D.A. Pestunov1,2, V.M. Domysheva3, V.G. Ivanov3, A.M. Shamrin1, M.V. Panchenko1 1V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634021, Russia 2National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russia 3Limnological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, 3, Ulan-Batorskaya str., 664033, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: углекислый газ, метан, газообмен, система «атмосфера-вода», эквилибратор, картирование, озеро Байкал, carbon dioxide, methane, gas exchange, air-fresh water, equilibrator, mapping, Lake Baikal
This paper is aimed at analyzing the spatial distribution of carbon dioxide and methane concentrations in the atmosphere and in the surface water of Lake Baikal. Investigation of interaction processes between air and fresh water is of special importance for the unique lake ecosystem since the gas exchange is governed predominantly by aquatic biota on the one hand, and it has a significant impact on biota activity on the other hand. In recent years we have significantly improved our capabilities when measuring CO2 and CH4 partial pressures in the surface water along the research vessel route by means of designing a unique mobile station. This made it possible to extend significantly our scope of research and to pioneer carrying out simultaneous measurements of the flux direction of carbon dioxide and methane in the waters of Lake Baikal. Analysis of the flux distribution data showed that during spring campaign 2013 fluxes were characterized by the predominant sink of carbon dioxide into the lake surface, and vice versa, we observed a release of methane into the atmosphere during the whole route of research vessel.
A.M. Zvyagintsev1, P.N. Vargin1, S. Peshin2 1Central Aerological Observatory, ul. Pervomayskaya, 3, Dolgoprudnyiy g., Mosk. Obl., 141700, Russia 2Center for Monitoring and Environmental Research, India Meteorological Department, New Delhi, 110003, India
Keywords: общее содержание озона, изменения озонового слоя, тренд озона, циркуляция стратосферы, метод множественной регрессии, total ozone content, ozone layer changes, ozone trend, circulation of atmosphere, multiple regression analysis
Long-term variability and trends of total ozone content (TOC) over the period 1979-2014 are analyzed using monthly mean total ozone ERA-Interim reanalysis data and TOMS/SBUV/OMI satellite data. Influence of Arctic and Antarctic oscillation (AO and AAO), quasi-biennial oscillation of zonal wind in tropical stratosphere (QBO), El-Nino Southern oscillation (ENSO), poleward heat fluxes (HF), solar activity (SA), equivalent effective chlorine loading (EESC), and volcanic aerosol (VA) in stratosphere on the variability of global mean and averaged over different latitudinal belts TOC was investigated. Our results show that the variability of global TOC may be satisfactory described by EESC and SA. The inclusion in the regression of QBO, AO, AAO, HF, ENSO and VA is necessary to describe TOC variability in certain latitudinal belts more accurately.
A significant amount of satellite and ground data of the CO, CO2, CH4 total content in the atmosphere in 2010−2013 was collected, organized and analyzed. Transition relations between satellite and ground-based data on the content of impurities investigated in different measuring points (stations NDACC/GAW, as well as the OIAP RAS stations) with different spatial and temporal resolutions has been obtained. High correlation of diurnal satellite CO contents, products of AIRS v6 (R2 = 0.48-0.96), IASI MetOp-A (R2 = 0.25-0.86) and MOPITT v6 Joint (R2 = 0.30−0.83), averaging 1° x 1°, with the ground data of solar spectrometers was established for background conditions. In the case of high pollution of the mixing layer, a significant underestimation of CO total content (from 1.7 to 4.7 times, depending on the sensor, and the spatial point of observation) was seen. Representative transition relations and correlation coefficients (R2 ≥ 0.5) between the average daily data on CH4 and ground data diffraction spectrometers IAP RAS and Fourier spectrometers of GAW stations were obtained only for sensor AIRS. The best correlation with ground data on CO2 (R2 = 0.25 for diurnal values, averaging 1° x 1°) was obtained for the sensor IASI. Diurnal CH4 total contents of sensor IASI MetOp-A poorly correlated with ground-based data as well as AIRS data.
N.G. Voronetskaya1, G.S. Pevneva1, A.K. Golovko1, A.S. Kozlov2, M.Yu. Arschinov3, B.D. Belan3, D.V. Simonenkov3, G.N. Tolmachev3 1Institute of Petroleum Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, 3, Academichesky ave., Tomsk, 634021, Russia 2V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, 3 Institutskaya str., 3, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia 3V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634021, Russia
Keywords: атмосферный аэрозоль, состав, углеводороды, н-алканы, atmospheric aerosol, composition, hydrocarbons, n-alkanes
In work, the composition of alkanes of a linear structure in tests of the atmospheric aerosols, which are selected from a board of the Tu−134 Optic airborne-laboratory in the free atmosphere (500−8500 m) and in the ground layer of air (2 m) near JR-STATION project towers is investigated. It is shown that a homological number of n−alkanes of aerosol tests which are selected from a plane laboratory board, make compounds of 12−28 atoms of carbon, and tests, which are selected in the ground layer — compounds of 14−30 atoms of carbon in a molecule.
