V.A. Shishko1, I.D. Bryukhanov2, E.V. Nie2, N.V. Kustova1, D.N. Timofeev1, A.V. Konoshonkin1,2 1V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634055, Russia 2National Research Tomsk State University, 36, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
Keywords: матрица обратного рассеяния света, ледяные кристаллы, перистые облака, метод физической оптики, поляризационный лидар, light backscattering matrices, ice crystals, cirrus clouds, physical optics approximation, polarization lidar
Subsection: OPTICS OF CLUSTERS, AEROSOLS, AND HYDROSOLES
The paper presents the algorithm of interpreting the light backscattering matrices (BSM) that were obtained by the unique high-altitude polarization lidar of NR TSU while sounding cirrus clouds. The microphysical properties of cirrus clouds, i.e., size, spatial orientation, shape, and percentage of different particles based on BSMs calculated within physical optics approximation were estimated.
V.I. Mankovskiy
Marine Hydrophysical Institute National Academy of the RAS, 2, Kapitanskaya St., Sevastopol, 299011, Russia
Keywords: консервативное и неконсервативное желтое вещество, показатели поглощения, рассеяния и ослабления, спектральная изменчивость, хлорофилл, conservative and non-conservative yellow substance, absorption, scattering and attenuation coefficients, spectral selectivity, chlorophyll
Subsection: OPTICS OF CLUSTERS, AEROSOLS, AND HYDROSOLES
A method for evaluation of the absorption coefficient of conservative yellow substance (CYS) from regression between hydrooptical characteristics is discussed. Estimates of CYS absorption in different waters are obtained. The parameter of spectral selectivity of CYS absorption is determined. The ratio of CYS absorption to total yellow substance absorption in waters with different concentrations of chlorophyll is calculated.
The outer scales of temperature turbulence and wind vector components in the surface air layer over an urban territory and a natural landscape are calculated. Monthly average values of the outer scales and their daily mean dynamics in different months are considered. A technique for calculation of the outer turbulence scale based on the results of parameterization of the structure functions of parameters under study is briefly described.
P.N. Antokhin1, O.Yu. Antokhina1, M.Yu. Arshinov1, B.D. Belan1, D.K. Davydov1, A.V. Kozlov1, A.V. Fofonov1, M. Sasakawa2, T. Machida2 1V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634055, Russia 2National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, 305-8506, Tsukuba, Japan
Keywords: атмосферное блокирование, метан, углекислый газ, концентрация, JR-STATION, зимний период, высота пограничного слоя, приземное давление, atmospheric blocking, methane, carbon dioxide, concentration, winter period, JR-STATION, height of the boundary layer, surface pressure
The paper proposes a mechanism for the influence of atmospheric blocking on the gas and aerosol composition of the surface layer of the atmosphere in the winter period. According to the mechanism proposed, an increase in the concentrations is observed in the cyclonic part of the blocking formed by the advection of polar air masses and more often localized in southern regions of Western Siberia. The increase in the concentrations occurs due to a decrease in the height of the boundary layer and the formation of inversion. To confirm the mechanism proposed, the variability of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations was studied in background regions of Western Siberia (JR-STATION - Japan-Russia Siberian Tower Inland Observation Network) during periods of atmospheric blocking. A total of 12 blocking periods were analyzed. It turned out that during the blocking period, the concentrations of CH4 and CO2 increase in most of the events for the stations located in the south of Western Siberia. The average difference in the CH4 concentrations between the blocking periods and the periods preceding the blockings was 133 ppb (range of variability is from 50 to 370 ppb), for CО2, 9.5 ppm (range of variability is from 4 to 17 ppm). The average growth rate of the concentration during the blocking periods was 48 ppb/day for CH4 (the maximum is 182 ppb/day, the minimum is 12 ppb/day), and for CO2, 3 ppm/day (the maximum is 9 ppm/day, the minimum is 1 ppb/day). The average increase for CH4 was 268 ppb, and for CO2, 17 ppm.
Main characteristics of the astroclimate (the turbulent fields structure and the formation conditions) are studied in a number of Russian astronomical observatories in the Southern Siberia and the North Caucasus: Sayan Solar, Baikal Astrophysical, Special Astrophysical, Kolyvansky Ridge Observatory, Center of Laser Atmosphere Sensing of V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics SB RAS. The experimental results have been reached from long-term astroclimate observations (expeditions 2006-2017) using a small-sized ultrasonic weather station; theoretical results - by numerical solving of various boundary value problems for the Navier-Stokes equations. Presence of regions with coherent (non-Kolmogorov) turbulence over the observatories has been established, the formation of which is caused by the terrain and the uneven heating of the underlying surface. Large vortical coherent structures and the coherent turbulence have been registered inside dome rooms. Numerical simulation allows to analyze of the influence of design features and temperature regimes of the telescope elements, as well as to test the telescope optical characteristics, including the minimization of the influence of external and under-dome turbulence. The article has the character of a review of the authors' own researches. The introduction contains a brief historical overview of the origin and evolution of the concepts "coherent structure" and "coherent turbulence", based on the world scientific literature.
