-philosophical analysis of massive open online courses (MOOCs) as a key element of the modern system of continuous education. The relevance of the work is due to the rapid digitalization of educational processes, globalization of the educational market and fundamental changes in social structures in the post-industrial society. The purpose of the study is to identify the philosophical foundations and social consequences of the spread of MOOCs, as well as a comprehensive analysis of their impact on the availability of knowledge, the transformation of cultural capital and new models of professional development. The research methodology is based on the synthesis of dialectical and systemic analysis, which allows for a combination of philosophical reflection with a comprehensive study of modern educational trends (principles of andragogy, social theory of education, cultural and historical approach, etc.). Discussion. The study focuses on new social phenomena: radical transformation of the traditional roles of teacher and student, rethinking the concept of cultural capital, formation of a fundamentally new digital educational identity. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of the reproduction of social inequality in new digital forms, commercialization of educational content and its impact on the quality of knowledge, as well as a radical change in epistemological models in the context of fragmentation and modularization of learning. Conclusion. The main conclusion of the study emphasizes the dual nature of the influence of massive online courses on modern education. On the one hand, they really expand access to knowledge and create new opportunities for lifelong learning. On the other hand, they give rise to previously unknown forms of educational exclusion associated with digital inequality, differences in motivation and ability to self-organize. In the future, the author highlights the ethical aspects of digital education, the long-term impact of online learning on the processes of socio-cultural adaptation, as well as the transformation of cognitive strategies in the digital educational environment.

Introduction. Contemporary research highlights the contradictory impact of generative AI (GenAI) on critical thinking. On the one hand, the use of GenAI contributes to the development of analytical skills, reduction of cognitive load, and the formation of sustained attention. On the other hand, it may lead to dependency, cognitive offloading, and “metacognitive laziness”. This divergence raises the question of alternative conceptual frameworks that can explain why some forms of interaction with GenAI strengthen critical thinking, while others weaken it. Moreover, given the rapid turnover of GenAI generations, such explanations cannot be reduced to the characteristics of individual models, since these become obsolete faster than they can be thoroughly analyzed. Methodology. The article employs A. Clark’s concept of “cognitive loops”, which describes thinking as a distributed process extending beyond individual consciousness and incorporating external agents. Based on an analysis of data on the influence of GenAI on critical thinking, a model of the cognitive loop ‘Consciousness - GenAI - Consciousness’ is proposed, consisting of four phases: generation, externalization, GenAI output, and internalization. Discussion. The typology of cognitive loops shows that the quality of critical thinking depends not on the mere fact of using GenAI, but on how the interaction is organized. Two key parameters are proposed: the priority of prompt/output and the level of skeptical pressure. The combinations of these parameters form four types of cognitive loops of critical thinking, which demonstrate in which cases GenAI supports critical thinking and in which it substitutes for it. Conclusion. Interaction with GenAI neither inherently adds to nor diminishes critical thinking, but rather transforms the space in which such thinking becomes possible. The proposed typology of cognitive loops of critical thinking identifies the parameters of this transformation and provides a foundation for the development of practices capable of shifting the balance toward strengthening rather than substituting critical thinking.

Introduction. In modern philosophy of education, special attention is paid to the problem of substantiating a new strategy for the development of the education system in the context of its digitalization. The aim of the theoretical study was to identify the main axiological foundations and social factors that influence the process of professional personality formation in modern conditions of society development. Methodology. In the context of socio-philosophical research, modern research is analyzed that actualizes the problems of professional development of a modern personality. The main methods were generalization and systematization. Discussion. The formation of a professional’s personality in his socialization is carried out under the influence of many different social factors (economic, social, political, spiritual). Economic factors in the process of professional personality formation are reflected in the search for solutions to the problems of globalization of education and economic growth in general, the issues of emerging universities of the future, the personalization of education at the same time, and the assessment of the quality of the formed workforce. Social factors are considered in modern research in the context of such basic problems as assessing the socio-professional success of a personality, studying the formation of social success, identifying the specifics of personification of the subject of activity; assessing the level of development of thinking of specialists. Political factors in the process of professional personality formation are considered in the context of solving such basic problems as assessing the sustainable development of an organization in conditions of instability, the dependence of organizational changes on the response to changes in the external environment, and the focus of organizational culture on achieving strategic goals. Spiritual factors in the process of professional personality formation are considered in modern research in the context of such basic problems as the identification of value and semantic orientations of professional educational activity; the identification of personality self-identification features in the context of emerging new socio-cultural characteristics of society. Conclusion. The identified aspects that determine the specifics of the main axiological foundations and socio-cultural factors that influence the process of professional personality formation in modern conditions of society development are summarized.

