Home – Home – Jornals – "Philosophy of Education" 2026 number 3

Method of thermogradient hydrothermal synthesis with internal fluid sampling in multicomponent systems at 450 °C and a pressure of 1 kbar was used for the first time to establish the distribution and cocrystallization coefficients of a number of typomorphic elements and noble metals in pyrite. All obtained information was subjected to correlation analysis, which made it possible to establish a number of features of the behavior of impurity elements in pyrite within hydrothermal multisystems. A new explanation is given for the role of As in the distribution of elements, related to the fact that for many of them (including Au), significant negative correlations of cocrystallization coefficients with As are observed: in its presence, they decrease, which is likely associated with the influence of arsenic on the complexation of impurity elements and may lead to a decoupling in the behavior of As and Au, as well as other trace elements in pyrite. It was shown for the first time that Cu can enter the pyrite structure up to ~1.2 mol.% CuS₂, and its high correlation with Co indicates a mechanism for this process related to the distortion of the crystal lattice of Co-pyrite and the formation of exchange-coupled Co²-Cu²⁺ pairs. Palladium, an element with high technological demand, exhibits a high dispersion of content in pyrite, despite an almost constant concentration in the fluid. The behavior of Pd is presumably related to the mechanism of its incorporation into pyrite, which requires the formation of vacancies in the metal sublattice and therefore depends on the sulfur activity in the system. From the standpoint of cocrystallization coefficients, indicator element ratios in pyrite are considered. It is shown that the Ni/Pd, Cu/Pd, As/Au, and Ni/Cu element pairs most accurately reflect these ratios in the ore-forming fluid. A justification is presented for the preference of the proposed methodology, which includes the use of growth hydrothermal experiments, sampling, cocrystallization coefficients, and correlation analysis, allowing for a more objective consideration of the problems of element distribution in geochemical multisystems.

The age of the Doronino Formation in the Belaya Gora section is defined as latest Barremian – earliest Aptian based on faunistic, floristic and microfossil assemblages. This age is also supported by the obtained δ¹³C_org curve, which correlates with most of the C2 segment and at least the beginning of the C3 segment of the Barremian-Aptian isotope curve. Results of the petrographic and geochemical analysis as well as microfossil studies showed that sediments accumulated in a shallow flowing lake with low-energy hydrodynamics. Climate features (seasonal temperate warm climate) and type of vegetation (coniferous forests with admixture of hardwoods) are reconstructed taking into consideration the composition of palynological and floristic assemblages.

Radiation balance of the underlying surface ( B ) is one of climate-forming factors, which influences the current climate change. The work discussed the measurements of the components of B (the counter-radiation of the atmosphere E _a and the radiation of the Earth's surface E _z) in a background region of Western Siberia in 2021-2024. The ranges of variability (hourly, daily, and monthly), extreme hourly and daily totals, and hourly average values of E _a and E _z are estimated; their daily cycles are analyzed. The maximal average amplitudes of E _z daily cycle are observed in summer (50-70 W/m²); in winter they are significantly smaller (7-11 W/m²). The daily cycle of E _a is weaker pronounced, its amplitude is 2.5-3.5 times lower than that of E _z throughout the year. Overcast sky conditions increase the atmospheric counter-radiation by 40-80 W/m² compared to clear sky conditions. The measurements are shown to meet the criteria for monitoring long-wave components of the radiation balance specified for the Roshydromet network stations. The results are of interest for the climate change analysis and verification of radiation patterns.

Ensuring security against threats associated with the use of explosive devices requires the development of effective methods for remote detection of explosive traces on different surfaces. This work discusses the way of improving the efficiency of the laser fragmentation/laser-induced fluorescence (LF/LIF) method for remote detection of surface traces of nitrocompounds. Using trinitrotoluene (TNT) as an example, it experimentally shows that time separation of fragmenting and probing pulses can significantly increase the efficiency of LF/LIF compared to single-pulse and simultaneous two-pulse irradiation. The relative intensity of fluorescence of NO fragments of TNT traces is assessed versus the fluence of fragmenting Nd:YAG laser (266.038 nm) and probing KrF laser (247.866 nm) at an optimal interpulse delay of 200 ns. The results can be used to improve the sensitivity and/or range of detection of nitrocompound traces by the LF/LIF method.

The development of domestic greenhouse gas monitoring solutions is crucial for Russia, addressing needs in both import substitution and assessment of the carbon balance of its vast wetland ecosystems. This paper presents the Russian automated chamber system KASM-8 for long-term high-frequency measurement of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) fluxes. The design features of the system are described, as well as measurement and data processing technique, which includes automated outlier filtering and error estimation. Field testing was conducted in 2023-2024 at the “Mukhrino" carbon supersite (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra) and the “Vasyuganye" research station (Tomsk Oblast) in ridge-hollow complexes of ombrotrophic bogs. The resulted data series (192 measurements per day) revealed fundamental differences in carbon exchange between microlandscape elements: in KhMAO-Yugra, hollows acted as a net CO₂ sink (mean NEE ranged from -0.19 to -0.28 mmol × m^-2 × s^-1), whereas ridges were a net source (mean NEE was 0.17 mmol × m^-2 × s^-1). At the “Vasyuganye" station, hollows demonstrated lower CO₂ uptake capacity, and ridges exhibited higher emission fluxes. The data also revealed pronounced daily and seasonal dynamics and interannual variability. The results confirm the operational reliability of the KASM-8 complex and can be used for assessing the carbon balance with allowance for spatial heterogeneity of bog microlandscapes in climate projects and for creating long-term monitoring systems.

