A methodical approach used at the Analytical Center of the United Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mineralogy SB RAS for a retrospective estimation of radioactive fallouts is described in the paper. The method is based on sampling of soils of representative (informative) landscapes. Such landscapes are auto-morphous elementary landscapes of hilltops, water dividing surfaces, flattened slopes where the primary radio-nuclide fallouts are maximally preserved. A comparison of efficiency of this approach and its checking on a regular network is made. Advantages of checking informative landscapes for retrospective estimation of radioactive fallouts over sampling in a regular network are demonstrated.
Pedological-geochemical studies have been carried out in the zone of influence of the Usolye industrial unit - "Usolyekhimprom", a powerful source of technogenous emission of mercury into the environment - is situated. The degree of mercury contamination of adjacent soils of the left bank of the Bratsk reservoir has been investigated. Patterns of lateral and vertical distribution of mercury in soils of auto-and hydromorphic genesis have been established. In order to elucidate the degree of anthropogenous transformation of soil properties, the group fraction humus composition has been established with direct estimation of mercury in humic acid extracts. Changes in the fraction composition of the soil humus system have been found, the maximal variation of the mercury/carbon ratio being found in the third fraction of humic acids which is the most strongly attached to the mineral part of the soil and possesses a high sorption capacity for mercury.
Peculiarities of accumulation of the most important natural heavy radionuclides (232Th, 238U and 226Ra) by various species of mosses growing under the conditions of taiga landscapes of South Yakutia are elucidated. It is demonstrated that mosses growing under the conditions of technogenous pollution accumulate considerable amounts of natural radionuclides coming from the pollution sources by air of with water.
Results of studies of fungal communities - myceto-consortia formed by higher basidial fungi - macromycetes - of urban cenoses of the Seversk City, Tomsk Region - are presented. Some characteristics of myceto-consortia - heavy metal (Zn, Cu, V, Cd, Pb) content of the most widespread determinant macromycete consortia, a sanitary hygienic estimates of separate fungus species - are presented. Indicator species are prospected. Species composition of myceto-phages of some fungi as indicators of the state of the bio-system are proposed. The opinion of necessity and possibility of using the fungal communities for regional impact monitoring and monitoring of human environment, and as bio-indicators, is expressed.
On the example of one of intensively exploited petroleum deposits of the Komi Republic - the Vozeisky deposit - peculiarities of overgrowing of various forms of technogenous relief in oil extraction sites (borehole clusters) have been followed up. The species composition of plants from secondary phytocenoses has been studied. It has been demonstrated that the most important limiting fsactors of overgrowing is the phytotoxicity and the water regime of the substrate. Development of plant communities goes as the course of secondary anthropogenous succession with preservation of the zonal features of the flora
Differential and combined influence of petroleum and of boring wastes on the germinating capacity of wheat and pine seeds, on the viability of pine seedlings, the growth rate of wheat, and on the ecological stability of a 10-year-old Siberian cedar culture were studied. It is established that a petroleum content of up to 1 %, and a 20 % concentration of wastes with respect to soil volume stimulated the germination of pine seeds but did not contribute to viability of its seedlings. A 1 % concentration of petroleum also stimulated germination of wheat seeds, but inhibited the growth of its plants. An increase of petroleum concentration to 4-5 % with respect to soil volume exerted a negative influence not only on the growth of wheat plants, but also on the seed germination. A 1 % petroleum concentration in a 20-cm horizon of mineral automorphous soil, with simultaneous application of clean boring wastes stimulated the growth of cedar and increased the resistance of its plantations
The Permian dumps among uneven-age stripping dumps of the Kuznetsk basin are richer than the quaternary ones with respect to the number of species in gramineousl agrophytocenoses. The equal shared participation with respect to the number of blue-green and green alga species witnesses to a zonal character of restoration of technogenous landscapes. In open places and in rhizo-spheres of cereals, algal groups differing from each other in species composition, complex of dominant species and indicators of numbers are formed.
Peculiarities of the chemical composition and the accumulating capacity of coniferous needles of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) growing in various districts of the Kemerovo City have been elucidated. It has been established that the maximal accumulation of chemical elements of the technogenous group (Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe) as well as that of sulphur and nitrogen which are the main components of gaseous pollutants of the atmosphere (sulphur, nitrogen and ammonia oxides) is characteristic of coniferous needles of the Siberian spruce growing in the Kirovsky and Rudnichny districts of the city, which permits concluding that they are the most polluted ones.
Accumulation of heavy metals and anatomical changes in the epidermis of leaves of Betula verrucosa and Plantago maior under the conditions of techno-genous contamination is considered. An increase in Cu, Zn and Pb content of vegetative organs of Plantago maior, as well as in the sap and leaves of Betula verrucosa in a gradient of toxic load has been found. The reaction of leaf epidermis is expressed in a decrease of the number of stomata in the two species.
The time course of electro-phoretic peroxidase forms from coniferous needles of pine during vegetation has been studied. In the control and in the experiment (air pollution with NO2 and SO2), the same peroxidase forms (in the experiment, by 1 form more) were observed. However, the occurrence frequency (an indicator analogous to probability)of its 9 to 14 forms (21 in the control)( in each month of study (from May to September) in the experiment was significantly different from the control. In total occurrence frequencies (throughout the investigation period),significant differences between the experiment and the control were found with respect to 12 peroxidase forms, including the form that occurred only in the experiment. In this case, higher frequencies of any peroxidase forms in the experiment as compared to the control were compensated for by an identical increase of occurrence frequencies of other forms in the control, i.e. a redistribution of occurrence frequencies of some peroxidase forms between the experiment and the control was observed.
