K.Yu. Vasileva1,2, M.A. Rogov1,3, V.A. Zakharov 1, B.L. Nikitenko 4, E.B. Pestchevitskaya 4,
A.V. Yadrenkin4, N.K. Lebedeva4, A.A. Goryacheva4, S.N. Khafaeva4, N.A. Malyshev5, V.E. Verzhbitsky5, G.V. Ulyanov6, V.V. Obmetko5, A.A. Borodulin5 1Geological institute of RAS, Moscow, Russia 2Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia 3Arctic Research Center (ARC), Moscow, Russia 4The Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPGG SB RAS), Novosibirsk,Russia 5Rosneft, Moscow, Russia 6JSC “RN-GIR” Moscow branch – center for technical competentions IGIRGI, Moscow, Russia
We present data on the findings of glendonites (pseudomorphs of the cold-water mineral ikaite) in Permian, Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous sedimentary rocks, penetrated by well KS-1, drilled on the coast of the Laptev Sea. This is the only section in the world that contains glendonites of both Paleozoic and Mesozoic age, belonging to a vast time interval including three geological systems. Glendonites are found here in all stages from which they are known in northern Siberia, with the exception of those stratigraphic intervals in which glendonite finds are comparatively rare (Oxfordian, Ryazanian and Valanginian stages). KS-1 well is a unique natural archive, which reflects the most significant cooling events in the studied region during the late Paleozoic-Mesozoic.
B.B. Kochnev1,2, N.I. Vetrova2, E.V. Vetrov3, G.A. Karlova1 1Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Novosibirsk,Russia 3PJSC Polyus, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: Vendian, Cambrian, Ediacaran, Gorny Altai, Baratal Group, carbonate sedimentary rocks, geochemistry, carbon, oxygen and strontium isotopes, metasomatosis
The chemical and isotope (C, O, Sr) composition of carbonate deposits in three sections of the lower Baratal Group in the southeast of the Altai Mountains, which are considered as one of the oldest known fragments of the carbonate cover of oceanic uplifts preserved in the structure of the Central Asian folded belt, was studied. The contents of Fe, Mn and Sr and their ratios to each other, and to isotope parameters indicate a post-sedimentary alteration which varying within and between studied sections. For the least altered «Akkaya» section, the δ13C values are –0.4…+0.7‰, and the 87Sr/86Sr ratios vary from 0.70818 to 0.70833, which limits the age of sedimentation to the range of 550-520 Ma. In the «Kurai» and «Chagan-Uzun» sections, along with similar values, anomalously low values of 87Sr/86Sr down to 0.70662…0.70701 are observed, which are often accompanied by a decrease in δ18O values and an increase in Mn content. These unusual characteristics of carbonates are proposed to be the result of influence of the metasomatic fluids tied with underlying basalts and spatially related to Kuvai regional fault zone. In the «Kurai» section, skeletal small-shelly fossils Cambrotubulus were found, which are not known to be older than 550 Ma, and confirms the transitional terminal Precambrian – earliest Phanerozoic age of the basal sequences of Baratal Group.