The development of precise light scattering models for lidar sensing of the Earth's atmosphere requires reliable data on the polarization characteristics of molecules. However, for several key atmospheric constituents, such information is either incomplete or entirely absent. In this work, spontaneous Raman spectroscopy is used to experimentally determine the depolarization ratios of the Q-branches of vibrational bands for N₂, O₂, H₂O, CO₂, and CH₄, which are the main components of atmospheric air. The measurements were performed using a high-sensitivity Raman spectrometer with laser excitation at 532 nm. For the first time, the depolarization ratios were estimated for the CO₂ Fermi-triad bands, as well as 2ν₂ and 2ν₄ overtones of CH₄. Based on the obtained data, the ratios of the derivatives of the polarizability tensor invariants for these molecules were determined. The results complement the existing knowledge on the polarization characteristics of atmospheric gas molecules, which is essential for modeling light scattering processes in the Earth's atmosphere.

The work studies the origin and evolution of water aerosol in the so-called plasmoid, which is generated by a high-voltage discharge above a water surface in the form of a luminous spherical object and considered a laboratory analogue of natural ball lightning. The laboratory ball lightning was investigated not only in situ using non-contact probing techniques, but also by sampling with the use of specially designed devices. Water vapor condensation occurs during the glowing stage of the plasmoid, implying that the internal temperature drops to at least 100 °C. The experimental data indicate that the water droplets inside the plasmoid are not luminous. After the glow ceases, a phantom resembling the spherical structure of the plasmoid persists for about 1 s; inside this phantom, water aerosol can still be observed. The existence of a “shell” confining the spherical object is plausible not only during the glow, but also for a certain time thereafter. The aerosol particles produced by erosion of the central electrode during the discharge were measured with a diffusion spectrometer. Their sizes lie in the submicron range and are substantially smaller than those of the water droplets inside the plasmoid. The principal conclusion is that the long-lasting glow results from chemical processes occurring in the gas phase of the plasmoid rather than from high-temperature heating of the gas or from emission by aerosol particles.

Carbon dioxide is one of the main greenhouse gases; it significantly contributes to the atmosphere through natural processes and anthropogenic impacts. Therefore, the development and modernization of CO₂ sensing devices and technologies is an urgent applied problem. This paper presents the results of developing a mobile atmospheric CO₂ sensor based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy in the 1567-1573 nm absorption band of the target gas. The mobile sensor was tested on a horizontal sensing path using a topographic target under mid-latitude summer conditions. The average CO₂ content in the atmosphere retrieved from experimentally recorded back reflected signals was 451,03 ppm with a deviation from the readings of a local gas analyzer of 6.16% for a single measurement and 428,02 ppm after averaging over 120 s. The results can be useful in studying the dynamics of atmospheric CO₂ content under background conditions, as well as in monitoring anthropogenic emissions from the industrial sector.

February 2024 was globally the record warmest; however, temperatures in southern Siberia were abnormally low, reaching -40 °C. That coincided with the anomalous “Warm Arctic - Cold Eurasia" (WACE) pattern. This study focuses on identifying the causes of this anomaly. Analysis of stratosphere-troposphere interactions revealed that the emergence of the WACE anomaly occurred simultaneously with the weakening of a stratospheric polar vortex (SPV) and a sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) in the second half of February 2024. Our findings confirm that the influence of SPV weakening on tropospheric anomalies occurs not only after SSW events but also during them. Anomalously strong stratosphere-troposphere exchange can induce localized and prolonged cold spells in the troposphere over Siberia. These conclusions are supported by wave activity flux calculations based on reanalysis data and instrumental observations during aircraft-based sounding. Our research highlights the crucial role of complex interactions between the troposphere and stratosphere in shaping and amplifying climate anomalies, such as WACE, in winter.

The ongoing global warming requires increased attention to the dynamics of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which is not sufficiently studied. In this paper, the variability of CO₂ and CH₄ concentrations on the meso-α-scale (200-2000 km) was analyzed based on hourly observation from 2013 to 2017 at six stations of the JR-STATION network for greenhouse gas monitoring, established within the Russian-Japanese scientific cooperation. The absolute differences in hourly concentrations between adjacent observation sites are discussed. It is shown that the long-term average | ΔСО₂ | can vary from 3.8 to 4.5 ppm, and | ΔСН₄ |, from 47 to 105 ppb. The gradients of CO₂ concentrations in Western Siberia on the meso-α-scale were in the range 0.006-0.007 ppm/km, and of CH₄, in the range 0.077-0.179 ppb/km, which were significantly less than those on the meso-β (20-200 km) and meso-γ (2-20 km) scales. Aannual cycle of the average long-term absolute differences in CO₂ concentrations between all stations is charactarized by a minimum in March-April, and a maximum in June-August. Their minima were ≈ 2 ppm, while their maxima ranged from 6 to 9 ppm. In the daily cycle, the maxima of the long-term average absolute differences in CO₂ and CH₄ concentrations were observed in darkness, while the minima were observed during the daylight and varied throughout the year. They remained nearly constant during the day from October to April. Nighttime differences become to be distinguishable in May, reaching maxima in July and August. A decrease is then observed in September. The results of this study expand our knowledge of greenhouse gas dynamics in the atmosphere on the meso-α-scale and can be useful in developing requirements for both measurement accuracy and the scaling of atmospheric budget calculations.

