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Spatial-local algorithms for signal and image filtering are widely used in practice because they have one or several parameters whose values significantly determine a filtering error. The choice of these parameters from the filtering error minimum condition is a known problem that has not been acceptably solved yet. A statistical algorithm is proposed that makes it possible to quite accurately estimate the optimal parameters of two spatial-local filters. An efficient algorithm for estimating the measurement noise variance is presented

A nonparametric algorithm of automatic classification of large arrays of statistical data is considered. Its synthesis is based on decomposition of initial data. The results of decomposition form a set of centers of multidimensional intervals and the corresponding frequencies of occurrence of values of random variables. Based on information obtained, classes corresponding to single-mode fragments of the probability density of features of examined objects are detected. The spatial interpretation of automatic classification results is analyzed. The nonparametric algorithms developed in the study are important tools of processing of data obtained by remote sensing of natural resources.

The comparative estimation of the probability distribution density parameters determined using the maximum likelihood and moment methods is carried out according to their accuracy and complexity of estimation algorithms. Expressions determining the Nakagami distribution parameters by the maximum likelihood method are obtained. A method for estimating the Nakagami distribution parameters by the moment method in which the distribution moments are replaced by their estimates is described. It is noted that parameter estimation by the maximum likelihood method has a smaller variance and displacement as compared with estimation by the moment method, especially with a small number of samples. It is shown that, unlike energy parameter estimation, the real laws of Nakagami distribution is approximated using a large volume of statistical data that describe the signal.

The results of temperature signal analysis are given. A mathematical model of a temperature signal in a form of an amplitude and phase modulated oscillation is presented. The amplitude and phase are calculated on the basis of the theory of analytical signals. The amplitude and phase of the temperature signals are applied as criteria for detecting climactic clusters. A climactic clustering algorithm is described

Concepts of time are significantly different in philosophy and the humanities on the one hand and in mathematics and physical and mathematical sciences on the other hand. Mathematics and physics traditionally focus on reproducible periodic processes paying attention to the prediction of their results. Philosophy and the humanities as a whole consider time mostly as a historical irreproducible stream of unique events which create history and as a unique development scenario. An urgent scientific problem consists in the convergence of both concepts, which is possible on the basis of modern ideas of deterministic chaos. For an adequate description of historical time, it is advisable to use the proposed concepts of “dynamic set” and “true (or temporal) number”. The features of deterministic-chaotic processes with the participation of temporal numbers can be shown by the example of computer models of continual cellular automata, for which the rules of transition between their states include nonlinearity.

The article proposes a contextual realist interpretation of one of the most popular modern versions of quantum mechanics such as Carlo Rovelli's relational quantum mechanics. The fundamentals points are correct interpretation of the concept of reality and taking into account the categorial difference between the ideal (concepts, theories, observers) and the real (applications of a theory, real objects, observed systems). In our interpretation, the observer consciousness (subjectivity) plays no metaphysical role. Our approach may also be regarded as a return to the Copenhagen interpretation (in a broad sense) corrected within the framework of contextual realism. In our view, later interpretations of quantum mechanics turned out to be worse than the original one proposed by the founding fathers of quantum physics. Contextual realism makes it possible to avoid metaphysical problems which different interpretations of quantum mechanics face with, including the relational one, to give a non-metaphysic interpretation of a quantum event arising when measuring a physical quantity, as well as a realistic and local interpretation of quantum correlations.

The article discusses philosophical and methodological problems which arise when studying the phenomenon of the generation of superweak electromagnetic radiation by living organisms and its regulatory function. It is shown how these problems can act as limitations in the study of the phenomenon, as well as in its acceptance by the scientific community.

The article considers the influence of consciousness on the brain and the cognitive unconscious. We summarize views of a number of psychologists, philosophers and linguists concerning cognition and consciousness. Basing on this analysis, we develop an ecological conception of consciousness. It implies that the system «consciousness - the unconscious - the brain» should also include individual's environment as the forth element.

The article analyzes the theory of consciousness as virtual reality proposed by T. Metzinger. We highlight the main aspects of the theory and show its differences from other modern theories of consciousness. We analyze Metzinger's assumption of a minimum set of structures necessary for the emergence of consciousness, i.e. his concept of "minimum consciousness". Also, we show the relation of the considered theory to the issues of the ontological status of subjective experience and self-consciousness, as well as to the key philosophical issues, namely the existence of the external world, the ontological status of consciousness, the existence of free will, the possibility of creating artificial consciousness and self-consciousness.

The paper aims to discuss the problem of the intuitive knowledge in the classification of living organisms, placed in the historical context. The ‘intuitivism’ vs. ‘operationalism’dilemma is considered, and the changes in their inter-relations during the development of biological systematics are reviewed. The reasons for the neglect of intuitivism in the modern systematics and the possible consequences of this are considered.