I.F. Chayka1, S.Yu. Stepanov 2, A.V. Kozlov3, F.D. Sandalov4, R.S. Palamarchuk2, N.I. Baykov1, V.S. Zhdanova5, V.D. Abramova4 1Korzhinskii Institute of Experimental Mineralogy RAS, Chernogolovka, Russia ivanlab211@gmail.com 2Natural science museum of the Ilmeny Reserve, Southern Ural center for mineralogy and geoecology UB RAS, Miass, Russia 3Saint Petersburg Mining University of Empress Catherine II, Saint-Petersburg, Russia 4Institute of geology of ore deposits, petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia 5Zavaritsky Institute of Geology and Geochemistry UB RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russia
Keywords: skarn, Cu-Fe skarn formation, native gold, gabbro, S isotopes, Ural Platinum Belt
Skarn-type Fe and Cu deposits enriched in Au are widespread within the Tagil–Magnitogorsk megazone of the Ural Fold Belt and are primarily associated with felsic to intermediate intrusions. In the Northern Urals, Fe–Cu skarn-type deposits and ore occurrences are found in the exocontacts of gabbroic phases of the polyphase intrusions of the Ural Platinum Belt. These systems are of particular interest as they represent the terminal (hydrothermal–metasomatic) stage in the fractionation of chalcophile and noble metals within magmatic systems of young island arcs. The metasomatic rocks developed in the exocontact zone of the Knyaspa intrusion, investigated in this study, contain ore-grade concentrations of Fe and Cu (0.5–5 wt%) and Au (0.2–14 g/t), and are classified as belonging to the Cu–Fe skarn formation of the Ural belt. The geological, mineralogical, and geochemical characteristics of this occurrence are largely typical of Cu–Au skarn deposits and are genetically linked with the gabbroic phase of the intrusion, rather than with the dioritic one. The metasomatic rocks formed after andesibasalts of the Pavda Formation. The following sequence of their formation has been reconstructed: (1) amphibole–plagioclase or clinopyroxene–plagioclase hornfelses (hornfels phase); (2 epidote-bearing assemblages with clinopyroxene or garnet (pre-ore skarn stage of the hydrothermal-metasomatic phase); (3) clinopyroxene–actinolite–epidote associations with magnetite and Cu sulfides (ore skarn stage of the hydrothermal-metasomatic phase); (4) largely zeolite assemblages (late hydrothermal stage of the hydrothermal-metasomatic phase) and (5) supergene phase. The estimated temperatures for the formation of primary sulfide mineralization range from 300 to 400 °C. Formation of native gold, which has exclusively broad compositional range in terms of Cu and Ag admixtures, took place at lower temperatures (approximately 100–250 °C) and probably continued during supergene phase Based on δ34S values in sulfides and the geochemistry of chalcophile elements in skarns, the ore elements were probably orthomagmatic. However, the mobilization of S and Cu from the volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the Shemur Formation through their assimilation by the intrusion cannot be ruled out, as well. Regardless of the source, the redox state of sulfur was significantly shifted toward oxidized species (S⁶⁺ or S⁴⁺), resulting in unusually low δ³⁴S values (–6 to –4‰) in the sulfides of the metasomatic rocks.
The first experimental data on the relationship between the carbon dioxide content in minerals of the lazurite-type minerals (LTM) and its partial pressure in the gas phase and temperature in the range corresponding to the lazurite formation process at deposits in the Southern Baikal region have been obtained. The content of structural CO2 species was determined by IR- Fourier spectroscopy. It depends more on temperature than on the partial pressure of CO2
and is maximum for cubic lazurites at 500 °C (0.05-0.07 formula units, f.u.), decreasing to 0.01-0.03 f.u. both when the temperature decreases (460 °C) and when it increases (560 °C). A positive dependence of CO2 content on O2 fugacity in the system has been noted. LTM with an orthorhombic structure (vladimirivanovite) retains CO2 less effectively, with its content decreasing from the initial (natural) 0.08 to 0.01-0.02 f.u. in the specified temperature range of 460-560 °C. The experiments with exposure at 560
oC and subsequent cooling to 460 or 360 oC show the lack of retrograde CO2 solubility in LTM under saturation from gas phase. According to data on CO2 content, cubic lazurites with incommensurate 3D modulation of the structure could have formed at a temperature of about 500 °C, a partial CO2 pressure of ~1.4-2.2 bar, and fO2 at the level of the magnetite-hematite buffer. The high CO2 contents (0.15-0.3 f.u.) recorded in some LTMs may not be related to the direct absorption of CO2 from the gas (fluid) phase, but are the product of relatively low-temperature (<400 °C) transformations of carbon forms, leading to the association of CO2 and molecular forms of sulphur. This temperature range and the fugacity of volatile compounds corresponding to such forms of sulphur should be considered as possible conditions for the synthesis or modification of materials based on sodalite, nosaean and LTMs, which are promising as carbon dioxide absorbers or indicators.