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of long-term thunderstorm activity dynamics in the Irkutsk Region and examines its relationship with solar activity. Data from the Irkutsk Hydrometeorological Center's network of meteorological stations was obtained and systematized. The number of thunderstorm days per year, historically studied for this region, was used as the primary thunderstorm activity parameter. The long-term dynamics of the number of thunderstorm days per year in the Irkutsk Region across the entire study region show no statistically significant trend, demonstrating stability in the face of climate change. The spatial distribution of thunderstorm days is consistent with physical and geographical conditions: maximum values are observed in mountainous regions and minimum values are found in the north of the region. The proposed modification of the F 10.7 index (the centered variation module) shows a statistically significant positive correlation with the long-term dynamics of the number of thunderstorm days for meteorological stations located in the Verkhnelensky districts and on Olkhon island in the Irkutsk Region.

Observed growth of the atmospheric concentration of gases, such as CO₂ and CH₄, strengthens the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere and impacts on climate. One of the characteristics of the greenhouse effect is the radiative forcing of the atmospheric gases which is defined as the difference between the longwave radiative fluxes at different concentrations of gases other parameters of the atmosphere being constant. From 1990 to 2023, the radiative forcing of long-lived greenhouse gases due to their concentration grow from the pre-industrial period (1750 year) has increased by more than 50%. In the work, the impact of atmospheric water vapor content variability on the CO₂ and CH₄ radiative forcing for summer and winter conditions of south Western Siberia is investigated. The longwave IR radiative fluxes are calculated on the basis of upper-air sounding data of meteorological station in Novosibirsk for 10 years. The maximum of absolute value of the CO₂ radiative forcing was observed at the top of troposphere, at that, in summer, it was higher by 50% than in winter conditions, and relation of CH₄ radiative forcing to CO₂ forcing at this altitude was about 12%. The sign of the forcing is negative, which means heating of the troposphere. At the top and bottom of the atmosphere, a decrease in CO₂ and CH₄ radiative forcing is observed with an increase in atmospheric water vapor content, which is caused by overlapping of H₂O bands and continuum absorption with CO₂ and CH₄ absorption bands. The contribution of H₂O continuum absorption to the CO₂ radiative forcing increases from 30 to 70% when the water vapor atmospheric total column increases from 1 to 4 g/cm². For winter cases with low water vapor content, the average CO₂ radiative forcing at the bottom of the atmosphere increases by 1.5 times in comparison with summer conditions, which leads to additional warming of the surface.

One of the most important problems of a modern city is the provision of clean air. A lot of very expensive activities are being carried out in connection with this problem. The paper presents the results of numerical simulation of nitrogen dioxide dispersion in the atmosphere of the cities of Kemerovo and Astrakhan before and after transport infrastructure modernization. Data on gross nitrogen dioxide emissions from vehicles over sections of city roads were obtained through field surveys conducted as part of the Federal Project "Clean Air". The study used a modeling complex consisting of the WRF-ARW atmospheric circulation model and the CHIMERE chemical transport model. Model calculations confirmed a reduction in nitrogen dioxide concentrations in the cities under study. The maximal reduction was recorded in Astrakhan (by 55.3%). It is shown that the impact of reducing gross nitrogen dioxide emissions on near-surface air quality within the city depends on local geographical and meteorological conditions affecting transport, dispersion, and chemical reaction processes. For cities in basins, local emission reduction measures are effective, while coastal cities require measures to regulate transit traffic flows. The use of chemical transport models at the planning stage of transport infrastructure modernization enables assessing the contribution of each specific emission reduction measure.

Measurement of heavy precipitation intensity remains an unresolved problem, particularly by common radar methods. The application of dual-polarization radars provides a solution to this issue. This paper presents a comparative analysis of heavy precipitation measurements by traditional radar method and a new approach based on specific differential phase measurements. Precipitation measurements with a DMRL-C radar and Pluvio² 200 weighing precipitation gauges were performed in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region on July 1, 2023. To calculate precipitation intensity ( R ) from radar data, Z _h- R relationships ( Z _h is the reflectivity at horizontally polarization) based on the Marshall-Palmer equations and measurements of the specific differential phase ( K _dp) were used. These data were compared with measurements from the precipitation gauge network. The comparison showed a high correlation between precipitation intensity measured by gauges and R ( K _dp) and no correlation with R ( Z _h). According to precipitation gauge network, the average precipitation intensity was 52 mm/h and the maximal intensity was 186 mm/h on July 1, 2023. The results of this study can be used to improve heavy precipitation measurement methodologies and to estimate fluxes of extreme rainfall in northwest of the Russian Federation.

One of the complex problems in monitoring various natural and technological objects is smoke contamination of an optical path and appearance of flames on it. This paper analyzes experimental studies of flame optical characteristics and their impact on the detection of flame-shielded objects. Based on experimental data received by different methods (IR thermography and emission spectral measurements) and the analysis of atmospheric transparency characteristics, including molecular absorption and scattering, and the effects of aerosols (smoke and fog) on radiation propagation, the spectral range 3.7-3.9 μm is shown to optimal for monitoring objects shielded from an observer by flame, smoke, or fog. This spectral range minimizes the impact of flame and atmosphere on IR radiation propagation and ensures optimal diffraction resolution, which determines the distance and minimal size of detected objects.

