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This article based on the archival sources attempts at systematization of various kinds of taxes collected from khoshuns of Tuva in the period of Ch’ing empire. The main unit of direct tax ( alban ) was in the form of sable furs. This tax equaled three sable furs from each orege (household). Extermination of fur-bearing animals and penetration of Russian and Chinese commercial capital into Tuva led to increase in fur prices and impoverishment of the population of Tuva. Undurug was another kind of tax. Its rate was established in accordance with the “Code of Chinese Chamber of External Relations” and it had to be paid in the form of domestic animals. Undurug was used to pay salaries to officials and for various economic needs. Military duty seemed to be the most burdensome because it involved labor and financial resources. According to the “Code”, “military lists” were made once in every three years and men from 18 to 60 years of age had to take part in the annual military call-ups. In doing so, they had to provide themselves with the ammunition, two replacement horses and foodstuffs. In addition, guard duty on the borders of Tuva and urton duty (maintenance of messenger service) lay as a heavy burden on arats (poor herdsmen). Urtons had a military organization and Tuvan khoshuns had to pay salaries to the officials and maintain urtons . According to the “Code”, once in every three years the Tuvan khoshuns had to perform administrative services and other duties in the headquarters of Uliasutai tszyan - tszyun and ambyn-noyon of Tuva, in the offices of the governors of khoshuns and sumons . Thus, Tuvans had to pay various kinds of taxes and perform various duties in the period of Ch’ing empire. Penetration of the Russian and Chinese commercial capital, barter and usurious character of trade imposed by the Russian and Chinese merchants considerably aggravated the difficult socio-economic situation as it was in Tuva.

The paper examines a model of the modern historiographical discourse on the problem of periodization of the resettlement policy of Russian state and a new approach to addressing the issue based on the research practices of the “new history of the Empire”. In this respect, the aim of this work is to establish and fix the alternative criteria for periodization of the government resettlement policy as an important element of the Imperial project of colonization in the second half of the XIX - the first quarter of XX centuries. The research showed that under conditions of Russian colonization a type of complex domination (defined as “internal imperialism”) took place. Its main components comprised cultural expansion, hegemony of power and also assimilation within the state borders. The Imperial Government implemented these assigned tasks in the interests of security of the Empire, and respectively, it had a function of “connective tissue”, bringing the Imperial policy to a common denominator. In the context of national security, immigration policy was originally developed as a part of internal colonization project. In the 1860-1870s the developments in the Western outskirts, especially in the context of Polish separatism and Ukrainophilian sentiments, became an imperative to arrange the basis of resettlement policy. Fears of Siberian regionalism forced the national-conservative parties and the government to restrict the resettlement activity of peasants suggesting a preference for the wealthy and moderately wealthy peasantry as the main participants of colonization. An important episode of colonization that influenced the resettlement policy was the process of construction and operation of the Siberian railway positioned as a reliable method of Russification of the eastern suburbs and the argument against the separatist ideas and attitudes. The chosen vector remained relevant when the Stolypin agrarian policy was implemented. However, during this period, models and practices aimed at ensuring the security of the Empire were substantially adjusted.

The article describes the generational discourse of “Sovremennik” magazine in the 1860s and the social polemics around the trial initiated in respect of publication of Yu.G. Zhukovsky’s article “The Question of the Young Generation” in 1866, which had evoked a great public response. The sources include the texts on generational issues published in “Sovremennik” magazine in 1855-1856; the newspaper publications about the trial against the employees of the magazine; the memoirs of trial participants; the memoirs of the Sixtiers about the impact of the magazine on their world outlook; unpublished clerical sources which cast light on the course of the trial. The magazine had been actively exploiting the generational rhetoric since the mid-1850s based on the idea of continuity of generations of fathers and sons, typical for a traditional society. Like the other “thick magazines” “Sovremennik” described the history of literature and public thought by constructing the models of literature generations. Yet in late 1850s - early 1860s it actualized the idea of lifelessness of the generations’ union and of growing contradictions between the “old” and the “new” in the reforming Russia. “Sovremennik” not just tried to become the “ruler of the minds” of the educated youth, it also tried to influence their social behavior, using the social mobilization resource based on the generational principle. The analysis of the magazine’s texts allowed to find the following genres of the direct action management: using the discourse of the pragmatic directive functions (instructions); creation of the image of the Other as an enemy; description of the future events in the form of the forecasts and scenarios, combined with different types of tips; using the rhetoric device - repetition. The impact of “Sovremennik”’s generational discourse was indicated by the lawsuit against Yu.G. Zhukovsky and the executive editor A.N. Pypin who were brought to the trial for “insulting the nobility”. Yet judging by the reports in periodicals, at the trial the parties discussed not so much the magazine’s views on the nobility, but mostly the image of the young generation created by the magazine.