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge within Iceland differs significantly in structure from other ridges. It consists of several modern rift zones with different kinematics and internal structure. At the same time, there are also several inactive rift zones, separated by block uplifts. This structural diversity is caused by the thermal influence of the Icelandic plume, which manifests itself in conditions of asymmetric spreading. To identify the conditions for the development of Icelandic rift zones and the features of their structure in connection with the cyclic plume activity, a physical modeling was used. The resulting model reflects the structure and development of Icelandic rift zones over the last 21.5 million years. It was shown that the kinematics and internal structure of rift zones are a consequence of the development of multi-scale overlaps of spreading centers. Between them, block uplifts arise, which in the modern topography are expressed as elevated peninsulas, mainly in the northern part of the island. The sizes of block uplifts depend on the distance between overlapping spreading axes. As the distance decreases, large uplifts are replaced by a series of small en-echelon blocks. The formation of this structural ensemble is the result of periodic increase in plume activity and its eastward displacement relative to the boundary of the lithospheric plates, which is caused by spreading asymmetry. There are two cycles of plume activity with different durations. The period of 7–8 million years reflects the complete cycle of formation and development of overlappings, and the period of 2–3 million years determines the evolution of the rift zone structure within the entire structural ensemble.
D.A. Nosov1, D.K. Dronov2, Y.G. Turbin2, I.S. Sizikov1. 1Institute of Automation and Electrometry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, postal Novosibirsk, Russia
2Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St:Petersburg, Russia
The article presents the first experimental work with the GABL-PM absolute ballistic laser gravimeter on the pier, in ports and on board the ice-resistant platform (LSP) in the expedition "North Pole-42" (SP-42). During the tests, the parametric adjustment of the gravimeter was carried out in order to adapt the device for its operation on the LSP without using a gyrostabilized platform. The results of the GABL-PM measurements at the berth in St. Petersburg are shown, which are required as a reference for testing the gravimeter on the ship, as well as for linking variations in gravity acceleration measured on board the LSP with the Chekan-AM relative gravimeter to absolute values. The estimation of the RMS error of the GAB-PM measurement on board the LSP at various pitching parameters in the ports of St. Petersburg and Murmansk, as well as in the early days of the start of the drift of the North Pole-42 expedition, is given. Based on the measurement results, it was concluded that a gravimeter without a gyrostabilized platform with reduced accuracy values, on average up to 0.60 mGal, can be used to carry out measurements after freezing the vessel and when following all the points of a specially developed instruction.
1Institute of the Earth's Crust, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: the Cenozoic, volcanism, Baikal Rift, Biryusa block, Siberian craton, pyroxenite mantle source
Based on an analysis of the hypsometric positions of lavas of different ages in the Iya-Uda volcanic field (~8 and ~4 Ma), it has been established that the main phase of intense relief dissection and activation of block movements along the Main Sayan Fault within the Biryusa block occurred in the late Miocene. Geochemical characteristics of the lavas, such as high values of the FCKANTMS parameter (0.46–0.77) [Yang et al., 2019] and the positions of figurative points on the CaO–MgO and TiO₂/Al₂O₃–SiO₂ diagrams, indicate melting of a garnet-pyroxenite mantle source rather than a typical peridotite mantle. The trace element composition of the rocks is consistent with intraplate basalts such as OIB. Variations in the Th/Nb and TiO₂/Yb ratios indicate that for lavas aged 4 Ma, the role of garnet in the melting zone increases, while for magmas aged 8 Ma, the contribution of the lithospheric mantle becomes more significant. The genesis of the enriched pyroxenite component in the lithosphere of the Biryusa block is most likely related to tectonic convergence processes during Late Cenozoic rifting, which led to a change in the volume of the crust and the involvement of lower crustal material into the mantle of the Siberian Craton. Thus, volcanism in the Iya-Uda volcanic field is the result of melting of heterogeneous and enriched lithospheric mantle.
