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The main results Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, on the research and development of lidar methods and means for the study of atmospheric turbulence performed at the last five years are received.

Results of high-resolution molecular spectroscopy investigations conducted at IAO SB RAS during the last five years are outlined in this brief review. We consider theoretical problems of vibrational-rotational spectra of basic molecules of atmospheric gases, spectral line contours, problems of the atmospheric continuum absorption, and databases of molecular spectral characteristics in gas phase. In the section of experimental investigations, the main attention is devoted to results obtained by the Fourier spectroscopy methods using laser diodes as a radiation source, as well as results obtained at a Fourier spectrometer with a multipath 30-meter cell with computer control of optical path length under temperature and pressure variations of a gas under study.

We present the results of studies on controlling the characteristics of the multiple filamentation domain of femtosecond laser pulses on atmospheric paths using variable initial spatial focus, beam radius, and pulse energy, as well as the structure of the light field at the initial beam aperture.

The main stages of development of the direction associated with the engineering and research of metal vapor lasers, which exists in the IAO SB RAS since the first days of its foundation, are considered. Some of the most interesting, in the opinion of the authors, results that have both fundamental and applied nature are presented. A fairly extensive list of works published in the Institute on this subject is given, mainly in the last twenty years.

The results obtained at IAO SB RAS in 2010-2019 on problems of atmospheric correction of satellite images of the Earth surface and of optical communication based on scattered laser radiation in the optical wavelength range in the atmosphere and under water are briefly rewieved.

The development of adaptive optics as an effective means of eliminating irregular distortions, which occur during light propagation through an inhomogeneous medium, using controlled optical elements is described. Many ideas developed in recent years have been suggested quite long ago, but only now, due to the creation of elemental base of optoelectronic systems and devices, they come into use in many fields of science and technology. The current status of adaptive optics systems in solar astronomy is considered; some aspects of their use in distortion correction in high-power laser systems are analyzed. The retrospective analysis of the related studies at V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, is presented.

According to long-term measurements of concentrations of greenhouse gases in the surface air layer and the free atmosphere trends of changes in their concentrations in Siberia are estimated. It is established that change of concentration of CO₂ in a ground layer of air changes across the territory of Siberia from 2.13 to 2.45 ppm/year, concentration of a methane increases with a speed from 5.7 to 16.3 ppb/year. Increase in concentration of greenhouse gases in the free atmosphere happens for CO₂ to speed of 2.09 ppm/year in a layer from 0.5 to 7.0 km. A methane increases on average in a layer of 0.5-7.0 km with the rate of 5.1 ppb/year. Concentration of nitrous oxide grows at all heights on average with a trend of 0.78 ppb/year. In comparison with global average rates, the established trends exceed them on CO₂ and CH₄, and appear less for N₂O.

The paper briefly considers the main fields of research and results of investigation of the atmospheric boundary layer with methods and technical facilities of acoustic diagnostics in V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, for the last decade.

A review of studies on the singular optics of scalar wave fields carried out in the world and IAO SB RAS is performed. The results of the study of the processes of birth and annihilation of phase singularities are generalized. The methods of reconstruction of the singular phase and their applicability to the problems of adaptive focusing of radiation in randomly inhomogeneous media are analyzed. The results of the analysis of the energy, statistical, and topological properties of vortex optical beams propagating in a turbulent atmosphere are presented. The results of the synthesis of vortex beams with on-line control of the orbital angular momentum based on the matrix approach developed at IAO SB RAS are demonstrated.

The article analyzes financial flows emerging between the Russian Arctic regions and the federal budget. The Arctic regions in Russia are financially sound across the board and provide meaningful contributions to the federal budget. The regions in question are capable of independent development without permanent subsidies from the federal center, even considering environmental and local security expenditures.