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Knowledge of the age structure of plant populations is important for assessing the current state and predicting the population dynamics and related components of phytocenoses, since the load on the environment is different for different age groups. According to the scheme of age periodization of plant ontogenesis proposed by T. A. Rabotnov and A. A. Uranov, about a dozen main ontogenetic states are distinguished. Accordingly, each population sample represents an ordered row of frequencies of these states - the so-called ontogenetic spectrum. However, there are ambiguous interpretations of the role of some ontogenetic states in the classification of cenopopopulations, as well as statistical problems of estimating the profiles of ontogenetic spectra. A unification of approaches to typification of the age structure and indices of plant cenopopulations, based on the reduction of the ontogenetic spectrum to a standard scale of development periods - pregenerative, generative, and postgenerative, is proposed. From these perpespectives, classical types of cenopopopulations (invasive, regressive, invasive-regressive, and normal), different variants of normal cenopopopulations, age structure indices, and possible irregularity of the period scale are considered.

The review is devoted to the current environmental problem - a reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. A significant proportion of carbon is known to be deposited in the soil cover. Measures are being discussed in a many countries to promote carbon sequestration depending on the land use, because soils and forests, along with the world’s oceans, are the main stores of CO₂. Different land use issues (virgin lands, arable land, pasture and forest lands) are covered in connection with the problem of greenhouse gas emissions. Data on the land cultivation: zero; standard with and without plant residues; using biochar; microalgae are given. A comparative analysis using biomarkers on a pasture with mixed herbage, arable land with rapeseed, soil under willow have been considered in order to determine microorganisms assimilating carbon from rhizosphere deposits of various plants. Some sources evident the hydrolysable lipids constitute a high share of the soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation in forests, in contrast to phenols of lignin. The former substances are actively accumulated with the decreasing of soil pH, increasing of reactive iron, aluminum, and lignin oxidation. SOC is higher in a silt and clay fractions as compared to the sandy ones due to it absorbance in aggregates. Hence, it was proposed to use the finely dispersed mineral fraction as a key element to determine carbon stabilization in most soils. Carbonates play an important role in carbon sequestration, accounting for approximately 40 % of carbon stored in the world soils. They are the main component of carbon storage in arid regions. Attention to the radical improvement of pastures is given - inversion treatment (FIT). The methodical issues to detect SOC by remote distance (RD) technique are given. Reflected shortwave radiation in the upper atmosphere (TOA) practice has shown a great potential for climate mitigation through the cultivation of a cover crop with high albedo and a lack of chlorophyll.

The ability to determine the spatial distribution of rare fungal species is critical to understanding the environmental factors that affect them. Maximum entropy (MaxEnt) spatial distribution modeling solves this problem by allowing inferences about the distribution of species in a gradient of environmental factors based on occurrence data. To identify patterns of spatial distribution based on objective data, models of the potential geographical distribution of the rare polyporoid fungus of Picipes rhizophilus under current conditions (~1950-2000) and with predicted future climate changes (2100 AD) on a global scale were created. The species Picipes rhizophilus can develop in steppe habitats of both plains and mountains. Most of the known habitats of the species are found in the ecoregions that make up the Temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands, Mediterranean Forests, woodlands and scrubs, and Deserts and xeric shrublands biomes. The species is not associated with forest biomes, but it can be represented in habitats located on their territory, subject to the processes of climate aridization and desertification. The species Picipes rhizophilus can develop in steppe habitats of both plains and mountains. Modeling the potential distribution of the species under the selected climatic scenario showed the dynamics of changes in its range. The species-friendly climate area will increase in the North American continent, while there will be no significant changes in Europe and adjacent areas of Africa. In the most favorable territory for the species, located in the basin of the Western Manych River, conditions will become less favorable. In the Asian part, there will be a local shift in the areas of potential distribution.