Z.S. Nikiforova1, A.S. Borisenko2, V. L. Sukhoroslov3 1Diamond and Precious Metal Geology Institute of SB RAS, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Yakutsk, Russia 2 V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia 3 Zarubezhtsvetmet JSC, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: eolian processes, relief, formation, eolian placers, distribution conditions, eolian gold, ventifacts, deflation, promising areas, Mongolia
The influence of Aeolian processes on the formation of gold-bearing Aeolian placers has not yet been adequately taken into account in Mongolia, although there is well-reasoned evidence in favor of their formation. Based on the identification of Aeolian gold, the conclusion is substantiated that the formation of gold-bearing placers involved not only hydrodynamic, but also Aeolian processes, which were widely manifested in the Quaternary. The presence of Aeolian gold placers in the troughs and basins of the blowout suggests the formation of gold-bearing Aeolian placers. An analysis of the patterns of distribution of Aeolian gold has shown that the formation of Aeolian gold placers on the territory of Mongolia is quite possible – actually Aeolian placers and placers of heterogeneous origin. Actually, Aeolian placers (autochthonous and allochthonous) are formed due to deflation of ore sources or gold–bearing reservoirs, and placers of heterogeneous origin are formed by deflation of previously formed coastal-lake placers or as a result of alternating activity of temporary watercourses and Aeolian processes. The presence of pseudo-ore gold in the lacustrine-alluvial deposits suggested the arrival of gold from gold-bearing conglomerates of the Mesozoic age. So, based on the results of mineralogical studies of placer gold and field observations, it has been proved that for the first time isolated Aeolian gold and pseudorudic gold deposits on the territory of Mongolia, at a qualitatively new level of knowledge, make it possible to establish the genesis of the formation of gold-bearing placers, as well as more correctly predict the location of gold sources and select methods for their search.
The maceral composition of borehole coal cores from the Tyumen and Vasyugan Formations in the southeastern West Siberian megabasin (Tomsk and Novosibirsk regions) was determined using reflected light microscopy. We have identified and described the groups, classes, subclasses, types, and subtypes, with the most typical macerals photographed and their percentage shares determined from some samples. The maceral compositions are shown to be largely identical in the studied coals of the Tyumen and Vasyugan Formations. The revealed variations in the maceral groups for these formations are as follows (%): vitrinite - 27-100 (averaging 77); inertinite - 0-73 (18); liptinite - 0-33 (8) for the Tyumen Formation, and vitrinite - 52-100 (averaging 82); inertinite - 0-44 (14); liptinite - 0-48 (12) for the Vasyugan Fm (%), thus suggesting a close similarity in the facies conditions of the formation of their coals. The higher plant inputs — lignocellulose tissues, and more rarely, lipid components — served as their source material. In this regard, Upper and Middle Jurassic coals have been extremely underexplored within this area.Analysis of the maceral composition of coals, along with lithological studies, contribute to understanding the facies conditions of the formation of coal-bearing strata. These data may also be useful for petroleum producers in developing hydrocarbon deposits for efficient underground coal gasification, to alleviate the tight supply of natural gas.
G.A. Palyanova1,2, E.N. Svetova3, T.N. Moroz1, Yu.V. Seretkin1,2, L.Yu. Kryuchkova3 1Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia 3Institute of Geology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia 4Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Keywords: agates; zeolites; Tevinskoye and Kinkilskoye deposits; genesis.
The morphology, species, and chemical composition of zeolites in agates from the Tevinskoye and Kinkilskoye deposits (Western Kamchatka, Russia) were studied in detail for the first time. Optical and scanning electron microscopy, EPMA, X-ray diffraction analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray computed microtomography were used. High-silica zeolites have been identified: clinoptilolite-Ca, clinoptilolite-Na, heulandite-Na, heulandite-K and mordenite. Agates from the Tevinskoye deposit were identified as intergrowths of orange and colorless prismatic clinoptilolite-Na crystals, forming a continuous rhythm up to 0.5 mm thick at the contact zone between the agate and the host rock. Numerous mordenite spherulites formed by radially radiating fine-acicular crystals approximately 1 mm long and rare intergrowths of prismatic clinoptilolite-Ca, clinoptilolite-Na, heulandite-Na, heulandite-K crystals were also diagnosed at the boundary between the agate and the host rock from the Kinkilskoye deposit. A typomorphic feature of clinoptilolite and heulandite in agates from both deposits is the admixture of BaO (0.22 to 0.73 wt.%). Silica minerals in the agates are represented by low-temperature cristobalite, chalcedony, quartzine, moganite, microgranular and coarse-crystalline quartz, including amethyst. The presence of "immature" forms of silica — moganite and low-temperature cristobalite — in the studied agates is associated with the young (Eocene) geological age of the volcanic formations. The formation of zeolites in the Tevinsky and Kinkilsky agates could have occurred with the participation of thermal neutral or alkaline. Crystallization of zeolites on the walls of gas cavities apparently occurred from supersaturated (Al, Na, K, Ca, Ba) aqueous solutions and preceded the precipitation of silica.
