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The article presents the numerical calculations of the scanning lidar signals for the case of monodisperse cloud of hexagonal ice plates and columns of 100 microns. The calculation was performed within the approximation of single scattering. The calculation results shows that the scanning lidar is an effective tool to restore the effective slope angle (flutter) of the particles in a cloud. It is shown that as compared to traditionally measured lidar characteristics: backscatter coefficient, linear depolarization and lidar ratios, the element m₄₄ of the scattering matrix is more informative and requires scanning to a smaller angle, less than 45°.

The results of the study of aircraft icing occurrence are presented, depending on the season and altitude, for Tomsk International Airport in the period from 2011 to 2015. It is shown that in the vicinity of the Tomsk International Airport in autumn the maximum icing occurrence is 43% of all cases. In winter and spring, the icing occurrence has an equal probability of 26%, and in summer, an aircraft can be exposed to icing only in 5% of all cases. It was found that, on average over the period, 89.6% of the icing events were recorded at altitudes from the ground level to 2999 m, and above 6000 m icing has not been reported. In winter, the maximum number of icing events was recorded at altitudes from 0 to 999 m. In autumn and spring, the maximum number of icing events was accounted in the layer from 1000 to 1999 m. In summer, the maximum of icing occurrence is in the altitude layer from 1000 to 1999 m, but it is not pronounced. Altitude dependencies of icing occurrence for the Tomsk airport is different from the results previously published for the continental United States and European territory of the USSR.

Тemporal variations of ozone concentrations in the troposphere of St. Petersburg (Russia), little urbanized area in the South of Kirov region (the town of Vyatskiye Polyany) and the Karadag nature reserve in Crimea are presented. A comparative analysis of the dynamics of surface ozone concentrations in these areas was conducted and the basic features of seasonal and diurnal variations was demonstrated. Latitudinal dependence of the concentrations of ground-level ozone are presented.

Monthly and annual average values of direct, diffuse, and total radiation and potential solar resources in the south-east of the Altay Republic were considered. The research for different forms of relief was conducted: Chuiskaya basin (Kosh-Agach) and Severo-Chuiskyi ridge (Aktru valley). Total radiation is considerable, especially in Chuiskaya basin (5398 MJ/m² per year). The sunshine duration and total solar radiation are essentially decreased under the influence of a cloudiness. There is a decreasing trend in monthly and annual values of the total radiation in this region from 1965 to 2013. Cadasters of potential solar resources contained 12 basic indices for Kosh-Agach and Aktru stations. The highest monthly average values were registered when a sun-tracking system was used. The work of the solar systems in clear sky in Chuiskaya basin is effective all the year round, but in Aktru valley only during six months. The territory is perspective for using solar installations of different capacities.

Main results of allozyme-geographical study of the polymorphism, differentiation and origin of natural Pinus sylvestris L. populations in 6phylogeographical regions - Middle Siberian Tableland, Lena-Angara Tableland, South Siberia Mountains, Near-Baikalia, Western Trans-Baikalia and Northern Mongolia - have been briefly analyzed and generalized. A relative homogeneity of the population polymorphism in these regions has been revealed, with the exception of marginal ones (Tura, Ulan-Bator). Genetic distances of M. Nei (1978, D_N78) between the extremely remote populations in the investigated regions reach the level of the geographical race, but they are several time lesser in the regions’ limits - not more of the genosystmatic level of the middle differentiated local populations ( D_N78 = 0.010-0.012). The geographical group of the South Siberia Mountains stand apart distinctly ( D_N78 = 0.018±0.004) in the genogeographical structure of P. sylvestris on the basis of Nei`s genetic distances analysis and of the genosystematic scale (Sannikov, Petrova, 2012). Besides the Selenga population group (in the rank of local population, D_N78 = 0.013), also as well the Angara-Yenisei and North-Baikal population group (in the rank of subpopulation, D_N78 = 0.004-0.008) stand apart on the rest of the territory. Gradient-analysis of the genetic distances revealed the borders between the phylogeographical groups of pine populations on the Lena-Angara and Central-Siberian plateaus, on the one hand, in the South Siberia Mountains, Near-Baikal and Trans-Baikalia, on the other hand, and an important role of l. Baikal as a barrier of the migration and differentiation of the populations. As an analysis result of minimal genetic distances between 25 P. sylvestris populations in the south «non-glacial» zone and the group of 8 populations in the «glacial» zone 4 main refugiums (South-Near-Baikal, South-Ural, Upper-Vitim and Upper-Olekma) and several secondary refugiums have been revealed.

In the territory of steppe zone of Ob’-Irtysh interfluve it was studied the differentiation of scots pine populations of belt forests with use of allozyme’s, phene’s and morphometric markers. Here allocated 2 forest-seed zoning and border between them practically coincides with border between Siberian and Kulunda pine subspecies on L. F. Pravdin’s classification. Allozyme’s analysis didn’t reveal significant differentiation of stands, except for rare differences between some of them and a slight trend for decrease in effective number of alleles in the more southern populations. The analysis of a molecular variance (AMOVA) also shows absence of differentiation of populations from different forest-seed zoning. Differentiation of populations by using phenes (coloring of seeds, type of cone’s apophysis) and high-inherited morphometric characters (index form of cones and weight of 1000 seeds) was more effective at comparing populations on both levels - between and within forest-seed zoning. It allowed revealing of reliable distinctions between populations in almost 82 % of cases of total number of the compared couples of populations, thus extent of differentiation using the allozyme’s markers is almost three times lower. The assessment of population structure of pine in tape forest of Altai region, which is carried out with application of a complex of markers, indicates between-populations heterogeneity in this part of area. The received results confirm the expediency of complex researches of population structure of forest-forming species and the necessity of more precise definition of forest-seed zoning of a scots pine in the studied territory.

