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The article analyzes the category of being in the philosophical and natural-scientific aspects. We bring to light the heuristic function of the category in physical-biological and cognitive sciences. Taking into account modern scientists’ opinions, we offer and prove the hypothesis concerning information programs of the evolution of the matter, live systems and mental-cognitive structures. Also, the article presents the generalization of characteristics of being as a unified information reality of the universe and culture.

The paper studies Hume’s influence on the application and development of the probability theory in the context of the induction problem. It shows Hume’s direct influence on Price who published Bayes’s texts, as well as his indirect influence on Bayes and Laplace. The author describes the factors which contributed to the understanding of Hume’s criticism of the probability theory by mathematicians and to the solution of the induction problem for equally probable events. Hume’s influence on the probability theory is considered as a model which determines the role and place of philosophical ideas in scientific research.

The aim is to justify the thesis according to which the complementarity principle could act as unifying physical theories only in connection with other physical principles of cognition.

The paper considers understandings of simultaneity which the author treats as the main ones. It shows the difference between classical ideas of simultaneity and concepts of simultaneity in the relativity theory. The phenomenological dispute about the relationship of simultaneity and sequence is emphasized. On the basis of the conceptions of sensory perception of outward things, the conclusion is made that the perception of the sequence of events is primary whereas simultaneity is just an epistemic construct which is convenient both for the development of scientific knowledge and for subjective reflection of reality.

Reflecting upon processes of recognition and identification in mind, J. Perry came to the conclusion that everything we know or believe refers to a certain subjective perspective from which this knowledge or belief may be applied in practice. If we impute content to propositional attitudes sentences taking into account this perspective, we can easily solve such old philosophical problems as the problem of violation of the substitutability principle and that of informative identities. Perry offers his own concept of content which is enough flexible to cope with the task.

The article considers ancient ideas about water circulation in nature. The sources which we use include works of early Greek thinkers, particularly Diogenes of Apollonia, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Posidonius and Seneca. The special attention is given to the analogy between natural phenomena and processes occurring in living organisms which was developed by ancient philosophers of nature, as well as to peculiarities of the theory of elements mutual transformation which they shared. We show ways of reasoning practiced by the considered authors, particularly the method of analogy.

The paper considers how there appears a new and specially managed tight lacing of technics (technology), science and industry, which is called “techno-science”. In this phenomenon, we firstly mark out and analyze the structure of the scientific and technical core of techno-science (TSC) including its own management scheme. To analyze the TSC core, we consider the American nuclear project. Secondly, we show an additional management scheme related to practical realization which greatly differs in the nuclear project case where the state plays the key role and in the case of projects realized by companies like Intel in Silicon Valley in the 1970s where a businessman and his or her relations with an ambient “ecosystem” are the most important elements. These two types we call “techno-science 1” and “techno-science 2” respectively. We study some realizations of techno-science 1 in the USSR and modern Russia and its relations with “big science”.

By the DFT/B3LYP method the equilibrium structures of oxygen complexes with water are calculated in various geometric conformations with symmetries C_2v and C_s. By the MRCI/CASSCF method potential energy surface cross-sections of the ^1.3[O₂-H₂O] complexation reaction are constructed. With taking into account the spin-orbit coupling, the forbidden transition moments a¹Δ_g-X³, b¹-a¹Δ_g, c¹-a¹Δ_g, A³-X³ of the complexes are calculated and changes in their intensities at different geometric configurations of the complex are revealed.

The spatial and electronic structures of three-coordinate aluminum molecules with Al-C bonds are calculated using the GAMESS-Firefly program package at DFT and HF levels of theory. By NBO and AIM methods the main characteristics of Al-C bonds in these molecules are determined. It is shown that by their topological characteristics the Al-C bonds can be characterized as weakened intermediate bonds close to the bonds between closed shell atoms.

By the DFT (U)PBE0 method the structural parameters of molecules, cations, dications, and anions of gallium(III) (μ-oxo)bis[phthalocyaninate], gallium(III) (μ-oxo)bis[perfluorophthalocyaninate], and heteroleptic bis-phthalocyaninate ^FPcGaOGaPc are determined. The ∠GaOGa bond angle and the Ga⋯Ga internuclear distance depend non-monotonically on the charge. The ionization potential of the (PcGa)₂O molecule of 5.71 eV, the second electron detachment energy of 7.94 eV, and the electron affinity of 2.14 eV increase to 6.14 eV, 8.37 eV, and 2.72 eV after the perfluorination of one Pc moiety and to 6.60 eV, 8.70 eV, and 3.13 eV respectively after complete fluorination.