Introduction. Modern society and the value system of its representatives are changing significantly under the influence of Internet technologies and social networks in the course of intensive digitalization. The work of social networks is based on the principle of recommendation algorithmization, as a result of which the user receives content in accordance with their preferences, interests, political views and value system, and content is personalized. Further, the so-called “information bubbles” are formed, understood as a limited/immeasurable digital space formed by the interests and preferences of the user. These spaces have an impact on modern society. The research methodology is based on an ontological analysis of existing works on the problem of the transformation of the information space, which consists in the appearance of relatively new “components”: information bubbles, “filter bubbles”, “epistemic echo bubbles”, “echo chambers”, significantly changing the perception of reality by man and society as a whole in the direction of distortion. Discussion. The purpose of the article is to consider the phenomenon of the “information bubble” in the ontological aspect, to explore the principles of algorithmization of content in social networks. There are not enough studies devoted to the consideration of this problem. It is necessary to pay close attention to the algorithmization of content, the formation of information bubbles, as they influence the formation of the worldview of the younger generation and adjust the value system of adults, whose worldview, as expected, has already been formed. Conclusion. The formation of a modern person’s worldview and value system occurs under the influence of social networks, where he chooses articles, opinions, images of interest to him, and then recommendation algorithms provide information confirming his views, thereby creating an information bubble. The concepts of “information bubble”, “filter bubbles”, “epistemic echo bubbles”, “echo chambers”, their influence on the formation of the worldview of society, its value system are considered. A model of a triple content selection filter and models of Internet communication are presented.

Introduction. Existing concepts of teaching philosophy face the need for meta-didactic justification in the context of the transformation of educational paradigms. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to overcome the limitations of approaches that appeal predominantly to the historical and philosophical tradition of conveying philosophical problems without properly articulating the challenges of modernity. Methodology. The study uses historical-critical and interdisciplinary approaches, including a comparative philosophical and epistemological analysis of the concepts of the philosophy of education, metaphilosophy, the philosophy of didactics, and the philosophy of science in the context of their interrelation with the problems of teaching philosophy. This approach allows us to systematize various educational paradigms and determine the degree of their influence on the contemporary teaching of philosophy and philosophical education. Discussion. The study substantiates the thesis that the development of a relevant approach to teaching philosophy requires its placement in a broader context related to the philosophy of education. Various concepts of teaching philosophy typically focus on the programmatic basis and the level of detail, which determine the value of the content and the possibility of adaptation to the audience. The importance of situating metadidactic proposals within a broad conceptual context, addressing the basic level of reflection, and addressing changes in cognitive and axiological assumptions is emphasized. Challenges of contemporary education are considered: the elimination of the sapient dimension, subjectivism, the fragmentation of knowledge, and educational helplessness. Particular attention is paid to the integrative potential of philosophical knowledge, capable of overcoming interdisciplinary disunity and promoting the formation of a holistic worldview. A return to a realistic, objectivist, and universalistic approach to the teaching and study of philosophy is advanced as a methodological imperative, capable of reviving the sapient focus of education. Conclusion. Metadidactic reflection promotes alignment with the philosophy of education, emphasizing the stabilizing and culture-forming role of philosophy. Metaphilosophical analysis allows for a concretization of the premises and value of teaching theories, providing their reliable conceptual justification. Classical philosophy is seen as a condition for educational experience aimed at the holistic development of the individual and the return of education to its humanistic essence.