V.V. Pupatenko1,2 1Institute of Tectonics and Geophysics, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khabarovsk, Russia 2 Pacific National University, Khabarovsk, Russia
Keywords: Low-cost seismic instrument, MEMS accelerometer, low-frequency geophone, passive seismic tomography, earthquake early warning systems, dense seismic networks.
This article provides a review of the current state and prospects of low-cost seismic instruments. These devices enable the solution of a wide range of scientific and applied tasks, while their cost is one or two orders of magnitude lower than that of professional counterparts. The principal types of sensors are examined, including low-frequency geophones and MEMS accelerometers, with a focus on their design features, sensitivity range, and intrinsic noise levels. The typical architecture of recording equipment is described. Examples of the most common low-cost seismic instruments, such as the Raspberry Shake series and the P-Alert system, are provided, along with their technical specifications and application domains. Key application areas are analyzed, including earthquake early warning systems, volcano monitoring, passive seismic tomography using ambient noise records, experiments to measure the full wavefield from weak earthquakes, as well as educational and citizen science projects. The strengths and weaknesses of low-cost instruments are identified, encompassing limitations in recording weak signals and advantages related to network density. Promising future directions are outlined, such as improving measurement accuracy and employing machine learning methods for processing large volumes of data. It is concluded that, when intelligently combined with modern processing algorithms and dense network infrastructure, low-cost seismic instruments are capable of making a significant contribution to earthquake seismology, volcanology, and educational programs.
K.K. Kolesov1, E.F. Letnika1, A.V. Ivanov1, S.I. Shkolnik2, A.A. Zhdanov1 1Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Institute of the Earth's Crust of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: Tillites, Karatau-Dzhebagli block, Bolshoy Karatau, Kosshokinskaya Formation, Ulutau Series
The definition of glacial deposits (tillites) in Precambrian sections is a difficult task due to the frequent similarity of their composition and structure with other sedimentary rocks. This is due to the fact that Precambrian sediments have been losing their inherent geomorphological and lithological features over their long history. Tillites are important markers of climate change and are widely used in stratigraphic correlations and geodynamic reconstructions. The research in this article is aimed at studying tillites within the Bolshoy Karatau ridge in order to substantiate the composition and age of rocks on the eroded surface during the movement of ancient glacier. The age values of detrital zircons from the tillite matrix form the main intervals of 740-856 million years (32 grains), 1950-2040 million years (14 grains) and 2200-2630 million years (26 grains) with age peaks of 765, 835, 924, 2030 and 2435 Ma. The following ages were obtained for boulders from the tillite horizon: 746±4 million years (9 grains); 778±4 million years (9 grains); 746±3 million years (13 grains); 788±3 million years (16 grains). The obtained dates for boulders from the tillite horizon have similar age analogues within the Middle Tien Shan, Karatau-Talas, Zheltau, Chu-Kendyktas, and Ulutau blocks.
This special issue of the Geology and Geophysics contains articles presented in the wake of the scientific conference "High-Pressure Mineral Formation Processes: The Origin of Diamonds and Mantle Magmas," dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding researcher of diamond formation, Academician Nikolai Vladimirovich Sobolev. The conference took place from June 17–19, 2025, in the Novosibirsk Akademgorodok at the V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The range of topics covered, from detailed studies of crystal structure defects in individual diamonds and inclusions in it to the regimes and timing of plate tectonics on the early Earth, fully reflects N.V. Sobolev's contribution to the formation of modern understanding of the evolution of the Earth's mantle composition and the formation settings of kimberlites and diamonds.
Sobolev A.V.1, Sobolev S.V.2,3
1 Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, Univ. Gustave Eiffel, ISTerre, Grenoble, France.