Cirrus clouds cover a significant part of the Earth's surface and have a significant impact on the radiation balance and climate. To calculate the solar radiation transmittance of clouds, it is necessary to control the optical thickness of clouds. Lidar sensing is an optimal method for this. The paper compares two lidar methods for determining the optical thickness τ of cirrus clouds, using elastic or Raman scattering signals. Both techniques are based on recording signals from the clear atmosphere down to and above a сloud, but the use of elastic scattering is associated with errors caused by the possible presence of sub-cloud or above-cloud aerosol layers. Different methods for processing experimental data were compared, and the error in determining the optical thickness was assessed. It is shown that deviations in retrieving the thickness from elastic scattering signals can attain ~ 0.5 for clouds with the optical thickness τ > 2. At t ≤ 1, the correlation coefficient between the data of the two methods is 0.94, which enables the use of elastic scattering signal measurements, available even during daytime, to estimate the optical thickness of cirrus clouds. The results of the work can be used in the development of lidar systems for sensing upper-level clouds.

The paper examines the nature of epistemic dilemmas - situations in which any available doxastic attitude toward a proposition inevitably violates at least one epistemic norm. The author identifies three types of such dilemmas: inter-normative, hierarchical, and implicit. It is shown that acknowledging epistemic dilemmas does not lead to normative nihilism, but requires a revision of the “ought implies can” principle and the standard deontic logic. A shift from an ideal to a non-ideal model of epistemic rationality is proposed, in which normative indeterminacy and normative residue (an unfulfilled obligation) are recognized as normal features of the normative situation an epistemic subject may face.

The article deals with the problem of the normativity of the instrumental principle. Contemporary philosophers consider the coherence of means and ends to be one of the most minimal requirements of rationality and most of them accept it as a self-evident analytical truth. However, in her article “The Normativity of Instrumental Reason,” Christine Korsgaard demonstrated that the normativity of the instrumental principle is not unproblematic and requires justification. Drawing on Kant’s practical philosophy, Korsgaard proposed a constitutivist justification strategy, according to which the normativity of means-ends coherence is rooted in the very structure of the will. The author of this article rejects this strategy because of the excessive metaphysical burden it carries, in the form of Kant’s idea of practical reason. An alternative approach is found in the philosophy of science, where the problem of the justification of the instrumental principle is just as acute as in practical philosophy Following Larry Laudan’s normative naturalism and Jean Hampton’s postnaturalism, the author proposes understanding instrumental rationality as a constitutive element of rational practice

The article advances a philosophical reconstruction of the concept of distortnost’ as an epistemological operator that reorients the cognitive task from correspondence-based verification toward the calibration of systematic discrepancy in nonlinear systems. It is shown that in the zone of limit states, classical experiment loses its function as a neutral arbiter between model and reality, since the very act of measurement constitutively alters the object. An analysis of the theory’s mathematical apparatus - a system of reduced coordinates and a counterfactual basis in the form of the diagonal of the “reduced square” - demonstrates how distortnost’ embodies the calibration principle, transforming experiment into a procedure for quantifying deviation. A distinction is introduced between distortnost’ as a quantitative parameter (Distortnost’-P) and as an epistemological principle (Distortnost’-O). The original contribution of this work lies in demarcating between Distortnost’-O and I. Hacking’s interventionist concept of experiment, J. Woodward’s causal explanation, J. Worrall’s programs of scientific structuralism, and S. Funtowicz and J. Ravetz’s concept of post-normal science. The proposed concept fits in contemporary international debates on the epistemology of measurement and calibration (M. Massimi, H. Chang, S. Schindler, E. Tal). The methodological boundaries of the operator are discussed in relation to the problem of basis conventionality, the risk of hermeneutic closure, and alternative approaches - Bayesian model updating and realist positions. Interpreting the “extra-spatiotemporal invariant” as a methodically constructed standard (analogous to the ideal gas in thermodynamics) makes it possible to avoid hypostatization and preserve the operational nature of the concept.

In the well-known literature, questions regarding the status of certain theorems of probability theory often arise. For example, what kind of disciplines do they belong to, namely, mathematics or physics? The most discussed results of this type include theorems frequently used in applications, such as Bernoulli’s theorem, the central limit theorem, and some others. At the same time, the author is not aware of publications that examine the status of probability theory, since almost all researchers believe that it is a completely independent area of research. However, it is known that Hilbert, in the sixth problem of his program for the development of mathematics, proposed axiomatizing probability theory as a physical science. This paper presents a series of arguments demonstrating that Hilbert’s contemporaries had certain grounds for considering probability theory a natural science discipline. Furthermore, as a side effect, the relationship between probability theory and mathematical statistics is clarified, specifically, it is established that some of the apparatus of classical probability theory is a component of mathematical statistics.

Within possible-world semantics, an object can have different properties in different worlds. This allows us to consider an object as it is in world w, as it is in world w', and so on, i.e. to associate objects with worlds. In turn, this makes it possible to consider relations between objects where each object is associated with a certain world - cross-world relations. If we want first-order modal logic based on possible-world semantics to represent cross-world relations, its models must involve a cross-world interpretation of predicates, i.e. an interpretation that assigns extensions of predicates not to individual worlds, but to tuples of worlds. Some authors hold that cross-world relations are reducible to standard (intra-world) relations, which makes the cross-world interpretation of predicates redundant. The paper provides an argument in favor of the hypothesis that cross-world relations are not reducible to intra-world ones. The argument consists in pointing to the variety of cross-world relations that we speak about in natural language and to the variety of corresponding contexts. In particular, it is shown that cross-world relations are naturally used in comparing theories.