Introduction. This study discusses the technologies of innovative industrialization based on the electric power industry in a hybrid format, which can increase the productivity of enterprises in various sectors of the economy, as well as solve a range of educational problems. The Republic of Tyva is chosen as an example of energy production in short supply. The discussion is intended for master’s students in the field of electric power engineering who study the subject of philosophy of technical sciences, which is taught by professors with a classical philosophical background, and many aspects of science and technology are presented in a highly condensed form. Methodology. The philosophy of education is designed to reveal the ontological foundations of any technical field, which is why the initial methodology for studying the electrification of the Republic of Tyva was based on the sociology of education, the economics of education, and the philosophical and historical genesis of socio-economic events. By using the philosophy of education as a foundation and relying on its methodological framework, it became possible to integrate all areas of research. Discussion. Given the needs of the region’s diversified economy for professional personnel, alternative methods of electrification are being studied based on general scientific methodological approaches (the evolution of economic views on the development of the energy sector, and the educational needs of the new stage of transformations in the electric power industry) to assess the impact of using solar power plants as a tactical link in predicting successful socioeconomic development. It has been shown that the development of hybrid energy in the Republic of Tyva will, on the one hand, lead to a decrease in the cost of electricity and the development of the mining industry, and the socio-economic justification for the need to use alternative energy sources will reduce the likelihood of the region being cut off from electricity in the event of an accident on the only power line. Conclusion. The reorientation of the energy supply policy for the population, the public utilities sector, and other sectors of the economy towards safe energy sources includes the possibility of transitioning from traditional sources to solar energy technologies and from there to hybrid forms. The discussion of these measures from the perspective of the philosophy of education will have an impact on, and in the long term, will improve the quality of life and standards for the population of the Republic of Tyva.

Introduction. The article concretizes the issue of the university code. This question was raised by the authors earlier. The specification concerns the concept of “stability”, which is not identical to concept of “eternity”. Relevance. Modern university is very different from the one that was originated in the Middle Ages and had a long history. Modern university has chаnged the paradigm of its development, purpose, tasks, mission. It is being reformed constantly. It is necessary to think about its new understanding. The problematic questions are the next. What is а “university code” and “university spirit”? What is their significance for the stability of the university? Methodology. It is necessary to show that the university code is identical to its idea. The authors understand the idea of university from the point view of Plato’s methodology, namely from the point of view its teaching on eidos. But they clarify of concept of the code and talk about its two parts: logos (rational cognition the truth) and aesthesis (the spirit of the university, that is, its irrational understanding the code is the trust of the university, because it ensures its historical stability. The idea, or the code, or the eidos of university is its “universalizing matrix”, which find self-justification by changes of the concept of “universalization”. For example, the modern concept of “universalization” is considered by article through practice-oriented education of modern university, which characterizes model of “the university 3.0”. Conclusion. The authors argues that the code and spirit of the university must be preserved.

Introduction. The research is devoted to the problems of bilingual education and the preservation of the native languages of the peoples of Russia, using the Republic of Ingushetia as a case study. The aim of the study is to answer the question of how global and internal socio-economic processes influence language policy. Methodology. The theoretical and methodological foundation is a synthesis of the world-systems analysis (I. Wallerstein, G. Arrighi) and P. Bourdieu’s concept of forms of capital. Discussion. This synthesis allowed for the problem to be analyzed as a consequence of the cyclical fluctuations of a territorially vast semiperiphery (strategies of “integration” and “de-linking” with the world-system) and the socio-economic hierarchy, in which language is considered a form of cultural capital possessing varying degrees of convertibility into other forms of capital (economic, social, symbolic). Historical evidence demonstrates how language policy towards the Ingush population changed depending on the overall strategy of the Russian/Soviet state. In the modern period, the Ingush language, despite natural bilingualism and its official state status in the republic, is in a «vulnerable» position according to the UNESCO classification. The school serves as a key institution that not only reproduces the nation but is also capable of reinforcing social inequality through linguistic standards and curricula. The education system faces a lack of high-quality textbooks, bilingual teaching methodologies, a shortage of qualified personnel, and institutional conditions that diminish the status of the Ingush language. The existing support for the Ingush language at the regional level proves insufficient to bridge the gap in the convertibility of linguistic capitals. Conclusion. Russia’s language policy has a pendulum-like character, oscillating between a tendency towards diversity and a tendency towards intensified unification (through Russification), influenced by world-systemic and geopolitical factors.