2 GFZ Helmholtz Center for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany.
3 University of Potsdam, Institute of Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany.
The main process that changes Earth’s silicate composition after core segregation is the formation and recycling of continental crust. These processes are closely related to the tectonic regimes that operated at different times during Earth’s history. This review combines recent geochemical data and geodynamic models of how continental crust formed throughout Earth’s history, especially during the Hadean and Archean eons. Continental crust cannot form by direct melting of the dry ultramafic mantle. It requires water, mafic protolith, and minerals compatible with high-field-strength elements (Ti, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf), such as amphibole, rutile, ilmenite, or jadeite pyroxene. For the early Earth, the most likely model involves two stages: first, basaltic or picritic (oceanic) crust is extracted from the mantle, leaving behind a refractory harzburgitic residue. Then, after hydration, the oceanic crust subducts, melts or releases water to flux melting in the mantle, creating continental-crust magmas. Meanwhile, the remaining refractory residue mixes with refractory mantle material, producing a depleted mantle reservoir. Canonical Nb/U and Ce/Pb ratios are unaffected by mantle melting under dry conditions but change during melt generation when amphibole and high-Ti phases are present. Therefore, these ratios are useful indicators of continental crust formation. Geochemical tracers such as (1) Sr isotope compositions of komatiite melts and plagioclase in anorthosites, (2) element ratios in komatiite melts, (3) trace element contents and Hf isotopic compositions of zircon, and (4) decay products of short-lived Sm and Hf isotopes in rocks either support or do not contradict the operation of active continental crust formation and mantle depletion during the Hadean. Production and recycling of continental crust in this period likely involved episodic, short-lived subduction triggered by plumes. Overall, these findings suggest that tectonic regimes in the Hadean (4.4-4.0 Ga after magma-ocean solidification) and in the Eoarchean (4-3.6 Ga) were more dynamic and varied in time and space than previously thought. However, the development of global plate tectonics—requiring a connected network of subduction zones, mid-ocean ridges, and transform faults—could only start later, during the Archean. The causes of the onset of plate tectonics throughout Earth’s history are still debated, and new ideas (such as those involving surface processes, such as the erosion of continents) are being proposed and require further testing.
G.V. Gurin1, I.A. Panteev2
VIRG-Rudgeofizika Ltd, St. Petersburg, Russia
Keywords: mathematical modeling, 3D inversion, deep electrical resistivity tomography
Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) has numerous applications. The high demand for ERT is stimulating the active development of equipment and technologies, as well as methods for analyzing, processing, and inversion of ERT data. The use of 3D electrode arrays for surveying complex geoelectrical environments is increasing due to the limitations and shortcomings of 2D electrode arrays. 3D electrode arrays often allow for increased spatial resolution and reliability in the inverted models. The advantages of 3D electrode arrays over 2D electrode arrays for ERT surveying often not obvious. Geophysicists often decline the use of 3D electrode arrays for this reason. This paper reviews ERT technologies that use 3D electrode arrays, methods for building of geoelectric models, their advantages and disadvantages. Based on mathematical modeling/inversion of ERT data, the advantages of 3D electrode arrays and the disadvantages of 2D electrode arrays are demonstrated. We conducted analyses of typical distortions in models and systematized them. We presented a simple 3D electrode array optimized for labor and cost, with current and potential electrodes located on adjacent profiles. We showed that models inverted by ERT data with 3D optimized electrode arrays do not have the distortions typical 2D electrode arrays. Thus, using 3D optimized electrode arrays, labor and cost can be reduced for field work without losing the spatial resolution of models inverted by ERT data. This opens the way for active use of the ERT with 3D electrode arrays to explore ore deposits.
RESULTS OF TRIAL MAGNITOVARIATIONAL SOUNDING IN THE KAMCHATKA VOLCANIC REGION 1V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Octanological Institute Far Eastern Branch Russian Academy of Science, Vladivosrtok, Russia 2Institute of cosmophysical research and radio wave propagation FEB RAS, Paratunka, Russia
Keywords: magnetovariational sounding, tipper, ModEM, 3D inversion, geoelectrical section
The results of performance the magnetovariational sounding in geologically complex Eastern Kamchatka volcanic belt with the active at present time volcanoes are presented. In investigation the geomagnetic variations received at “Paratunka” observatory and its station “Karymshina”, which is about 18 km apart to southwest from it. Calculated at both site tippers were undergone to 3D inversion by means of ModEM program. During inversion the different start models as homogeneous half-space and the same including the water layer of the nearest Pacific Ocean, taken into account its bathymetry, were used. The carried out inversion let to define the conductive blocks in geoelectrical section at depth range about 10-50 km under volcanic belt. In order to test this result, the 3D inversion of tippers taken by means of solving the direct magnetotelluric task for model containing conductive blocks in the same depth range was performed. In the article the most characteristic horizontal slices and vertical sections of received evaluative geoelectrical model of study area, including Paratunka geothermal area and caldera Karymshina, are presented. The results obtained are compared with the results of a seismic tomography at S-waves, which were get in this region.