Most productive populations of Siberian stone pine trees were revealed as a result of many years study of the selection structure of the Siberian stone pine forests in the Republic of Altai. Based on the analysis of archive materials and ground inventory of the selection and genetic objects, the information about their quantity and preservation is provided. Currently, in the Republic of Altai, 320 elite trees have beenregistered, and on this basis 60.9 ha of forest seed plantations and 13.7 ha clone archives have been established. In the period of 2005-2014, the number of elite trees was reduced from 438 to 320. Experimental elite tree crops not presented. According to the inventory, as of 2014, at forest seed plantations and at the archives of clones grow 4.837 grafted trees of 282 clones, 139 of whichare progenies of the elite trees, selected for seed production, 124 - for resin production, and 19 - for the productivity and quality of stem wood. All clonal facilities are concentrated on breeding nursery of the Teletskoe forestry district area of ​​about 75 ha. Unique clonal objects of the Siberian stone pine in Teletskoe forestry district play a crucial role in the preservation, study and rational use of the gene pool of this tree species and require continuous monitoring of their condition and protection. Visual forest pathology inspections and molecular genetic diagnostics revealed that on clonal plantations of the Siberian stone pine, progressive needle disease developed, caused by new for Western Siberia an extremely dangerous pathogen - Dothistroma septosporum (Dorog.) M. Morelet. In this connection it is necessary to conduct appropriate sanitary measures and to carry out additional studies of population genetic features and pathways for this pathogen. The priority activities have been outlined to further development of the unified genetic and breeding complex of the Siberian stone pine in the Republic of Altai.

Three native populations of P. sylvestris, ssp. lapponica (Alakurtti, Gridino, Pjaozero) and six native populations of P. s., ssp . sylvestris (Voinitsa, Maslozero, Vodlozero, Zaonezshye, Kivach, Sortavala) along with one artificial population - Petrozavodsk seed orchard have been studied using four nuclear microsatellite primers (Spac11.8, Spac12.5, PtTX2123, PtTX2146) to find out the peculiarities of Scotch pine intraspecific diversity in Karelia. In total, 66 alleles were found. All four loci turned out to be polymorphic in all populations. The observed heterozigocity level of all studied Karelian populations was lower than expected, which is evidence of heterozygotes deficiency in Karelian pine populations. Overall, the investigated P. sylvestris populations can be described as having a high level of the genetic variability especially compared to results obtained earlier by isozyme analyses. The Petrozavodsk seed orchard ought to be mentioned as having one of the highest levels of the genetic variability, which gives evidences in favor of good state regarding representativeness of Scotch pine gene pool here. No substantial differences in genetic structure and diversity levels have been found for ss . lapponica populations vs . ss. sylvestris ones. AMOVA analysis showed that despite the significant differences between pine populations, considering both the allele composition and the genetic diversity, the major part of the variety (90 %) was allocated inside group. The investigated populations were subdivided into two clusters using UPGMA technique characterized by substantial Nei distance ( D_N = 0.273). The former one included the majority of Karelian pine populations ( D_N = 0.030-0.082) along with the Alakurtti population from Murmansk region. The latter cluster consisted ofthe most isolated «Kivach» and «Zaonezshye» populations, which had the lowest levels of genetic diversity, and the «Petrozavodsk seed orchard».

A comparative analysis of variability of morphological characteristics of Populus nigra L., Populus laurifolia Ledeb. (Salicaceae) and their natural hybrids in the flood-plain of Tom’ river (Kemerovo Oblast) revealed traits for identification of the natural hybrids. The most important of them are: the ribbing of the long shoots, types of short shoots of crown, location generative buds on the shoots, the number of bud’s glumes of the generative buds, and the shape of the leaf blade. The morphometric characteristics of leaves should be used to clarify the nature of the hybrid individuals. In female hybrids, the reliable diagnostic feature is the number of box cusps. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of hybrids for the most part are of intermediate character, but the differentiation of shoots crown and location generative buds hybrids closer to the Populus laurifolia . Values morphometric attributes of leaves at hybrids in most cases authentically differ from ones P. nigra and P. laurifolia , and combinations of these differences in each hybrid model are individual. Hybrids don’t form separate populations, grow by single trees or form small clones in a flood-plain of Tom’ river. Occurrence of hybrids depends on stage of their development and increases in areas with significant anthropogenic pressure.

Provenance trials of Pinus sibirica Du Tour and Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc. (here after «studied species») were studied. In our study we assessed the growth parameters as well as anatomical and morphological parameters of the studied species corresponding to different provenances of their testing in the south of the Krasnoyarsk and Khabarovsk territories.We determined that the growth rate of trees corresponding to different provenances is determined not only by the inherited characteristics, but also by adaptation. At both experimental regions the offspring of trees corresponding to local provenance are clearly better adapted. Nevertheless, at Krasnoyarsk Krai provenance trials, we found that the phenotypic indicators and degree of preservation of the offspring of two Korean pine corresponding to Obluchensky and Chuguevsky provenances are at the same level as for the local Siberian pine. Tree rings widths have been measured for the Siberian pine corresponding to different provenances at both plantations. We conclude that at the Ermakovskoe plantation there is a positive impact of the environmental conditions on tree-ring width for Korean pine corresponding to different provenances, and in Khabarovsk Krai there is a negative impact of the environmental conditions on tree-ring width for the Siberian pine corresponding to different provenances.