Sizes of bushes, leaves, seeds and flower elements of Nitraria sibirica Pall. and N. schoberi L. were studied in 19 Siberian populations. It has been revealed that larger bushes 150-170 cm high, leaves 15-30 cm long and 5,7-8,8 mm wide, seeds up to 10 mm long, wider corolla petals about 2,5 mm and larger (by 1,2-1,5 times) anthers are typical of N. schoberi . Height of N. sibirica bush does not exceed 80 cm, length of a leaf blade varies from 8 to 15 mm; length of stones amounts to 3,7-7,4 mm; length of petals is somewhat more than 3,5 mm and that of anthers - 0,5-1 mm. Rather high constancy of metric characters typical of both species regardless of habitat conditions is shown. Climatic dependence is only followed by bush height in N. sibirica which is a trailing plant in the continental regions, especially in the high mountains of the Altai Republic. The vegetative organs (leaf blades and young stems) of N. sibirica are always more pubescent compared to those of N. schoberi .
A. Yu. ASTASHENKOV1, V. A. CHERYOMUSHKINA1, A. V. GREBENYUK2, S. D. DZHUMANOV3 1Central Siberian Botanical Garden, SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Zolotodolinskaya str., 101 2V. L. Komarov Institute of Botany, RAS, 197376, St. Petersburg, Prof. Popov str., 2 3Aksu-Zhabaglinsky Nature Reserve, 131610, Zhabagly, Abay str., 8
Keywords: Nepeta pulchella, морфология, жизненные формы, онтогенез, морфологическая адаптация, ценопопуляции, Аксу-Жабаглы, Nepeta pulchella, morphology, life forms, ontogenesis, morphological adaptation, coenopopulations, Aksu-Zhabagly
The present paper is devoted to the results of study of ontogenesis and structural-morphological pattern of Nepeta pulchella individuals of different life forms. Ecological-coenotic conditions of the species habitats within Aksu-Zhabaglinsky Nature Reserve are characterized. N. pulchella occurs from the middle part of the mountains to the subalpine belt. Status of coenopopulations in two types of plant communities has been assessed. Depending on various ecological-coenotic conditions N. pulchella individuals have two life forms: taprooted caudex and short-rooted- taprooted. Individuals of these biomorphs pass complete complicated ontogenesis. The following morphogenetic phases are described for the first biomorph: primary shoot -> main axis -> primary bush -> clone and for the second one - primary shoot -> main axis -> primary bush -> tillering particle -> not tillering particle. The coenopopulations studied are normal, transitional to mature, resistant and incomplete. Ecological-coenotic and structural-morphological analyses have made it possible to reveal in N. pulchella individual morphogenesis a number of characters indicative to phylogenetic link with сlosely related taxa.
It is established that in the conditions of cold humid climate the change in the chemical composition of soils after the arrival of volcanic ash in them depends on the granulometric and petrochemical composition of the products of eruptions, the method and the forms of chemical elements entering the soils, the season and the meteorological conditions of the ash falls. Petrochemical composition of ash determines, mainly, the nature of changes in the gross composition of soils. Transformations of soils in the part of the contents of mobile forms depend more on the time of year and the meteorological conditions of ash falls. The overwhelming part (up to 99.3 %) of the mobile forms of most elements enters the soils at ash falls not in the composition of ash particles, but in gas and water-soluble forms directly from the dispersion medium of volcanic aerosol. In 25 km from the centers of eruptions in soils are established: in winter conditions - growth of gross contents of elements and removal of their mobile forms; in the summer period - the accumulation of mobile forms of elements against the background of a fall in the content of their gross forms, acidification of soils is observed here with a significant (about 1.5-fold) decrease in the degree of saturation of soils with bases.
T. A. DUPAL1, Z. M. SERGAZINOVA2, N. T. ERZHANOV2, Yu. N. LITVINOV1 1Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, SB RAS, 630091, Novosibirsk, Frunze str., 11 2Toraigyrov Pavlodar State University, 637034, Pavlodar, Lomova str., 64
Keywords: грызуны, насекомоядные, сообщества, численность и структура населения, промышленное загрязнение, Северный Казахстан, rodents, insectivores, community, species abundance, dominance structure, industrial pollution, Northern Kazakhstan
The new data on the small mammal communities in the industrial area near Pavlodar (Northern Kazakhstan) are presented in this article for the first time. The comparative analysis of the diversity characteristics of the small mammal communities in the areas of technological environmental impact, and the reference area was performed. It is shown that the total abundance increases with the distance from the pollution sources. The community of small mammals in a territory with a significant anthropogenic pressure is characterized by depleted species composition and the monodominant structure. With a moderate intensity of anthropogenic load, species diversity increases, but the number of individual species decreases due to fragmentation of habitats.