Introduction. The study is devoted to the analysis of the Russian idea in education, the main philosophical and ontological approaches affecting the general structure and content of education are investigated. Methodology. The study applies socio-cultural and civilizational approaches in the perspective of comparative analysis of the philosophical and ontological foundations of Western and Russian education. Discussion. The philosophical and ontological foundations of modern knowledge were formed from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries. Philosophical and ontological approaches, developed mainly by Western civilization by the mid-nineteenth century, were taken as the basis. This is the postulation of the two main alternative foundations of the world - unilateral (partial) materialism and idealism, which are realized, first of all, in the teachings of religious idealism and scientific materialism. Materialism was identified with science in the aspect of the bodily or material atomic-molecular basis of the world. And the comprehension of the immaterial world - spiritual and moral, became the prerogative of idealistic and religious comprehension. The Russian scientist A. A. Bogdanov was the first to publish a fundamental work on the general theory of systems, laying the philosophical and ontological foundations of systemic philosophy as a holistic, non-disjointed knowledge about the world, about systems of any nature - inorganic, organic, social, spiritual. The opposition between materialism and idealism was overcome and the whole knowledge was restored as the unity of the World. This direction of the ideas of Russian philosophy as a whole knowledge about the world in the twentieth century acquired a philosophical and ontological form of systemic philosophy as synthetic dualism. These two different civilizational philosophical and ontological concepts - Western and Russian - formed the basis of the specifics of natural-scientific, socio-humanitarian, anthropic and technical-technological knowledge, which laid different foundations for education - dismembered knowledge of the universal in Western ontology and whole complementary knowledge in the Russian worldview. Conclusion. It is stated that there are alternative philosophical and ontological concepts of being - Western (partial, internally dismembered, conflicting) and Russian (holistic, internally unified, harmonious).

Introduction. An analysis of the factors of social development is presented, new strategic goals are identified for understanding and improving the “quality” of the person himself, developing criteria for this quality that are adequate to reproduce the “flow of social development”. It is these aspects of the educational space that have been the subject of research. The methodological basis is the conceptual and theoretical foundations of the socio-philosophical analysis of the media space, elite and mass education, the subject of educational interaction, as well as the foundations of the balance of human life and society. Discussion. The author formulates the conceptual and theoretical foundations of socio-philosophical analysis in the field of the enlightenment paradigm of media space, elite and mass education, the ontology of the subject of educational interaction, the ethics of physicality, the value attitude to national and cultural traditions in modern conditions, the formation of a professional personality, as well as the search for the value foundations of the balance of human life and society. In most cases, the author’s research was applied in nature, and it identifies man as a phenomenon of the material and existential world. In conclusion, the results of the analysis are summarized and the special role of social axiology in human cognition is emphasized, which should not turn into a simple interpretation of the data of the humanities. The conceptual development of human ontological problems is reflected in the author’s ideas: “The problem of man in modern philosophy”, “Media education as a subject of the theory of knowledge”, “Philosophy of the essence of man”, “Human physicality”, “Man - activity - communication”, “Prospects of human education”, etc. The assessments of social subjects and their implementation, the formation of a new model of the educational space and the understanding of its value bases are presented as the actual socio-philosophical aspects of the study.

2025 was an anniversary year for the Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FRC CCC SB RAS, Kemerovo), and in 2024, the Institute of Coal Chemistry and Material Science (ICCMS), which is now part of FRC CCC SB RAS, celebrated its 50th anniversary. The chronology of the ICCMS formation is presented below. From October 7 to 9, 2025, the city of Kemerovo hosted the 14th International Russian-Kazakhstani Symposium “Carbon Chemistry and Ecology of Kuzbass”, dedicated to the 10th anniversary of FRC CCC SB RAS. This issue of the journal “Chemistry for Sustainable Development” presents materials on the best presentations of the symposium participants.