This article presents a conceptual framework for analyzing the evolution of constellations (chemogenesis, cosmogenesis, and geogenesis) and autopoiesis (biogenesis, anthropogenesis, and sociogenesis). Four systemic mechanisms of motion relative to attractors in morphospace are identified: “acceleration/lift” (positive feedback, PFB), “balancing” (negative feedback, NFB), “stagnation” (increased rigidity as the attraction basin narrows), and “well” (PFB¯, moving away from the attractor). Examples from both inanimate and living nature are provided for each mechanism. Holling’s adaptive cycle (exploitation, conservation, release, reorganization) is interpreted as a sequential succession of these mechanisms. Additionally, the mechanisms of innovation accumulation (including through so-called “magic wands”) and the six typical sources of increasing complexity in the evolution of autopoiesis are examined: reduction of damage from stresses, overcoming costs, the struggle for existence, transformation of smaller systems into self-contained structures, concerns about pacification as population size grows, and emergence of encompassing systems under conditions of parity of forces.

This work is an analysis of the philosophical concept of anticipation through the lens of V.T. Meshcheryakov’s principles of harmonious development and correspondence. A comparison of V.T. Meshcheryakov’s principles of harmonious development and correspondence with the modern theory of predictive processing suggests that the predictive function of cognitive brain activity lies in the dynamic and harmonious alignment of accumulated past experience with the anticipation of the future. This comparative analysis shows that V.T. Meshcheryakov’s correspondence principle can be integrated into the active inference paradigm, thereby creating a theoretical basis for a metaphysical concept of anticipation that is an alternative to both transcendental idealism and naive realism.

The article considers two approaches to understanding the subject of social epistemology. The first determines its content by D. Bloor’s sociology of scientific knowledge and A. Goldman’s veritist epistemology, with a deliberate tilt towards opposing scientific thinking to the cultural factors of knowledge and the dominance of standards of pure epistemology without relating scientific practice, respectively. A structural model of this approach proposed by Yu.S. Morkina is critically examined. The second approach determines the content of social epistemology by the activity of agents of cognition who, according to K. Popper, consider the criteria of rationality and progress in science as the highest epistemic goals, and, on the other hand, by the establishment, according to T. Kuhn, of normal science’s social structure with derived epistemic values. It is shown that taking into account the role of the scientific community is more adequate to the current state of social epistemology, in particular, in S. Fuller’s analysis of the alternative versions of Kuhn and Popper. In general, while the first pair of concepts of social epistemology prefers, in a certain sense, abstrаct excursions into culture and “pure” epistemology, the second pair prefers a narrower vision of social epistemology as directly addressing not just the fate of knowledge, or even of scientific knowledge, but the activities of the scientific community, with its realities and its own history.

The article deals with a philosophical analysis of scientific beliefs as an integral and dynamic formation that includes a dialectical unity of knowledge, emotions, will, and faith. The author traces the genealogy of the concept of “belief” throughout the history of philosophical thought from Antiquity (Parmenides, Plato, Aristotle), through the Middle Ages and the Modern era (Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Hegel), to the existential and phenomenological traditions of the 20th century (Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty). The paper proposes a typology of scientific beliefs (empirical, theoretical, methodological, and worldview-related) and examines their relationship with worldview. Special attention is paid to the place of faith within the structure of scientific belief, a critical rethinking of the historical-philosophical formula “Credo quia absurdum” attributed to Tertullian, as well as the epistemological function of faith in science. The final part of the article analyzes contemporary challenges to the formation of integral beliefs amidst the digital environment, information overload, “post-truth,” and clip thinking. The author suggests pedagogical strategies for forming scientific beliefs in new generations, emphasizing the development of critical thinking, methodological culture, and value-based reflection.

In July 2026, an autonomous AI agent developed by the US company OpenAI escaped from its isolated test environment and made an unauthorized entry into the infrastructure of the company Hugging Face. It is proposed to consider this incident as a turning point in AI development, as it exposed a fundamental philosophical divide: between the pursuit of autonomous AI - operating without human supervision - and human-centered AI, which augments human capabilities while retaining human control and responsibility. The article analyzes the philosophical bases of both paradigms and outlines their promises and risks. As an alternative, it presents the task-based engineering methodology and its software implementation - the ZET AI system - which is built on nine principles ensuring discipline, transparency, and trustworthiness. It is argued that the choice between these paradigms determines not only the future of technology but also the future relationship between humans and artificial intelligence. Arguments are presented for the need to consciously choose a human-centered path.

The article examines the phenomenon of the semantic void in large language models through the lens of the social epistemology of science. It is demonstrated that the inability of artificial intelligence to achieve genuine understanding poses fundamental risks to epistemic trust and communication within the scientific community. Drawing on the concepts of epistemic dependence and the theory of testimony, it is shown that the integration of non-intentional systems into the knowledge production process renders legitimate epistemic trust impossible, since a machine is incapable of bearing responsibility for the truth of its statements.

