The paper considers the problem of falsification of knowledge within Imre Lakatos’s conception of «scientific research programs». From the standpoint of critical rationalism, it analyzes grounds for formation of new knowledge. It also formulates and gives proof of the assumption that creation of new knowledge becomes possible as a result of two reasons. Firstly, interpretation of a fact (as well as a fact itself) is epistemologically possible due to actuality of a certain presupposition. Secondly, a new presupposition always structures a new concept.
The paper considers two quite authoritative but essentially different modern conceptions of perception cognition, these are the sense data theory and adverbialism. Their confrontation reflects the struggle between emerging consistent monistic views and the dualistic heritage of the past. However, both approaches are not without severe drawbacks. The sense data theory trying to conform to intuitively evident ideas of the structure of cognition processes faces a number of conceptual logical objections. Whereas, adverbialism basing on the contrary on building a consistent procedural epistemology has а great difficulty with the task to explain the phenomenal component of experience.
The paper analyses Isaac Newton’s and Rene Descartes’ views on methodology of physics. Their ideas are considered in the context of the conception of methodological principles and that of historical types of rationality. It makes possible to reveal a number of common features in Newton’s and Descartes’ methodological approaches as well as to state the change of the role of scientific methodological principles when passing from classical type of rationality to non-classical one.
From the standpoint of ontological analysis, the author studies mechanisms of unification of knowledge in the theories of classical physics, viz Newton’s mechanics, Maxwell's electromagnetism and Einstein’s special relativity. He proves that in its essence, a physical theory is a unification of aspects of the world which are under study. The author pays special attention to metaphysical base of theories and physical picture of the world. He shows that in classical physics, there take place reduction and synthesis of metaphysical base both inside theories and on the way from earlier theories to later ones. As a result, there arises continuity between them.
The paper considers potential of philosophy of science in solving basic problems of cosmology. It gives proof to the proposition that the anthropic cosmological principle has neither specific scientific content nor philosophic one but is merely a metaphysical hypothesis.
The paper deals with revelation and study of rational basis in the content of ancient cosmogonical myths of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Greece. The purpose is to retrace correlation of conceptions of the origin of the Universe and their change in comparison with views of the earliest antique natural philosophers (Presocratics).The analysis is carried out by semantic unification of main concepts in the spirit of more rational Greek philosophy. It makes possible to reveal an substantial structure of knowledge as well as to find and compare signs of transcultural evolution of ancient cosmogonies.
