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The manifestation of the fear of the inquisition is treated as one of the range extremities of Descartes’ multilateral worldview and philosophical orientations. The point is made that the philosopher combined this fear with a sincere inner religiosity. It is noted that his religiosity was exactly like this due to almost ten years of study at a Jesuit college. And the news of the Inquisition verdict on Galileo actualized for Descartes the significance of his commitment to religious views. This commitment was manifested not only actively, but also militantly in Descartes’ speeches against two his opponents who showed it insufficiently in the philosopher’s opinion; those were the author who wished to remain anonymous and the Catholic priest Bourdin. It is revealed that due to such a degree of religiosity, Descartes was unable to adequately perceive and take into account in polemics with these authors their arguments in favor of recognizing the human mind not as an incorporeal substance, but as a product of the functioning of his corporeal brain. But if with regard to the anonymous author, Descartes had to be content with expressing his disagreement in a special article, then with regard to Bourdin, he did not limit himself to expressing his disagreement in a public polemic in the press, but also actually carried out a denunciation of the clergyman to his high-ranking church leader.

This research examines the emergence of formally represented knowledge, the order of its formalization and its prospects. The loss of the connecting links between reality and its formal descriptions resulted in a crisis of formalization of scientific knowledge. The article presents two basic approaches to solving information-technical problems - abstrаct-logical and engineering. It is shown how creative discomfort arises from excessive abstrаction. The issue of combining comprehended and reflexive components in making holistic decisions is investigated. Two ways of the formalization process are discussed - the explicit way and the shadow one, in which subjectively insignificant details and nuances are emasculated. Some terminological constructs that arose from the crisis of knowledge formalization, such as robotic ethics and artificial morality are considered. The conclusion is made about the increasing digitalization as a result of the crisis of the formal representation of scientific knowledge.

The article considers the emergence of science as a totality of reliable knowledge. A new synthetic approach is proposed that interprets the emergence of science as a collision of two radically different traditions - medieval scholasticism and natural philosophy of modern times. The theory of types of scientific rationality by V.S. Stepin is reconstructed and an extrapolation of post-non-classical rationality tendencies to the near future is proposed.

Investigation of the dispersed organic matter of the rocks at the Ust’-Maiskaya wildcat area was carried out. The data on the features of dispersed organic matter composition in the range of 2868.731 - 3057.68 m are presented. Alkanes, mono-, bi-, tri-, tetra- and pentacyclic arenes, bi-, tri-, tetra- and pentacyclanes, tetracyclic naphthenoaromatic hydrocarbons, dibenzothiophenes have been identified among hydrocarbons studied by means of gas chromatography - mass-spectrometry. Perylene and traces of nickel metalloporphyrins were also determined spectrophotometrically. It is shown that the initial organic matter was formed under the conditions of reduction and suboxidation, with a significant contribution from both the terrestrial vegetation and phytoplankton. The presence of nickel porphyrin and perylene complexes in some sections of the log suggests the shallowness of the sedimentation basin and the proximity of the coastline during the period of OM accumulation. The calculated vitrinite reflectance indicates that the differences observed for the MK₂ stage of catagenesis correspond to the main zone of oil generation.

The composition of cracking products of high-sulphur shale oil from the Kashpir deposit is investigated under different process conditions (duration and temperature). The characteristic features of the influence of heat treatment conditions on changes in the composition of liquid products of oil shale cracking are established. It is shown that the cracking of oil shale organic matter is accompanied by the formation of a wide range of low-molecular sulphur-containing compounds that enter the composition of oils. The changes in the group composition of sulphur-containing compounds of oils have been studied, the features of the distribution of thiophene derivatives, benzo- and dibenzothiophene derivatives in the composition of liquid cracking products are revealed. It is shown that the depth and rate of destruction of sulphur-containing structural fragments of kerogen is significantly affected by the temperature and duration of the process. The data obtained will improve understanding of the patterns of thermal transformations of sulphur-containing structural fragments of organic matter in high-sulphur oil shale during cracking.