Introduction. The complexity and coherence of modern socio-economic and geopolitical processes have led to the development of new approaches to the study of social existence. Traditional social disciplines, which were established in the classical scientific paradigm, have not been able to solve the problems facing society. The scientific approaches that are emerging in the post-non-classical paradigm have proposed a model of existence in which research objects cannot be considered outside of their systemic relationships with the super-system, and the functioning of an object cannot be understood in the paradigm of direct linear determination. Methodology. The post-non-classical research program of complex self-developing objects implies a model of existence based on the principles of systemicity, coherence, and congruence. This vision of complex objects determines the interdisciplinary nature of modern science and the constitution of synthetic disciplines. One of these disciplines, which emerged during the formation of the post-non-classical paradigm, is cognitive anthropology. Discussion. In the second half of the 20th century, there were epistemological transformations in science, which came to be known as the cognitive turn. The most important change in the model of social reality was not only the cognitive approach itself - the idea that all structures of social existence are based on cognitive processes - but also the change in the model of cognitive itself. In the framework of these methodological approaches, concepts emerged that included a larger number of parameters that need to be taken into account in research. Conclusion. A more complex model of social processes allows us to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena occurring in society. This complex model is based on concepts that emerged at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, such as the concept of autopoiesis, the concept of biocultural evolution, and the concept of distributed cognition.

Introduction. Classical philosophy of education in the context of the university operates with the categories of “idea” and “spirit”, which reveal their explanatory insufficiency in the contemporary situation, since digitalization and technologization of the key processes of human’s life are forming a non-classical reality. The article sets the task of revising the ontological foundations of the university. Methodology. The research is based on a comparative analysis of two historical and philosophical strategies: the Platonic tradition of “idea” as a timeless archetype, and the German tradition of “spirit” (Geist) as an immanently unfolding program. Critical reflection on these models reveals their common limitation - the inability to account for the dynamics and the connection of the university with the external environment. Both classical categories imply either staticity or internal predetermination of development, which does not respond to the contemporary contextual reality of the university. Discussion. The concept of “code” is introduced as a working ontological model. The code does not precede the university (unlike the idea) and does not contain an immanently predetermined project (unlike the spirit). It emerges and is “written” in the very process of the historical existence of the university. The structure of the code is binary: a core - a set of stable essential characteristics, and a plastic periphery - a zone for the assimilation of external demands, values, and practices. The periphery adapts contextual meanings to the fundamental settings of the core, while the core, with the accumulation of changes, is capable of slow transformation. Such an organization allows the university to preserve its identity while simultaneously responding to the challenges of the digital economy, technological shifts, and social demands. Conclusion. The proposed “code” model makes it possible to synthesize stability and variability of the university, avoiding both the essentialism of the classical idea and the teleologism of the classical spirit. The aim of the article is to substantiate the potential of this construct for the contemporary philosophy of education.

Introduction. The article offers a socio-philosophical analysis of the competency-based approach in education, treated not as a pedagogical technology but as an anthropological project. The relevance of the study is determined by the institutional restructuring of Russian higher education after its withdrawal from the Bologna process and by the accelerated devaluation of algorithmizable competencies under the influence of artificial intelligence technologies. The problem is that replacing personal integrity with a set of operational competencies leads to the fragmentation of a specialist’s professional identity rather than to its strengthening. Methodology. The object of the study is the competency-based approach as a paradigm of professional education; the subject is its philosophical and anthropological foundations and internal contradictions. The study employs comparative-historical analysis of the ancient opposition of techne and episteme, hermeneutic reconstruction of classical epistemological and ethical arguments, critical discourse analysis of the proponents of the competency-based approach, and the case-analysis method. Discussion. It is shown that the competency-based approach is ethically neutral, dependent on an external client (the labour market, professional standards), and produces a fragmented human figure (homo fragmentatis). It is argued that the approach fails most visibly precisely in non-standard situations, for which it is declared to prepare specialists. Conclusion. The necessity of restoring a hierarchy in which personal integrity is primary and competencies are secondary and derivative is substantiated; prospects for empirical verification of the article’s claims and for research into the transformation of the competency paradigm under the influence of artificial intelligence are outlined.

Introduction. Ethics is widely acknowledged as a fundamental dimension of sustainability; however, its integration into sustainability research and education often remains conceptually limited. This article examines the role of ethical reasoning in sustainability scholarship and education, addressing the problem of the insufficient engagement with normative ethical frameworks in discussions concerning environmental challenges, sustainability education, and public responsibility. Given the urgency of climate change, biodiversity loss, and intergenerational justice, a deeper ethical foundation is essential for sustainability-related research and practice. Methodology. The study is based on a critical literature review of peer-reviewed publications published between 2010 and 2024. The object of the research is sustainability scholarship, while the subject is the treatment of ethical reasoning within this body of literature. Drawing on perspectives from environmental sciences, sustainability education, and philosophy, the analysis investigates how ethical concepts are conceptualized, operationalized, or omitted. The methodological approach combines qualitative content analysis with a philosophical examination of normative ethical theories, including deontology, utilitarianism, virtue ethics, and care ethics. Discussion. The findings reveal a persistent gap between sustainability discourse and systematic ethical reflection. Although ethical concerns are frequently mentioned, normative frameworks are rarely employed in a rigorous or explicit manner. Ethics often appears as an instrumental or rhetorical element rather than as a domain of moral reasoning capable of supporting judgments about responsibility, justice, and collective action. This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the under-theorization of ethics in sustainability scholarship and by demonstrating how the absence of robust normative foundations weakens educational and research approaches to sustainability. Conclusion. The study concludes that the marginalization of philosophical ethics undermines the capacity of sustainability education and research to address complex moral questions arising from contemporary environmental crises. Integrating normative ethical theory into sustainability scholarship is essential for fostering ethically informed educators, researchers, and citizens. Future research should explore ways of incorporating ethical frameworks more systematically into sustainability curricula, policy discussions, and interdisciplinary research, thereby strengthening the moral foundations of sustainable development.