The article considers changes in the labor force in Siberia reflecting the evolution of the role of demographic factors in the economic development of Asian Russia in the late XIX - early XXI century. For this purpose, it describes the main trends in the quantitative dynamics of regional human resource capacity and the working component; analyzes and rates the overall annual increase in the age group of inhabitants of the macro-region of 15 to 59 years in the period between censuses, due to the magnitude and specificity of combination of the three processes - fertility, mortality and migration. The research is based on the dynamic series of indicators (number and proportion of people of working age) provided by the materials of the population censuses conducted in 1897, 1926, 1939, and from 1959 to 2010. The results of analysis of the vast array of statistical census data correlated with rapidly changing demographics which indirectly affected the functioning of the productive forces in the eastern regions of the country. As a result, it was concluded that from the late XIX to late XX century one of the key factors in the agricultural and industrial development of Siberia was a steady expansion of the working population in the region. During this period, the reproductive potential of the regional society contributed to the growth of the total workforce essential to the recovery of the Siberian economy. This potential declined at the beginning of the XXI century. It caused a reduction in manpower which became one of the main results of the long-term transition of the Russian society from the extended (traditional) to the narrowed (modern) type of reproduction of population. The “demographic echo” of this transition which is still felt today in the economy became the main obstacle to modernization of the Russian society in the XX century.

The article focuses on the concept of the Bolsheviks’ Party between the February and October Revolutions in 1917 as a means of social mobility and reviews its social mobility functioning. This involves evaluation of trends in membership and organisational structure of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolshevik) (RSDLP(b)); study of the formation of a top-down governance structure, introduction and use of “admission” filters that impacted RSDLP(b) membership, and the party’s role in the social mobility system in Russia in autumn of 1917. The author concludes that by the time of the February Revolution, the RSDLP(b) was a political outsider. Its impact on social mobility and stratification of the Russian society was insignificant. Nevertheless, since the moment when it emerged from the underground and until the end of October 1917, RSDLP(b) numbers surged from 15,200 to 350,000 members, meaning a 23 times increase in its significance as a means of social mobility. On the one hand, this proves an increase in its significance for social development in Russia, while on the other hand, this emphasizes its more than moderate role, taking into account the country’s population at that time. However, it is incorrect to evaluate RSDLP(b) as a means of social mobility only based on these statistics. An unbiased analysis of this phenomenon requires taking into consideration the fact that traditional means of social mobility after February 1917 (such as government bodies or the army) were on the fast track to self-destruction and their impact on mobility and stratification was diminishing at the same rate. However, Russia experienced robust development of new means of social mobility, including Soviets, trade unions, soldiers’ committees, etc. In this environment, RSDLP(b)’s role grew rapidly over the eight months of the revolution, so that it became a kind of a spring-board that helped the Bolsheviks to take high posts within the new society framework exceptionally fast.

This article describes higher education in RSFSR in 1918-1936 as an elevator of social mobility. The main focus of this article is on the policy of students “proletarianization”. This policy was aimed at acceleration of social advancement for the descendants of working class and poorest peasantry, and also at the lower social mobility for the representatives of the former propertied classes and the “bourgeois” intellectuals. The author analyzes practices that provided preemptive rights and privileges for the “workers”, as well as “filters” and “barriers” used by the Bolsheviks to prevent the “unproletarian elements” from entering colleges. The conclusion is made, that the results of the students “proletarianization” policy were highly controversial. On the one hand , it contributed to the sharp increase in the number of specialists, who came from the working class and the peasantry. Education became an effective elevator of social mobility for hundreds of thousands of Soviet citizens. On the other hand, an intention to radically change the social image of students as soon as possible effectively undermined the foundations of the very existence of higher education institution. It was not by chance that both attempts to break higher education system coincided with two peaks of inspiration of workers’ educational mobility, and normalization periods were characterized by cancellation of this policy. The growing awareness of the defects of the revolutionary transformation of educational sector led to abolition of the most radical laws, experimental institutes and forms of education in the second half of the 1930s, and to relative “normalization” of education system in terms of its institutions and access to education for discriminated groups.