A.I. Fedorov, D.V. Shiyanov
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634021, Russia
Keywords: CuBr-лазер, режим сдвоенных импульсов накачки, энергия излучения, удельная энергия диссоциирующего и возбуждающего импульсов накачки, CuBr laser, double pulsed mode, output energy, dissociation and excitation energy density
Subsection: OPTICAL SOURCES AND RECEIVERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Investigation and optimization of radiation parameters of the double-pulsed CuBr laser with a small active volume with repetition rate of 5 to 100 Hz were made. The possibility of increasing the average output power of CuBr laser by optimizing the specific energy of the dissociation and excitation pulses and their time delay between them is shown. Maximum average output power were received at a pulse repetition frequency 100 Hz and delay time 125 ms. However, high energy radiation are achieved at low frequencies. The laser energy was 0.42 mJ with a pulse duration of 30 ns FWHM when dissociating and exciting energy density was 12 and 6 mJ/cm
3, respectively.
B. F. Boyarshinov
Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
Keywords: mass transfer, flame blow-off, laminar--turbulent transition, combustion, boundary layer
Pages: 401–408
Mass transfer in the boundary layer on the surface behind a rib and a backward-facing step during combustion of evaporating ethanol on the horizontal top and bottom walls of the channel is studied. It is shown that there are two values of the air flow velocity at which flame blow-off occurs for each configuration. For a backward-facing step 3 mm high, two critical combustion modes are observed near the boundaries of the laminar-turbulent transition region. For a rib and for a backward-facing step, flame blow-off may occur at a low velocity of the air flow »6 m/s) if the flow regime approaches or deviates from the laminar mass transfer mode. At elevated velocities of the air flow (»19 m/s in experiments with a backward-facing step), flame blow-off is induced by the change from the transitional to turbulent mass transfer mechanism.
G. V. Kuznetsov1, V. V. Salomatov2, S. V. Syrodoy1 1Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 6340050 Russia 2Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
Keywords: hydrocarbon fuel, ignition, vaporization, thermal decomposition, filtration, volatiles, ignition delay
Pages: 409–415
The problem of particle ignition of coal-water fuel has been solved. The simultaneous processes of water vaporization and thermal decomposition of the solid fuel are taken into account. The conditions and characteristics of particle ignition of coal-water fuel under typical furnace conditions were determined by numerical simulation. The obtained values of the ignition delay time are in good agreement with published experimental data.
S. K. Birwa, D. P. Mishra
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 208016 India
Keywords: kerosene, spray combustion, design of experiments, momentum flux ratio, pressure swirl atomizer
Pages: 416–423
An experimental investigation of the structure of a kerosene-based Jet A1 unconfined flame is conducted for different fuel flow rates and momentum flux ratios (MFRs). A pressure swirl atomizer is used to atomize the fuel jet. It is found that the flame height increases with increasing MFR for a fixed fuel flow rate. However, the flame height first decreased and then increased with increasing fuel flow rate for a fixed MFR. A correlation of the flame height with the power level and MFR is developed in a dimensionless form by using the response surface optimal design method. Variations in the lean blowout limit with the fuel flow rate are also studied. The lean blowout limit first increases to a peak value and then subsequently decreases, in agreement with the behavior of the flame height at the lean blowout limit. A blue region at the top of the flame is observed for high fuel flow rates. The flame characteristics obtained in the study are explained with the help of the spray characteristics of the kerosene fuel.
M. T. Parra-Santos1, V. Mendoza-García2, R. Szasz3, A. N. Gutkowski4, F. Castro-Ruiz1 1University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain 2University of Tarapacá 3Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden 4Lodz University of Technology, 90924 Lodz, Poland
Keywords: reactive flow, recirculation zone, CFD, swirling flows, stretched flames
Pages: 424–430
The present work focuses on the numerical simulation of diffusive flames in a confined high-swirl burner. Navier-Stokes equations expressed for a time-dependent, compressible, and three-dimensional flow with finite-rate kinetics are solved for lean methane/air mixtures. A simplified mechanism is used to model the combustion. Non-reactive and reactive cases are contrasted for a swirl number of 0.95. Three flames for swirl numbers of 0, 0.6, and 0.95 are analyzed. In swirling flows, the inner recirculation zone is mainly composed of reaction products, which help in ignition of the incoming fuel. Moreover, the forward stagnation point plays an important role, leading to an azimuthal deflection of the flame front.