Introduction. Since the 1990s, Mongolia has seen a shift in language policy from Russian to English. The aim of this study is to explain the reasons for Russian’s loss of dominance by interpreting language policy as a function of a country’s position in the global system. Methodology. The paradigmatic ideas of I. Wallerstein, G. Arrighi’s concept of development strategies for semi-peripheral societies, A. de Swaan’s theory of the global language system, and R. Collins’s geopolitical theory and concept of civilizational centers served as the main methodological basis for the study. In addition, several provisions of the language planning paradigm (J. Fishman, C. M. Eastman) regarding the preservation of the status of the language of a previously dominant state were used. The study is based on a comparison of the factors driving the dynamics of language policy in relations between Moscow and Ulaanbaatar in the Soviet and modern periods. Discussion. During the Soviet period, the dominance of the Russian language was a consequence of: Mongolia’s economic ties to the USSR within a shared system of division of labor that functioned relatively autonomously from the capitalist world-economy; the hegemony of Russian-speaking Moscow, which transmitted models of socialist construction and provided access to knowledge and new technologies; and the transformation of Russian into a competitor for the status of hypercentral language following victory in World War II and the collapse of the colonial system. After the collapse of the socialist system, Moscow lost its status as a creative center and integrated Russian society into the international division of labor as a semi-peripheral economy, becoming a competitor to its former peripheries. The collapse of the system was accompanied by the demise of Marxist-Leninist ideology and the obsolescence of curricula, social science subjects, and textbooks. Under these conditions, maintaining Russian as the primary foreign language in Mongolia proved economically unjustifiable. The linguistic reorientation became Mongolia’s adaptation to new global conditions. As a result, English established itself as a hypercentral language; Chinese, as a supercentral language, successfully expanded its influence in Mongolia’s education system; and Korean gained recognition among young people under the influence of South Korean pop culture. Conclusions. Success for the Russian language in Mongolia’s competition with Chinese is impossible without changing Russia’s role in the world-system and restoring its status as a technological center of an advanced economy, interested in and capable of investing in the development of its internal and external peripheries.

Introduction. The turbulence and catastrophic nature of the current social era are highlighting revitalization processes of an integrative nature aimed at consolidating the multiethnic Russian society. The civilizational foundations of the cultural code of the Russian state are linked to the phenomenon of sobornost, which is the central concept of Russia’s value narrative and the mechanism of its value based integration. The challenges of the times are determining the search for principles of organizing social life that can support and develop the polysemantic unity of diversity in an era of global geopolitical turbulence. The understanding of the uniqueness of the civilizational code is updated by adherence to the basic principles of the domestic policy of our Fatherland and its focus on the substantive contours of the concept of “state civilization”. The aim of the study is a sociophilosophical analysis of the potential of the phenomenon of sobornost as an ontological principle of the Russian state civilization. The research methodology consists of the historical and philosophical method of reconstruction, systematic, axiological and critical approaches. The understanding of conciliarity as an open axiological framework is carried out through the actualization of its basic intuition and separation from the exclusively confessional context. This demarcation is based on the principles of minimalism, threshold character, and reflexivity, which avoids the substitution of collegiality by statist collectivism. Discussion. The complexity and syncretism of the content line of the concept of “state-civilization”, its multivariant character, in many ways adds importance not only to the definition of conciliarity, but also to its role in the current social space and time, without detracting from its significance in historical retrospect. The sociologization of the semantic field of conciliarity seems inevitable. Its causality is associated with the presence of the concept in the practices of the ontological order, ideological attitudes, and even at the profane level of an individual’s life activity. In the argumentation of this position, the principles of the theory of the “layered structure” of the concept by Yu. S. Stepanov are applied. The sociologization of sobornost is linked to the original social origin of the phenomenon and the preservation of the socializing predicate within the framework of modern interpretations and manifested social projections. Sobornost, as an axiological framework of Russian statehood, makes it possible to preserve the basic intuition of the unity of a multiethnic community. The proposed model expands the potential of the methodological principles for studying the phenomenon. Conclusion. The concept of sobornost, inherent in the Russian mentality and transmitted as an open axiological framework, is capable of maximizing its integrative potential in equivalent positions both in scientific discourse and in everyday life, and of manifesting the social attributes of the value oriented orientation of the Russian state civilization in the 21st century.

Introduction. The problem of the relationship between the learning process and the development of abilities throughout life is considered mainly in research on psychology and the selective function of education is studied mainly by sociology. In this case, the axiological foundations of the issue are also of great importance. This is due to the fact that it is necessary to understand not only the methods of identifying abilities, but also to recognize the value component of the problem with all its contradictions. The purpose of this paper is to explore approaches to clarifying these value foundations. This aim to clarify the contexts of different aspects of choice. The methodology focuses on a deterministic description of the relationship between abilities and social selection through education. The axiomatic method is partially used. The object of this study is the selective function of education. The subject of this study is the use of forms and content of the educational process for social selection and personal choice. Discussion. It is noted that abilities are not innate qualities. It is also suggested that their development is specific to different conditions. The author draws attention to the fact that individual characteristics are assessed differently in various contexts. Academic testing is viewed as a mechanism for consolidating social status. The proposition that the curriculum is a means of confirming the presence of abilities is presented as a hypothesis. In addition, it is shown that identifying abilities is not the only task in constructing educational content, but one of the main ones. Moreover, self-determination does not end with a single moment; it exists only in its value orientation. Conclusion. The content of education can be considered both as a mechanism for developing competencies and as a way of testing abilities or value systems. Such testing, in addition to the external selection of individuals unsuitable for a particular activity, performs the function of an «internal filter», showing a person the field of activity that is desirable for him.