N.A. Vasnev1, M.V. Trigub1, G.S. Evtushenko2,3 1V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634055, Russia 2Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Vavilov Str., 38 3National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
Keywords: лазерный монитор, бистатическая схема лазерного монитора, активная фильтрация, визуализация, усилители яркости, коэффициент усиления, удаленные объекты, laser monitor, bistatic scheme of a laser monitor, active filtration, imaging, brightness amplifiers, gain, remote objects
Subsection: OPTICAL SOURCES AND RECEIVERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
The effect of the brightness amplifier operation mode on images obtained by means of a bistatic laser monitor, an active optical system with a two laser active elements, is investigated. The possibility of imaging the remote objects (more than 5 m) by means of this scheme of laser monitor has been evaluated. It is shown that a change in the concentration of the active substance (copper bromide) of the amplifier significantly affects the amplification of the input signal. The active substance temperature rise in the range from 480 to 550 °C leads to an increase in the gain over the entire input level range. A further increase in the temperature (570 °C) increases the gain at a relatively small input signal (less than 100 mW). The resulting amplification characteristics of the active optical system are described and compared with the parameters of the images (distortion, brightness).
T.Yu. Chesnokova1, M.V. Makarova2, A.V. Chentsov1, Yu.V. Voronina1, V.I. Zakharov3,4, N.V. Rokotyan3, B. Langerock5 1V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634055, Russia 2Saint-Petersburg State University, University Embankment, 7-9, St. Petersburg, 199034 3Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 620083, 51 Lenina, Ekaterinburg, Russia 4Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, 620990, Ekaterinburg, S. Kovalevskaja st., 16 5Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy BIRA-IASB, 3-Avenue Circulaire B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
Keywords: монооксид углерода, атмосферное пропускание, спектроскопические базы данных, carbon monoxide, atmospheric transmission, spectroscopic databases
Subsection: SPECTROSCOPY OF AMBIENT MEDIUM
Carbon monoxide CO is a marker of the atmosphere pollution caused by fires and combustion engines emission. The regular monitoring of the CO content in the atmosphere is needed to control the air quality. In the work, the results of CO atmospheric total content retrievals from the solar spectra recorded by Fourier spectrometers placed in Saint Petersburg (59.88N, 29.83E) and Kourovka (57.038N, 59.545E) stations, are presented. The impact of the difference in CO absorption line parameters in modern spectroscopic data bases on accuracy of the CO atmospheric content retrieval from the high resolution spectra is estimated.
L.A. Bolbasova1,2, V.P. Lukin1, A.Yu. Shikhovtsev3, P.G. Kovadlo3 1V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634055, Russia 2National Research Tomsk State University, 36, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050,Russia 3Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, 664033, Irkutsk, 126a, Lermontova str
Keywords: астроклимат, скорость ветра, адаптивная оптика, astroclimate, wind speed, adaptive optics
Subsection: OPTICS OF STOCHASTICALLY-HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA
Seasonal changes in the altitude distribution of wind speed in the lake Baikal region for the Baikal Astrophysical Observatory of the ISSP SB RAS are studied in connection with the task of developing an adaptive optics system of the Large Solar Vacuum Telescope. The data of NCEP/NCAR in the period 1948-2016 are analyzed. Average and median values, first and third quartiles of the wind speed profiles to an altitude of 32.5 km are calculated for each month of the year. The seasonal variations in the tropopause height are obtained from NCEP/NCAR data. A model for the wind speed profile is suggested. A feature of the model is the consideration of wind speed at 200 hPa as an indicator of the quality of astronomical images.
N. A. YAZYKOV, A. D. SIMONOV, and V. A. YAKOVLEV
Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
E-mail: yazykov@catalysis.ru
Keywords: technical analysis, solid fuel, biomass, peat, fossil coal, lower heating value
Pages: 429-434
The paper demonstrates an opportunity to determine the elemental composition of the combustible mass of plant biomass, peat, and fossil coal based on technical analysis findings followed by the assessment of the low heat value of solid fuel. This approach may be useful with the absence of elemental analysis findings and the lower heat of combustion of solid fuel. The content of carbon as the main element that forms the structure of solid fuel may be assessed via the yield of volatile matter, as demonstrated in the first case. Empirical dependencies of Hat/Cat
and Oat/Cat ratios on carbon content in solid fuel, against which the low heat value of solid fuel with a sulphur content of no more than 2 % is calculated, are defined. Herewith, the deviation from the literature data did not exceed 10 %. The second option examines an opportunity to determine Hat/Cat and Oat/Cat ratios
via the yield of volatile matter. The low heat values of solid fuels
with sulphur contents of no more than 2 % were calculated on the basis of the
resulting empirical dependencies; herewith, the deviation from the known values
does not exceed 6 %. The use of the resulting
empirical dependencies to define the low heat values of solid fuels with a
sulphur content of 2.1–8.4 % in some cases, gives an increase in deviations
from the literature data within 12–14 %.