Data on the dynamics of rust fungi are presented on the example of the Skadovsky Zvenigorod Biological Station of Lomonosov Moscow State University. The survey was carried out by the route method in years 2011-2019 and 2021 during vegetative season. 81 species of rust fungi were recorded on the territory of the biological station, the number of species detected during one year varies from 36 to 56. The number of species detected per year shows a significant correlation (r = 0.76) with the G index calculated from temperature and rainfall in June and August. During each season there is a change in the dominant stages of rust fungi. Species with aeciospores (I) are more common in June, species with urediniospores (II) are more common in July, and species with teliospores (III)predominate in August. The number of species detected in stage II per month is mainly determined by the number of species identified in the previous month in stage I (r = 0.61). Similarly, the number of species detected in stage III in a month is predominantly determined by the number of species detected in the previous month in stage II (r = 0.85). The revealed dependencies correspond to the biology of the Pucciniales.

The taxonomic diversity of epiphytic myxomycetes on living woody plants in the arboretum of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS was studied. The regularity of the distribution community of epiphytic myxomycetes by trunk height has been established. All samples of myxomycetes were obtained by cultivation moist chambers in Petri dishes in the laboratory. Bark sampling from live woody plants was carried out at the height of the trunks from 0 to 15 meters from the soil level. Nine species of deciduous woody introduced plants participated in the experiment: Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Prunus maackii, Populus alba, Salix alba, S. pentandra, S. triandra, Sorbus aucuparia, Tilia cordata, Junglans mandshuria. Fifty-one species of myxomycetes have been identified. The species composition of myxomycetes on the studied woody plants differs significantly from that on native tree species growing on the territory of the botanical garden. Two species have been identified as new to science from the genera Arcyria and Trichia, three species are new to Russia (Didymium clavodecus, D. ovoideum, D. synsporon), eighteen species are new to the Novosibirsk region. The change in the taxonomic composition of myxomycetes community′s correlates with the height from the soil surface. Representatives of the genus Perichaena are found at all altitudes, but the greatest species diversity is noted in the basal part. There are 7 species noted here, while the species of the genus Didymium have the maximum species diversity (6 species) at an altitude of 5 meters, including 3 species new to Russia, noted only at this altitude. The distribution of the number of collected samples by height showed that the bark of living woody plants is most abundantly populated at a height of 5 meters (72 samples) and in the basal part (50 samples).

Ecological and genetic characteristics of the phoma-like fungus Calophoma complanata were defined. C. complanata is a potential bioherbicide of the giant hogweed. An ecological analysis of the C. complanata sample collection sites showed this pathogen is found where the humidity is high, and the temperature is a lower than at other sites of phoma-like micromycetes. The growing degree days >10 ℃ (GDD) of the distribution of the species varies between 106.0 (Shetland) and 911.5 (Lublin, Poland) with rather low average of 570. The minimum and maximum Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient on the boundary of the species area are 3.26 and 1.31, respectively, with the average of 1.9. The species area is characterized by long photoperiods. Classical morphological, histochemical, and molecular methods for founding C. complanata MF‑32.121 in plants were carried out. It is shown that this species, depending on the conditions, can be able to cause the Sosnowsky's hogweed disease, or turns to the endophytic lifestyle. We believe that this is one of the mechanisms that allow the pathogen to survive in harsh natural conditions. The obtained data allow to predict the effectiveness of mycoherbicides depending on environmental conditions, to assess the long-term risks associated with its application and to reveal the spectrum of non-target biological activities.

Based on the culture method and high-performance sequencing of the ITS2 rDNA site, the number of colony-forming units (CFU), taxonomic structure and species richness of fungal communities in the bottom ground of Lake Baikal from depths from 9 to 178 m were determined. 215 species of 138 genera of 50 orders of 22 classes of 6 divisions - Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mucoromycota, Mortierellomycota, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota have been identified. Only DNA barcoding allowed to detect representatives of the Phyla of Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota and Rozellomycota. The cultural method and high-performance sequencing of the ITS2 rDNA site in the soil revealed 77 and 146 species, respectively, and only 8 species were established by both approaches. Most of the nucleotide sequences have not been identified to the level of families and species. There are representatives of various ecological and trophic groups - saprotrophs, pathogens, symbiotrophs in the mycobiota of the bottom grounds. These are mainly psychrotolerant organisms, among them there are facultative anaerobic species. Changes in the taxonomic structure of fungal communities depending on the depth and species, and able to function in soils, have been established. These are, in particular, Pseudeurotium bakeri, Pseudeurotium hygrophilum, Pseudogymnoascus pannorum, Pseudogymnoascus roseus, Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma lixii, Trichoderma polysporum, Penicillium glandicola, Penicillium swiecickii, species of the genera Rhizophydium, Fusarium, Daldinia Mortierella, Coniochaeta, Cystobasidium, Mrakia, Rhodothorula, Solicoccozyma and a number of others. A collection of fungal strains isolated from the bottom soils of Lake Baikal has been created.

