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The temperature dependence of the atmospheric ozone generation rate on the air temperature is studied on the basis of measurement data in a background area. The type of this dependence is ascertained by the method based on the comparison of variations in the ozone concentration when waves of heat and cold pass through the measurement site. This approach allowed us to derive the quantitative, but not qualitative, dependence for the first time. The coefficients of the expression depend on both the air temperature and initial ozone concentration. Thus, at a long-term minimum of surface ozone concentration (1999) at a temperature of 30 °C, its change by 1 °C corresponds to the increase in the ozone concentration of 5 μg/m³. At a maximum of concentration (2001) at the same temperature, the increase can make nearly 25 mg/m³ per 1 °C. In the intermediate periods (1997 and 2010), it is about 14 μg/m³ per 1 °C. The analysis shows that this dependence is quadratic due to a nonlinear increase in the constants of reactions and quadratic increase in the hydrocarbon emissions by vegetation with the air temperature.

The effects of penetrating short-wave radiation on the Arctic Ocean water temperature and sea ice state have been studied with an ocean-ice general circulation model. Numerical experiments show that during summer period, while the ice thickness is reduced to 2 m, the absorption of penetrating radiation results in the formation of the subsurface temperature maximum. This temperature maximum gradually decays during the fall season due to strong vertical mixing and heat flux to the ice and underlying waters.

We examine variations in airglow in the 555.7 nm atomic oxygen line and the ONI index of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon in 1997-2017. Correlation between these parameters is revealed. During the prolonged La Niña episode of 1991-2001, the 557.7 nm emission depression was observed, where as in the extreme El Niño episode of 2015-2016, the 557.7 nm emission increased. We discuss possible mechanisms of the ENSO phenomenon effect on the airglow. A tentative conclusion has been made that long-term and interannual intensity variations in the 557.7 nm emission can result from the joint effect of solar activity and changes in the global atmospheric circulation.

Wavefront aberrations at the input aperture of the Large Solar Vacuum Telescope were measured by a wavefront sensor of the adaptive optics system by a sunspot. To calculate the image displacement, a correlation algorithm with quadratic interpolation of the correlation function maximum position was used. The quality of astronomical vision, characterized by the Fried radius, was estimated from the same experimental data as the statistical characteristics of the fluctuations of the coefficients of the wavefront aberrations’ expansion in Zernike polynomials. The results were obtained at a Fried radius of 51.6 mm, in a sample 43 s long, with a sampling frequency of 70 Hz. The means and standard deviations of the expansion coefficients were calculated. The analysis of the given spectra implies that the wavefront aberrations should be compensated in the frequency band 0-20 Hz for the effective correction of the images formed.

Mine water at some mineral deposits in Transbaikalia contains valued metals commercially recoverable from solutions using zeolite rocks. Experimental impregnation of metal-bearing mine water from Sherlovaya Gora and Bom-Gorphon areas with sodium and ammonium kinds of clinoptilolite rocks from Shivyrtui deposit has been carried out. In the laboratory conditions, metals adsorbed by zeolite rocks are extracted by means of displacement by concentrated ammonium salts with the further calcinations of the filtrate up to 500 °С. The metal content of the obtained cakes is conditioned by metal concentrations in solutions, by methods of impregnation and by the eluents applied. Saturation of ammonium types of zeolites with mine water solutions from the Sherlovaya Gora lake and the further extraction of adsorbed metals by ammonium acetate yields the recovery of lantanoids of 73%. The obtained results, considering multiple recycling of the sorbent, can be used in development of an efficient technology for extraction of rare earth elements from mine solutions.

The state of Russian forest pyrology from the beginning of XXI century to present time was examined in the article. Main problems of basic and applied research of fire scientists for the last years were revealed. The identification of fire role as permanent ecological and evolutional factor of origin, development, and growth of forests was considered to be the aim of basic research. Applied research includes improvement and increase of efficiency of forest protection, estimation, and reasonable usage of positive fire role in a forest. The results of main basic and applied research of scientists from Siberia, Far East, European part of country, and Ural were examined. It was emphasized that to present time forest pyrology accumulated a significant amount of theoretical and applied knowledge. The results of investigations are the basis for planning of fire fighting, selection of means and methods of fire suppression, increase of efficiency of forest protection, estimation and reasonable usage of positive fire role. The foundations of pyroecology as a science of ecological and evolutional role of forest fires were laid down. In total, the results of investigations of Russian scientists were considered as the uniform system of knowledge of forest fire nature and methods of fire suppressions. In spite of this, modern state of forest pyrology in Russia could not be evaluated as satisfactory, especially after enactment of new RF Forest code since January 1, 2007. The main reasons of such state were determined. The suggestions of its improvement were provided.