The study presents a comparative investigation of the yield of gaseous products released during the pyrolysis of a tableted sample of lignite microparticles under the influence of pulsed-periodic laser radiation (6 Hz, 1064 nm, 0.2-2 J/cm²) with nanosecond (12 ns) and microsecond (120 μs) pulse durations. The laser pyrolysis of the coal samples was conducted in an argon atmosphere, with the gaseous products analysed using mass spectrometry. The gaseous pyrolysis products under microsecond pulses contained H₂, CH₄, H₂O, CO, and CO₂, while under nanosecond pulses, H₂, CH₄, C₂H₂, CO, and CO₂ were detected. The yield of gaseous products and the proportion of combustible gases per unit laser pulse energy density were higher for nanosecond laser irradiation. The mass of ablation products from the tableted coal microparticle sample under nanosecond pulses of the same energy density was greater than under microsecond pulses. The observed results are attributed to optical breakdown induced by high-intensity nanosecond pulses, leading to the increased formation of gaseous products and the generation of a stronger shock wave, causing ejection of particles from the tableted sample volume and rapid sample destruction.

A detailed study of high-temperature solid-phase transformations occurring in dispersed microspheres smaller than 10 mm in size (d_m = 3 mm and d₉₉ = 10 mm) belonging to the suspended matter (PM₁₀) of fly ash from the combustion of hard coal from the Ekibastuz and Kuznetsk coal basins has been carried out within the synthesis of glass-ceramic materials. It has been established for PM₁₀ microspheres of macrocomponent composition SiO₂-Al₂O₃-FeO isolated as narrow fractions from fly ash from the combustion of Ekibastuz coal that there is an increase in the content of mullite phase (from 17 to 31 wt%), cristobalite phase is formed (up to 29 wt%); the content of glass phase decreases from 65 to 25 wt%. In the samples of narrow fractions of PM10 microspheres from fly ashes from Kuznetsk coal combustion, crystallisation of the glass phase at 1100 °C leads to a noticeable increase in the concentration of mullite phase (from 3 to 17 wt%), the formation of cristobalite and anorthite phases (3 and 6 wt%, respectively); the amount of glass phase decreases from 93 to 70 wt%. A well-consolidated composite with low porosity (0.4 %), insignificant water absorption (0.2 %), and high strength (56 MPa) was obtained using the direct sintering method based on dispersed microspheres of PM₁₀ fly ash from the combustion of Kuznetsk coal. On the basis of dispersed microspheres of PM₁₀ fly ash from the combustion of Ekibastuz coal, high-porous (open porosity 44-52 %) composites with the homogeneous microporous structure, strength 20-36 MPa, liquid permeability up to 478 L/(m2⋅h⋅bar) and the dispersed microimpurities retention ratio of 0.98-0.99 were obtained. The acid resistance of the obtained glass-ceramic materials is 97-100 %.

The results of laboratory coking are presented for GZh, Zh rank coal (two concentrates from different manufacturers), KZh + Zh, OS rank coal (two concentrates from different manufacturers) in the experimental furnace with 4 kg load, and the studies of resulting coke. The structural strength (S_s) of coke samples was determined according to GOST 9521-2017. Samples were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis, and the sizes of molecularly oriented domains in the coke were determined: domain height (L_c), domain length (L_a), interplanar distance (d₀₀₂), and the number of lamellas (N) in the domain package. The relationship between the structural strength of coke and the chemical-petrographic parameters of coal was studied (the yield of volatile substances per dry state, vitrinite reflectance index, the sum of lean components, the thickness of plastic layer). It has been determined that the structural strength of coke has a quadratic dependence with respect to the chemical-petrographic parameters of coal. According to the experimental results, it is demonstrated that for coke obtained from the OS rank coal, the 0.4 nm difference in L_c and 0.3 nm difference in L_a correspond to a 50 % change in the structural strength of coke. For coke obtained from the Zh rank coal, the 0.28 nm difference in L_c and 0.46 nm in L_a corresponds to a 23 % change in the structural strength of coke. It is concluded that the L_c and L_a indicators make it possible to differentiate the quality of coke by structural strength, unlike for the chemical-petrographic indicators of coal. The general trend of changes in the L_c and L_a domain sizes depending on the structural strength of coke and the stage of coal metamorphism in the sequence GZh, Zh, KZh + Zh, OS is given.