A.G. Konstantinov
Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics of Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences (IPGG SB RAS) Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: ammonoids, Carnian Age, paleobiogeography, Boreal Realm.
The taxonomic composition and distribution of Boreal Carnian ammonoids from northeastern Asia and Arctic Canada have been clarified, the generic assignment of some species has been revised, and their definitions have been standardized. A qualitative comparative analysis of ammonoid assemblages from northeastern Asia and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago has been conducted for the omkutchanicum, armiger, pentastichus, and combined yakutensis and bytschkovi phases. The presence of ammonoids of the genus Boreotrachyceras in the early Carnian of Arctic Canada has been substantiated. This has allowed for the first comparison of coeval ammonoid assemblages of the omkutchanicum phase from northeastern Asia and Arctic Canada, demonstrating the commonality of the ammonoid generic composition of this time throughout the Boreal Realm. It has been established that the early Carnian ammonoid fauna of northeastern Asia differs from that of Arctic Canada by the presence of Tethyan genera (Trachyceras, Striatosirenites) and families (Arpaditidae). A comparative analysis of the ammonoid fauna of the late Carnian has been conducted for the first time, separately for the formation time of the Arctosirenites canadensis beds, equivalent to the pentastichus phase, and for the formation time of the Jovites borealis beds, equivalent to the yakutensis and bytschkovi phases. As a result, for the first time, with phase accuracy, the time of penetration of Tethyan genera into the paleobasins of the Yukon and Arctic Canada (the time of formation of layers with Jovites borealis) was determined, and the belonging of Arctic Canada to the Tethyan Realm was substantiated.
K. G. Parkhacheva, S. K. Kuznetsov, M. Yu. Sokerin, N. V. Sokerina
Keywords: Sulphide mineralization, gold bearing capacity, Middle Timan, isotope, mineral formation conditions
Zones of hydrothermal vein-disseminated, disseminated sulfide, predominantly pyrite, mineralization in Riphean rocks of the Kyvvozhsky region are characterized by elevated contents of Au, Cu, Se, Mo, Ag, Pb, Bi, Sb, Zn. According to the results of the correlation analysis, the following groups of ore elements were identified, within which the strongest positive correlations were established: Ag-Bi-As-Со; Pb-Cu-Zn-Se; Co-Ni-As. Pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, cobaltite, monazite, xenotime, bornite, and covellite are found in association with pyrite in sulfide veinlets. Native gold is rare; particles with peripheral low-grade zones alternate with high-grade gold overgrowths are present. Inclusions of pyrite, pentlandite, monazite, and albite are observed. The gold contains Ag, and sometimes Cu and Pd, as impurities. Judging by the relationships between the minerals, pyrite was the earliest, followed by pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and cobaltite, followed by sphalerite, galena, and gold. The formation of sulfide mineralization is associated with hydrothermal processes that occurred in pre-Middle Devonian times, associated with the activation of tectonic-magmatic processes. Geological data, the heavy isotopic composition of pyrite sulfur with a variation in δ34S values from +15.8 to +23.6 ‰, suggest that the most important role was played by regional metamorphic processes that facilitated the mobilization and migration of hydrothermal solutions along faults with the borrowing of various components from the host rocks and subsequent crystallization of sulfides and gold. In some cases, the presence of Cu and Pd impurities in gold indicates a possible influence on the mineral-forming solutions of basic rocks or their partial depth nature as derivatives of basite-hyperbasite magmatism. The Kyvvozhsky district is of interest for primary gold deposits and merits continued exploration.
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