The thickness of permafrost on Novaya Sibir Island was estimated using numerical modeling, geothermal data obtained in the 1970s, and an analysis of the region’s geological history. Because of the late onset of freezing at the subaerial stage of development during MIS 4 (75-55 ka ago) combined with prolonged marine stages in the Middle and Late Pleistocene and reduced cooling under the glacial cover during MIS 6 (190-135 ka ago), the current thermal regime of the island permafrost is nonstationary. A map showing the thickness of permafrost on Novaya Sibir Island has been compiled based on the simulation results. Permafrost with an estimated thickness ranging from 316 to 337 meters covers most of the island. The thickest permafrost (550 m) is found in the areas, where hard rocks of the basement with high thermal conductivity lie close to the surface. A reduction in permafrost thickness to 256 meters is due to the presence of brown coal layers with low thermal conductivity. The results of the study indicate that, under similar cryolithological conditions, permafrost in Novaya Sibir Island is 100-200 meters thinner than that in the coastal lowlands of northern Yakutia.

A number of controversial issues on the genesis and metamorphism of ground ice are being addressed using structural-genetic methods and modern image analysis techniques. Ancient ground ice in natural outcrops is often transformed by seasonal cryogenic processes. The aim of this study is to identify features of the ancient ground ice metamorphism under the impact of modern processes. Ground ice and host sediments were studied at two key areas - the Pur-Taz interfluve and western Yamal - in the continuous permafrost zone of Western Siberia. At the Tazovsky geocryological station, ice wedges in thick Holocene peatlands and associated new ice formations beneath the thawed and frozen active layer were studied in 2017-2019. At the Marre-Sale station in western Yamal, data on the structure of ice wedges, wedge-shaped ice, massive ice beds, and associated newly formed ice bodies in sandy, loamy sandy, and loamy substrates were obtained in 2011-2019. In the upper part of the Marre-Sale coastal bluffs, the active layer overlying permafrost contains records of seasonal and long-term variations in thawing and freezing depths. At the foot of the coastal bluff, massive ice beds overlain with thawed and frozen scree sediments and a recently buried snowpack were described. The impact of modern processes on ground ice was assessed using cryolithological methods applied to host and overlying sediments. Thin sections were prepared from oriented ice core samples preserved in the frozen state. Structural and textural features of ice bodies of different geneses - wedge ice, massive segregational ice beds, injection-segregational ice, wedge-shaped ice - were determined in thin sections using transmitted and polarized light. Superimposed structural and textural features of these ice bodies were identified in the zone of their transformation by modern processes. The study made it possible to identify and visualize macrostructure and characteristic features of the transformation of texture and structure in thin sections of different genetic types of ground ice.

To maintain the operability of capital construction facilities in the Arctic, adaptive design is used, in which weak soil foundations are cooled by ventilated underground and, if necessary, artificially frozen using seasonally operating cooling devices. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of the operating mode of a ventilated underground on the state of the artificially frozen soil base of a capital construction facility using the example of an apartment building in Salekhard. The temperature regime of the soil foundation was monitored using thermometric boreholes from 2018 to October 2025. The operating mode of the ventilated underground was studied using thermistor strings installed along three transverse profiles. The velocity and temperature of air flows in the underground were determined using a Kestrel weather station throughout the entire area, quarterly, throughout the year. Based on the data obtained, maps and diagrams of temperature distribution and air flow velocity in the underground, as well as ground temperature distribution at depths of 8 and 10 m below the surface, were built using the Surfer 16 software package. As a result of the study, optimum velocities of air flows in the underground for the most efficient heat removal from the soil base were determined.

The paper presents a comparative analysis of snow density in forests and fields of plain areas of Russia obtained during snow surveys at 82 weather stations in the periods of 1966-1990 and 1991-2020. On average, snow density in forests is 5-10 % lower than in open fields, primarily due to reduced wind impact and weaker snow compaction. In some regions (western and southern European Russia, southern Siberia), the opposite relationship is observed, which is caused by microclimatic features of forest areas favoring melting-refreezing processes. The ratio of snow density in forests to that in open fields ranges from 0.82 to 1.15. No statistically significant changes in snow density for the two studied climatic periods have been detected. The results clarify the spatial differentiation of snow cover parameters depending on landscape conditions and can be used to improve heat exchange models and estimates of snow storage.

On September 16, 2026, Viktor Vasilievich Shepelev, Chief Researcher at the Melnikov Permafrost Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Doctor of Geology and Mineralogy, Professor, Full Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Honored Scientist of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), and Honorary Citizen of Yakutsk, celebrates his 85th birthday. This paper presents the main achievements in his research, organizational, pedagogical, and public scientific expert activities, as well as biographical information.

This paper presents the biographical data and key achievements in the research and organizational activities of R.V. Zhang, Doctor of Engineering, Chief Researcher at the Melnikov Permafrost Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), who celebrates his 85th birthday on September 5, 2026.