The study focuses on the history of the Russian Orthodox Church in the first half of the 1920s. It considers the specific regional features of the Church Renovated Schism, introduced by the Bolsheviks, and its consequences for various religious institutions. Its central focus is on the St. Nicholas Monastery in Verkhoturye, the largest monastery in the eastern part of Russia, and its last Father Superior, Archimandrite Xenophon (Medvedev). The aim of the study is to investigate and publish the Letter of 1923 of Archimandrite Xenophon to Patriarch Tikhon, which is one of the key sources on the history of the monastery of Verkhoturye. The paper considers the history of creating this document against the background of a complex situation facing the Church during the period under consideration. Attention is given to the ups and downs of the troubled biography of the author of the Letter both in pre-revolutionary and soviet periods. The author analyzes peculiarities of the acute conflict in the St. Nicholay monastery of Verkhoturye concerning the introduction of the new calendar style. In order to resolve this conflict Archimandrite Xenophon addressed to Patriarch Tikhon. It is concluded that the letter was compiled due to the extreme dissatisfaction of monks and pilgrims with the fact that advocates of the Renovated Church shifted to another date celebration of the day of the Holy Simeon of Verkhoturye whose relics were kept in one of the monastery’s cathedrals. The Letter of Archimandrite Xenophon to Patriarch Tikhon is published in accordance with academic standards of archeography, i.e. supplied with the academic title, lineal translation of the text, archeographic legend and preserving all the original characteristics of the text of the published source.

The authors see the development of professional competencies of applied bachelor possible by means of further training and professional training on educational basis of volunteer organization; this is considered to be a promising direction in the training of engineers. The paper is aimed at making the grounds and application of educational basis of volunteer organizations for efficient Bachelor training on various courses as well as motivating the teachers for conducting seminars and applying the elements of educational basis. Many years’ experience of volunteer activity and chiefs of student clubs define the stages of educational base formation, pedagogical conditions of the base development, creation and implementation the program intended to create the facility for training process in the profession-oriented volunteer organizations. Guidance and experience of the Student Volunteer Club, organized by educational institution, allowed to define the stages of educational basis foundation, pedagogical conditions of its development, creation and constant updating during training. The research outlines the opportunities of professional competencies building while training Bachelors on the programme «Techno-sphere Safety" by means of further training on the basis of educational base of the volunteer organization. This base includes professional tests and guidance on supporting the educational base of volunteers -rescuers. The outlines insufficient number of classroom studies in Undegraduate that results in the fact that current educational base of university volunteer organizations enhances training and contributes to application of professional theoretical knowledge on the objects of educational base of volunteer organization.

Using single crystal X-ray diffraction the structure of polynuclear [Ni₆(OH)₄(Piv)₇(HOC ₄H₈O)(HPiv)₄], {K₄[Ni₁₂(CO₃)₂(Piv)₁₆(OH)₈(HOC₄H₈OH)₂]}HPiv, {[Ni₆(OH)₄(Piv)₆(HOC₄H₈O)(Me₂CO)(HOC₄H₈OH)₂]₄(Piv)₄}, and {K[Ni₂L₂(Piv)₃]} _∞ complexes, where HOC₄H₈OH is 1,4-butanediol, HPiv is pivalic acid, and L is the anion of nitroxyl radical 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-4-(3',3',3'-trifluoro-2'-oxy-1'-propenyl)-3-imidazolin-1-oxyl is determined.

Two compounds of 2-ferrocenylmethylidenehydrazono-1,3-dithiane (1) and 2-ferrocenylmethylidenehydrazono-1,3-dithiepane (2) are synthesized and their single crystal structures are determined by the X-ray diffraction method. Compound 1 belongs to the orthorhombic Pca 2 ₁ space group with the cell parameters: a = 13.989(4) Å, b = 5.785(2) Å, c = 18.231(5) Å, V = 1475.4(7) Å ³; while compound 2 crystallizes in a monoclinic symmetry, P 2 ₁/ c space group with a = 15.320(2) Å, b = 5.8028(6) Å, c = 36.584(4) Å, b = 91.932(1)° and V = 3250.4(6) Å ³.