For the first time, the results of studying the long-term dynamics of the phytopathological state of alien tree and shrub plants (hereinafter as ATSP) in Ekaterinburg city (Russia, Ural) are presented. In connection with the active implementation of numerous landscaping programs, including the concept of the Greenway planning of Ekaterinburg city, over the past twenty years, a large number of ATSP seedlings have arrived in the city, which contributes to the penetration of many previously unknown species of alien and pathogenic fungi into the Urals, the number of which increases exponentially. On alien woody substrates, many species of local saprotrophic fungi exhibit pathogenic properties, which also contribute to a sharp increase in the pathogenic activity of urban mycobiota. A number of invasive fungal species cause mass diseases of woody plants and expand their trophic spectrum. Some invasive fungal species are expanding their invasive range into the natural forests. A list of ATSP species resistant to local and alien diseases, which are recommended for greening Ekaterinburg, is given. The applicability of the "sentinel plantations" technique for the early detection and localization of alien phytopathogens is discussed. Recommendations are given for the creation of a four-stage system of phytopathological monitoring of green urban spaces, which will contribute to the protection against penetration and the rapid detection of alien pathogenic fungi before diseases outbreaks.

At present, the taxonomy of fusarioid fungi has changed significantly due to the clarification of their taxonomic status by molecular genetic methods. This led to the emergence of new species / genera and the abolition of old ones. Data on the diversity and distribution of Fusarium species do not always correspond to modern taxonomy and require careful revision. In this work, we systematized long-term data on the species composition and specialization of fusarioid fungi associated with woody plants in Russia (Far East, Siberia, Northwestern region, Crimea). Molecular genetic identification of 53 isolates previously identified as Fusarium spp. was carried out. Using morphological characters, phylogenetic analysis, and ecological features, five Fusarium species complexes have been identified. 11 Fusarium species have been identified (F. acuminatum, F. avenaceum, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. redolens, F. reticulatum, F. sambucinum, F. sporotrichioides, F. torulosum, F. tricinctum, F. venenatum) and 1 closely related species of the genus Neocosmospora (N. solani). On woody plants, the Fusarium tricinctum species complex is represented by the largest number of species: F. acuminatum, F. avenaceum, F. reticulatum, F. torulosum and F. tricinctum. The maximum number of isolates (17) belong to the F. avenaceum associated with various plants throughout the study area. In forest nurseries (Central and Southern Siberia) on juvenile plants with symptoms of mycosis, seven species of Fusarium and N. solani were identified. F. oxysporum, F. equiseti and N. solani were found only on seedlings of conifers in the first year of vegetation. In forest and park stands, where fusarioid fungi are predominantly saprotrophs and endophytes, nine Fusarium species were found, of which F. tricinctum, F. torulosum, F. venenatum and F. reticulatum were not isolated from pathological and seed material in forest nurseries.

On the example of spruce forests of the European taiga of Russia, the most important functional positions of wood-destroying fungi (DRFs) in the genesis of forest communities are described. In spruce forests, the age structures of forest stands, the extent of damage to forests by the DRG of the biotrophic complex, the volume of tree waste, and the participation of fungi of the xylotrophic complex in the decomposition of deadwood biomass by stages of decomposition were studied. The graphic version shows the structure of the process of formation of the biomass balance of the indigenous taiga spruce forest, based on differences in the time periods of accumulation and decomposition of the biomass of woody fractions of indigenous sustainable spruce forests. DRGs perform the task of coordinating the processes of accumulation and decomposition of forest biomass, maintaining its balance in the dynamics of the forest community to a state of optimal sustainability. The participation of wood-destroying fungi in the formation of structures of sustainable spruce forest formations should be considered as the main paradigm of their functional tasks in forest communities.