A number of changes over the past few years in Russian legislation extended the range of issues that require development of highly professional management decisions in the field of forest fire management. For the analysis of such problems it is important to take into account following issues: 1. Main changes in the legal and regulatory framework in Russia. 2. The extent of use of independent sources of information (e. g. remote sensing monitoring information of the Earth). 3. The ability to use retrospective information about previous decisions (feedback). 4. Use of formalized models (specifications, guidelines and guidance materials). 5. The possibility and the need for Federal control. Considering of these above stated issues the priorities for development are: the formation of the regulatory and methodological basis of application of the Federal Reserve forces and fire-fighting equipment, the formation of guidelines and methodological documents of specific conditions and restrictions on visiting forests, development of plans for forest fire protection, as well as analysis of long-term fire danger index forecasts in forests, depending on weather conditions in order to further improvement of their quality. In order to solve future problems associated with the formation of the methodological framework for decision making on forest fire control (not suppression) in certain areas, forecasting the development of the forest fire situation in the regions, the formation of recommendations on the distribution of fire-fighting resources, it is important to develop the feedback; I.e. collection of relevant long term information, as well as the completion of the information base. It is important to form the organizational and technical framework for the development and regular updating of the information base on the results of certain technologies with descriptions of situations and decision making, and the consequences of their implementation.

In the paper we summarized the data on wildfires in Siberian forests that was obtained on the basis of long-term (1996-2016) satellite monitoring. Wildfire geospatial analysis is presented and main characteristics of fires are generalized and interpreted for current conditions in Siberian forests. It is shown the growth trend of burning of Siberian forests during the 20-year monitoring period. At the same time, the latitudinal variation of fires, as well as the fire danger period and the fire return interval correlates with the gradient of the main geophysical characteristic such as the incoming solar radiation. Remote sensing data were used to validate the adapted technology for estimating the energy characteristics of burning and to classify the fires of variable intensity. The technology for FRP (Fire Radiative Power) estimation was applied successfully to control extreme intensity or crown wildfires. Instrumental estimation for total annual area of extreme wildfires is at least 8.5 %, and it can reach 15-25 %. The adapted algorithms for predicting the dynamics of variable intensity fires is discussed. The typical times were evaluated for the stages of fire dynamics and the model curves were figured out for the limits of area increment. In addition, the characteristics of the satellite systems used (NOAA/AVHRR, Terra, Aqua/Modis, Suomi NPP/VIIRS, Landsat-8 OLI, Sentinel-2), were discussed, including Russian segment (Resource-P), which are promising for increasing effectiveness of wildfire satellite monitoring in Siberia.

Nowadays aviation is among the most effective ways of early detection and suppression of wildfires. At the moment for the aerial wildfire fighting a few dozen models of aircraft are used worldwide, which are regularly modernized and renewed. In this article, authors give information about the history of fighting wildfires from the air, as well as analyze the current state of the issue with the use of aircraft and helicopter airtankers for firefighting, both at international level and in the territory of the Russian Federation. It is revealed that the most popular in the world still are the ground-based firefighting aircraft (regardless of the class of the carrying capacity). Amphibious firefighting aircraft now exist only in light (carrying capacity up to 5 tons) and in medium type (capacity up to 15 tons). Among the helicopter aviation, heavy firefighting helicopters are mostly widely spread, as well as medium multipurpose helicopters, which are, apart from suppression, involved into delivery of people and goods to forest fire sites. The article is devoted to the main directions, according to which the development of aircraft tanker equipment abroad and in Russia occurs. The attention is directed to the most promising developments, and specific recommendations on how to increase the effectiveness of the fire aviation usage in Russia are given. Based on the studies carried out, a conclusion is drawn that for different countries there can be promising different types of firefighting aircraft, considering their landing field infrastructure, characteristics of forests and hydro systems, as well as the total area of the forest fund.

The territory of the Krasnoyarsk Krai is substantially diverse in terms of climatic, silvicultural and economic conditions owing to its sufficient spread from the North to the South. These differences were to some extent taken into account when the forest fund of the Krasnoyarsk Krai was divided into seven forest regions: forest tundra of Central Siberia, highland taiga of Central Siberia, plain taiga of West Siberia, Angara region, subtaiga forest steppe of Central Siberia, Altai-Sayanskiy highland, Altai-Sayanskiy highland forest steppe. The regions show different levels of fire occurrence and different fire effects that require different levels of protection from forest fires. Optimization of the protection is based on activities that combine prevention and timely detection of fires depending on development of forest regions and intensity of forest management. The main focus of the paper is on possibility or inadvisability of prescribed fires, fire-use fires (fires that started naturally but were then managed for their beneficial effects) and the system of activities increasing fire resistance of the most valuable forests. It is justified that taking into account the effects of forest fires, selective protection of forests is expedient in forest-tundra Middle Siberia and highland taiga of Middle Siberia regions. The whole area of plain taiga of West Siberia region should be subject to protection but with various levels of intensity in different parts of it. The forest fund of Angara, subtaiga forest steppe of Middle Siberia, Altai-Sayanskiy highland, Altai-Sayanskiy highland forest steppe regions should be protected on the whole area. Application of prescribed fires is relevant in the subzone of South taiga, in the forest steppe zone as well as in the submontane and lowland taiga belts. Fire-use fires are admissible on limited areas in the subzones of Middle and North taiga.