The sorption of sodium, silver, magnesium, calcium, copper, lead and iron cations on the sulphocationite obtained by sulphonation of non-coking long-flame coal of the early stage of metamorphism from the Zadubrovsky open-cast coal mine in the Kemerovo Region was studied. The work primarily focuses on the selective sorption of heavy metal cations (Pb²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Fe³⁺), which pose a special danger to water resources and human life. The sulphocationite under investigation was obtained by treating the coal with concentrated sulphuric acid and oleum. The dynamic ion exchange capacity of the sulphocationite by strongly acidic groups is 1.4 mg-eq per 1 g of the H-form of dry sulphonic coal (0.7 g-eq/dm³). The equilibrium of cation exchange of protons in SO₃H groups of sulphocationite with Na⁺, Ag⁺, Ca²⁺, Cu²⁺, Mg²⁺, Pb²⁺, Fe³⁺ cations from aqueous solutions at 298 K was studied using the dynamic method. It has been shown that the logarithms of the corrected selectivity coefficients of binary cation exchanges Cat/Н (Cat = Na⁺, Ag⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Fe³⁺) depend linearly on the equivalent fraction of cations in the sulphocationite based on long-flame coal. The slopes of the straight lines are associated with the energy inequality of the exchange sites, which make an additive contribution to the Gibbs energy of the system when the counterionic composition of the sulphocationite changes. The studied sulphocationite has unique properties: high capacity and selectivity of metal cation sorption from aqueous solutions. The sorption selectivity of heavy metal cations and the factors of metal/proton separation between the solution and sulphocationite phases increase sharply as the concentration of cations in water decreases. The revealed trend increases in the sequence of heavy metal cations Mn²⁺ < Ni²⁺ < Cu²⁺ < Fe³⁺ < Pb²⁺. The results obtained in the work are promising for the advance in the methodology of deep demineralisation of water using the ion-exchange sorption of metal cations by the sulphocationite based on long-flame coal.

The Pd/N-C catalysts based on the carbon support Sibunite modified by the introduction of nitrogen by the treatment in NO under static reactor conditions were developed. It has been established that at a temperature up to 120 oC the conversion of formic acid is higher over the system Pd/N-C in comparison with the unmodified Pd/C catalyst. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to identify the states of nitrogen and palladium in the resulting systems. Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the particle formation trends in the Pd/C and Pd/N-C catalysts, as well as their thermal stability.

A systematic study employing scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) of ferrospheres isolated from the fly ash formed in the combustion of pulverised coal of the Kuznetsk basin allowed us to determine the glass phase composition. The groups of globules have been identified for which the gross composition of polished sections exhibits a linear correlation between the content of glass-forming silicon and calcium oxides. Heterogeneity of the glass phase of the studied ferrospheres in composition and the number of its components was established. It is shown that iron is mainly found in the crystallites of iron-containing phases, and silicon is in the glass phase. The remaining elements are distributed between these phases. It is shown that ferrospheres contain microglobules of varying compositions, with sizes of less than 1 mm, localized in the amorphous glass phase. Their presence determines the chemical heterogeneity of the glass phase. The composition of microglobules, like the composition of ferrospheres as a whole, is determined by the mineral components of the original coal. The precursor for the formation of the glass phase of ferrospheres are aluminosilicates of original coal.

The possibility to generate acetylene by pyrolysis in hydrogen plasma was determined using thermodynamic calculations taking into account the elemental composition, temperature range, and the C/H ratio for coal samples from six open-cut mines of the coal deposits of Eastern Siberia: the Mugunsky production site of Tulunugol (ZBR coal rank, the Irkutsk Region), Chadan (GZh coal rank, the Republic of Tyva), Zalushansky (D coal rank, the Trans-Baikal Territory), Irbeysky (2BR coal rank, the Krasnoyarsk Territory), Cheremkhovugol (G coal rank, the Irkutsk Region), Kaakhem (G coal rank, the Republic of Tyva). Results of thermodynamic calculations for the listed coal samples demonstrate the possibility to obtain acetylene from all the six coal ranks under consideration. These results can be used to develop the technology for obtaining acetylene and other compounds by the hydrogen-plasma pyrolysis of coals from the deposits of Eastern Siberia.