D. V. SOLOVYEVA1, J. D. PARUK2, J. TASH2, S. L. VARTANYAN3, G. K. DANILOV3, V. V. POSPEKHOV1, D. C. EVERS2 1Institute of Biological Problems of the North, FEB RAS, 685000, Magadan, Portovaya str., 18 2Biodiversity Research Institute, 276 Canco Road, Portland, Maine, USA 3N. A. Shilo North-East Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute, FEB RAS, 685000, Portovaya str., 16
Keywords: чернозобая гагара, Gavia arctica, белошейная гагара, G. pacifica, краснозобая гагара, G. stellata, белоклювая гагара, G. adamsii, Чукотка, Россия, Arctic Loon, diver, Gavia arctica, Pacific Loon, G. pacifica, Red-throated Loon, G. stellata, Yellow-billed Loon, G. adamsii, Chukotka, Russia
The present paper deals with data on abundance and habitat use of four arctic breeding species of loons in the plains and surrounding mountains of western Chukotka, Russia. Loon species differed in their use of the four lacustrine habitat types within the study area. In yedoma habitat, the Yellow-billed Loon ( Gavia adamsii ) was the most abundant (0.593 birds/km2); on fluvial plains Pacific loons ( G . pacifica) outnumbered other loons (0.701 birds/km2); mountain valleys were inhabited similarly by G . pacifica (0.354 birds/km2) and Red-throated loons ( G . stellata ; 0.307); and maritime tundra was used only by G. pacifica (1.13) and Arctic loons ( G . arctica ; 0.553). G. adamsii was not observed in mountain valleys or maritime tundra. Mountainous portions of rivers were predominantly occupied by G. stellata and G. pacifica , and lowland rivers by G. stellata , G. pacifica and G. arctica .
The paper describes
preparation and launching of the first artificial satellites of the Earth in
the USSR and USA. Statistical data of successful and unsuccessful launches in 1957–2016 are provided. Brief information about
the families of launchers created on the basis of the R-7 (USSR) and also Atlas
and Titan (USA) ballistic missiles is given. The long-time evolution of rocket
launchers is traced by an example of the 50 years of the Delta family (USA)
based on the Thor intermediate range ballistic missile.
Some methods of thermal
regime control for three dimensional flows around a body due to the
simultaneous impact of body rotation around the longitudinal axis, mass ablative
surface, and heat transfer flow in the body shell material are considered. The
solution to the dual formulation allows us to take into account the impact of
non-isothermal shell wall on the characteristics of heat and mass transfer in
the boundary layer. The effect of the body rotation and the injection of cooler
gas on the characteristics of heat and mass exchange in a thermal protection
material is analyzed.
The
structure of clustered supersonic underexpanded jets of molecular nitrogen and
argon was measured by the method of molecular beam mass-spectrometry.
Peculiarities of application of the molecular beam methods for recording the
supersonic rarefied gas jets under the conditions of weak and developed
condensation (i.e., in the presence of small and large clusters in jets) have
been discovered, identified, and studied. An unusual shape of longitudinal and
transverse cross sections of the clustered supersonic jets was revealed and
explained when scanning with a molecular-beam system. It has been
determined that small clusters and monomers are the sources of double-ionized
monomers available near the flow axis, and dimer ions at the early stages of
condensation, whereas another mechanism of such ion formation dominates, when
large clusters area available in the flow. A marker for fixing the stage
of formation of small clusters in a supersonic flow is proposed.
The influence of properties of
first- and second-order accuracy finite-difference schemes and of the grid roughness
in the computational domain on the prediction of amplitude-frequency responses
of pressure oscillations is investigated within the framework of the problem of
steady-state oscillations in a semi-closed channel. It is shown that Godunov-type
first-order accuracy scheme underestimates the amplitude of high-frequency
oscillations relative to experimental data. Second-order accuracy Lax–Wendroff
scheme leads to qualitative coincidence of a trend of amplitude-frequency response with experimental data in terms
of the harmonics number even at a relatively coarse discretization of a
computational domain.
At full and over load operating points, some Francis turbines experience
strong self-excited pressure and power oscillations. These oscillations are occuring due to the hydrodynamic instability of the cavitating
fluid flow. In many cases, the amplitude of such pulsations may be reduced
substantially during the turbine operation by the air injection/admission below
the runner. Such an effect is investigated numerically in the present work. To
this end, the hybrid one-three-dimensional model of the flow of the mixture
“liquid-vapor” in the duct of a hydroelectric power station, which was proposed
previously by the present authors, is augmented by the second gaseous component
¾ the non-condensable air. The boundary conditions and the numerical
method for solving the equations of the model are described. To check the
accuracy of computing the interface “liquid-gas”, the numerical
method was applied at first for solving the dam break problem. The algorithm
was then used for modeling the flow in a hydraulic turbine with air injection
below the runner. It is shown that with increasing flow rate of the injected
air, the amplitude of pressure pulsations decreases. The mechanism of the flow
structure alteration in the draft tube cone has been elucidated, which leads to
flow stabilization at air injection.