A new multifunctional oil-displacing MIСA composition has been developed by the researchers of the IPC SB RAS for the purpose of oil recovery enhancement. The MIСA composition possesses oil-cleaning properties and is able to align the displacement front by increasing the reservoir sweep. Laboratory tests of MICA and its components (glycerol, carbamide, and boric acid) were carried out against the reservoir microflora of three groups: hydrocarbon-oxidising and denitrifying bacteria (HOB and DNB, respectively) as possible agents for enhanced oil recovery, and sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB), as a corrosion-dangerous group. It is shown that HOB exhibited positive reactions to all versions of components introduction, as well as to the solutions of the composition diluted by a factor of 20-50. The presence of boric acid, in particular in the binary systems with carbamide and glycerol, suppressed the growth of DNB in spite of the stimulating action of glycerol and carbamide. The multifunctional MICA composition had a positive effect on the DNB count at 20-50 dilution. In the course of pilot work in 2020-2021 at the Usinskoye oilfield, a positive effect of the MICA composition on the growth of HOB and DNB groups and the inhibition of the SRB count was revealed. The effect decreased after 8-10 months due to manifold dilution of the composition and its displacement. This action of MICA and its components may be evaluated by two positive effects: an increase in the counts of HOB and DNB, as potential agents of oil displacement, and inhibition of the activity of SRB, as an agent of sulphide corrosion of equipment.

Changes in the composition of SARA fractions (Saturated, Aromatics, Resins, Asphaltenes) of methane crude oil from the Zyuzeevo oilfield (the Republic of Tatarstan) during thermal cracking are investigated. Cracking was carried out at 450 °C for 120 min in the isothermal mode. The data on mass balance, the composition of liquid and gaseous products of cracking were obtained. It is shown that the composition of hydrocarbons in liquid products and the yield of side gaseous and solid products depend on the composition of initial SARA fractions. Thus, the yield of solids is maximal from asphaltene fraction cracking, while the largest amount of gases are formed from resin fraction cracking. It has been established that cracking of SARA fractions involves the formation of new components that were absent in the initial feedstock. It is shown that the structural features of initial resin and asphaltene molecules affect the content and composition of their cracking products.

The state of the vegetation cover at six hydrocarbon fields of the Parabel district of the Tomsk Region has been studied relying on satellite data. An example of the practical application of the procedure developed for the quantitative assessment of the state of vegetation cover at oil-and-gas producing territories on the basis of the values of vegetation indices obtained using the satellite data MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) is shown. It is established that changes in the values of vegetation index EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index) over the 12-year period (2011-2022) have a positive trend, with the maximum values recorded in 2020. This may indicate the restoration of vegetation and improvement of the environmental situation.

The physicochemical properties of hard-to-recover viscous oil with high paraffin content were evaluated relying on the analysis of information from the oil characteristics database, compiled at the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry SB RAS. It is established that Russia is distinguished by the largest reserves of viscous paraffin oil (VPO) on the territory of Eurasia, where almost three quarters of the reserves are concentrated in the Volga-Ural oil and gas basin. The characteristics of the properties of these oils under various conditions of their occurrence have been analysed. It is shown that VPO is more confined to terrigenous rocks, in which the reserves are 4.6 times greater than those in carbonate formations. The physicochemical properties of VPO in the productive formations differing from each other in permeability and porosity are considered. It is established that in the case of high permeability of formations, the density of VPO increases (oil becomes heavier), coking ability, sulphur and resin content grow, the content of paraffins and the gas factor decrease. Viscous paraffin oils in reservoirs with different permeability have a positive pour point and are characterized by low gas content. In medium- and highly porous formations, VPOs are heavy, sulphurous, medium-resinous and medium-asphaltene, with low gas content. It is shown that in highly permeable and highly porous reservoirs, the content of paraffins in VPO is minimal, and, quite contrary, the content of paraffins in oil is the greatest in low-permeable and low-porous reservoirs. The properties of high-hardening VPOs are revealed, which significantly differ from the properties of oils with a negative pour point. High-setting VPOs differ from low-setting oils by medium density (low-setting oils are heavy), but very high viscosity; higher content of paraffins and oxygen, but lower content of resins, asphaltenes, sulphur (almost 2 times) and nitrogen; the gas factor is higher by 81 %.

The morphology and structure of the mesophase in the series: coal tar pitch (CTP) - α-fraction of CTP - carbonised α-fraction after heating to 1200 °C, were studied by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray phase and X-ray structural analysis. The X-ray structural parameters were determined: longitudinal and transverse dimensions of the lamellae and the thickness of packages, the distance between the lamellae and the number of lamellae in the formed packages. It is shown that the two-dimensional structures of the carbon mesophase are ordered into three-dimensional packages during the formation of semi-coke under CTP heating. It is established that the carbon structure of CTP and its α-fraction is represented by the turbostratic and graphite-like phases. The sizes of the packages formed by the lamellae during structuring in the transverse direction in the studied samples are of the order of 18-25 Å, in the longitudinal direction 46-63 Å, the average distance between the lamellae in the studied samples is 3.46-3.52 Å.