The dependence of the indicators of thermal decomposition of coal from the Kuzbass and Pechora basins on coal moisture was studied when determining the liability of coal to spontaneous combustion by thermogravimetric analysis. The rates of mass change were calculated, and characteristic temperature points were determined (the onset of mass increase, and the maximum rate of mass change) by heating the coal samples within temperature ranges 120-300 and 300-900 °C. It has been determined that the rate of mass gain within the range of 120-300 °C is 10 times higher for the coals of the Pechora coal basin, prone to spontaneous combustion, while within the range of 300-900 °C it is independent of the tendency of coals to spontaneous combustion. It is shown that with an increase in the moisture content in coal, the rate of thermal decomposition of coal increases with an increase in moisture content within the temperature range of 25-200 °C. Moisture content of coal was not detected to affect the parameters (the temperature points of oxidation onset and mass gain) characterising coal oxidation reaction in the studies by thermogravimetric analysis.

In connection with the critical revision of the species of the genus Hackelia Opiz within Eurasia, herbarium materials in the collections stored in the Herbariums of LE, MW, NSK, NS, TK, ALTB, AA, TAD, as well as virtual collections posted on the aggregator Global plants on JSTOR were studied. The analysis of morphological, karyological, palynomorphological, carpological characters and the results of molecular genetic studies showed that nine species of the genus Hackelia from three sections are found in Eurasia. The revision allowed us to identify changes in the taxonomy and distribution of species of the genus Hackelia, describe a new section Popovia Ovczinnikova, validate the name of the section Macrophylla Lian et J.Q. Wang ex Ovczinnikova, describe a new species for science H. lipschitzii Ovczinnikova from the Republic of Tajikistan, and cite new localities of the discussed species. H. deflexa (Walenb.) Opiz is recorded for the first time for the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China, it is shown that H. thymifolia (A. DC.) I.M. Johnst. is limited in its distribution to Northern and Central Asia, and does not grow in the Pamirs. The Pamir plants are described as a new species. The synopsis for all taxa includes: nomenclatural citation, information on type specimens and new localities, data on ecological features and distribution, range maps for 3 species, a key to identifying sections and species. The lectotype of name Myosotis deflexa Walenb. is designated. The description of H. lipschitzii includes a diagnosis, a comparative table of diagnostic features of the new species and other species of the genus, the main features of the eremocarps are illustrated in the figure, and a photograph of the holotype is provided. In discussing the taxonomy of the genus within the full range, a new nomenclatural combination of the species H. torvum (Dimon et M.A.M. Renner) Ovczinnikova from Australia is proposed.

The article presents the results of observations for peculiarities in natural revegetation of opencast spoil tips in the arid zones of the Republic of Khakassia. Research into the structure and productivity of pioneer plant communities was conducted for five years on various elements of mesorelief of 10-year-old opencast spoil tips of Chernogorsky Coal Mine. The research shows that primary successions have a herbaceous type of vegetation. 24 species of vascular plants are present, 87 % of them are native. On dump slopes of different aspects dominating species are forbs ( Salsola collina , Sonchus arvensis , Teloxys aristata , Erysimum cheiranthoides etc.) or Poaceae ( Calamagrostis epigeios and Hordeum jubatum ). The vertical structure exibits a near-surface type of distribution; the herbage height is lower than in zonal communities. The productivity of pioneer communities (maximal values 0.7 ± 1.6 t/ha are observed on the plateau) is lower than that of aboriginal bunch grass steppes. The above-ground phytomass predominates over the under-ground phytomass in all parts of the study site. The plant communities after 10 years of revegetation remain in an initial stage of restoration and differ in the composition and structure from the zonal communities.

The analysis of the ontogenetic composition and demographic parameters of two cenopopulations (CP) of Myricaria bracteata Royle in the bed of the rivers in Republic of Kazakhstan is carried out. The studied coenopopulations of M. bracteata reflect the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on the process of population development during overgrowth of the winding river banks. It is established that the ontogenetic structure and density of individuals depends on the degree of formation of phytocenosis and abiotic factors, as well as on anthropogenic impact. Depending on floodplain width, free space and phytocoenotic environment, the ontogenetic spectrum of CP changes from left-sided incomplete to right-sided incomplete. The type and stability of CP changes in the series: unstable invasive (in a narrow floodplain) successive transitional young normal mature normal stable (in a wide floodplain).

The aim of the study is to establish the origin of cenoflores of selected syntaxons on the basis of geographical analysis, to determine the contribution of each of them to the formation of mountain-meadow vegetation and to outline the ways of its possible development. The botanical and geographical analysis was based on the scheme of geographical elements developed by N.N. Portenier for the Caucasus flora. Three syntaxons, ecologically and disturbance contrasting, were studied, described in the “Prielbrusie” National Park (NP) and the Kabardino-Balkar High Mountain Reserve (KBHMR). The composition of the leading syntaxon families reflects the presence of boreal (Poaceae) and Mediterranean (Fabaceae, Lamiaceae) flora, which is typical of the Caucasian flora as a whole. The cenoflora of the subassociation Betonici macranthae-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae Bistortetosum carnea Tsepkova 2016 comprises 86 species, 73 genera and 27 families. The leading families are Fabaceae (13.9 % of the syntaxon’s species), Asteraceae (11.6 %) and - (9.3 %). The Artemisio chamaemelifoliae-Plantaginetum atratae Tsepkova 2005 cenoflora contains 30 species, 27 genera and 14 families. The families Fabaceae and Lamiaceae each account for 16.7 % of the flora, and the families Asteraceae , Poaceae - 13.3 % each. The Rosaceae family is absent. In the association Ranunculo grandiflori-Hordeetum violacei Tsepkova 2016, 40 species of 35 genera and 15 families have been recorded. In terms of the number of species, the Asteraceae are in first place with 25 %, the Fabaceae and the Fabaceae families. Asteraceae - 25 %, Fabaceae and Poaceae - 15 %. The family Lamiaceae is absent. According to the scheme of geographical elements proposed for vascular plants by N.N. Portenier in the subassociation Betonici macranthae-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae Bistortetosum carnea 12 geoelements were identified. In the association Artemisio chamaemelifoliae-Plantaginetum atratae - 6 geoelements. Both communities are dominated by Caucasian geoelement (39.5 % and 26.7 %, respectively). The communities of the Ranunculo grandiflori-Hordeetum violacei association are represented by 9 geoelements. They are characterised by the predominance of Palaearctic geoelement (30.0 %), which may indicate the migratory character of the flora.

The article presents information on the current state of populations and abundance of the endemic species of the Eastern Caucasus flora Rhaponticoides razdorskyi (Karjagin ex Sosn.) M.V. Agab. et Greuter (Asteraceae). The altitudinal limits of the species distribution are from 200 to 600 m above sea level. The area of populations known in Russia ranges from 0.2 ha to 300.0 ha, the number of individuals per 100 m² is from 43 to 225. It was found that Rh. razdorskyi prefers slopes of southern and adjacent exposures with sparse vegetation on rocky soils. The main type of vegetation in which the species is found are mountain steppe communities with a predominance of cereals. According to the IUCN criteria, the conservation status of the species is defined as EN B2ab(iii).

Antimicrobial activity of aqueous-ethanol plant extracts of Сomarum salesovianum and Artemisia obtusiloba against collection pathogenic gram-positive strains of Staphylococcus haemolyticus against collection pathogenic Gram-positive strains of Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans , Gram-negative bacteria Shigella sonnei, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli , and - relatively ten bacterial aerosols that are also characterized with the ability to cause infectious diseases. For the extraction were used leaves, roots, stems and fruits of the plants. The high antimicrobial activity of the studied extracts has been established not only for Gram-positive microorganisms, but also for a number of Gram-negative bacteria, for which resistance to many antimicrobial compounds is known. The lowest activity or lack thereof with respect to the test strains of microorganisms used were observed for variants with using plant root extracts.