Home – Home – Jornals – Advanced Search

This article analyzes the structure of the economy of Russia along with its European and Asian macrozones by aggregates of types of economic activities (TEA). It substantiates the estimates of macrostructural consequences for the economy transitioning to an equilibrium strategy of making development priorities for TEA aggregates. We propose a scheme to prioritizing socio-economic development by the proportions of value added and people employed. Possible shifts in the value proportions of TEA aggregates during the transition to an equilibrium strategy of shaping employment have been assessed. Another objective has been to clarify the estimations of macrostructural development priorities based on indicators of regional economies' performance. The paper also examines the macrostructural priorities of using added value in the region (for investment, household incomes, and other expenses) and gives prospective assessments of macrostructural changes in the enlarged zones of the Russian Federation till 2030.

At the turn of2000-2010, all constituent entities of the Russian Federation established many regional development institutions (RDI). These are specialized organizations, aimed at increasing investment and creating a favorable regional business environment. However, the presence of a comprehensive support for their activities in terms of methodology, normative and legal regulation remains debatable. The issue, on the one hand, reduces the effectiveness of RDIs; on the other hand, this makes it difficult to develop a unified approach to assessing their contribution to the local economy. The analysis of the correlation between the investment dynamics for 2017-2020 in the Central Federal District with the number of development institutions created in Russian entities shows how multidirectional these characteristics are in the context of individual regions. Our research has been carried out based on practical data from Yaroslavl Oblast. The role and importance of RDIs for the social and economic development of territories are the reasons why we have chosen such institutions as its object. The subject of the study was the search for reserves to improve the effectiveness of RDIs in investment projects. Having analyzed the performance of development corporations, a type of institutions with the widest representation in the Russian constituent entities, and identified challenging conditions for RDIs ’ functioning, we are able to draw a conclusion about the need for significant modernization of regional institutions. Our suggestion is to conduct this toward reestablishing RDIs as a single infrastructure complex, coordinate the work of institutions, as well as to have a clearer distribution of functions performed by them. The results of the study contribute to improving the activities of RDIs and boosting their efficiency in task-solving.

Communities of living beings on our planet are striving to increase in numbers and expand the territory of their habitat. This helps to preserve them selves in the struggle for life, to survive in the process of natural selection. The above is true for human society as well. In it, increasing the population and improving the quality of life are both the goals and the critical resources for development. This article presents the results of the author’s research on the dynamics of the population of the Russian Federation and eighty-two of its administrative-territorial entities between 1990 and 2020. Another focal point is the interregional distribution of monetary incomes of citizens. The performed economic and statistical study has revealed some processes weakening the security of the Russian Federation, such as the depopulation of the country and its regions, the deepening of the territorial differentiation of the population distribution and its monetary income.

This article considers how household income, consumer demand, and savings form amid a crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic and fall in prices for exports commodities. We analyze household income, consumer demand, and savings in the context of decile region groups, shaped according to the average income per capita and taking into account interregional price differentiation. We also assess the impact of social support measures as a factor of income stabilization. The article examines the way dynamics and structure of consumer spending depend on household income. Consumer spending is shown to decline even in the regions with an uprise in incomes. As parts of the consumer spending structure, the share of spending on goods increased while that on services decreased in every region. We remark a widespread growth in population savings: in rich regions, it mainly took a form of bank deposits, whereas regions with low incomes had cash money accumulated by the population. Household spending on real estate, including through home loans, went up. Despite fewer loans issued to the population in 2020, the credit burden on incomes grew. The changes in the structure of household expenditures can be viewed as a movement towards the household «survival model».

The characteristics of combustion of liquid hydrocarbons in the presence of a mixture of superheated water vapor with a diluent gas in a vaporizing burner are studied by an example of diesel fuel. Carbon dioxide is used as a diluent gas. The experiments reveal regimes of injection of superheated water vapor or carbon dioxide, as well as their mixture in various proportions, that ensure similar profiles of the mean flame temperature, thermal power, and air-to-fuel ratio. It is demonstrated that fuel burning in the presence of superheated water vapor, carbon dioxide, and their mixture allows reaching low concentrations of CO and NO _x in combustion products. In the case of CO₂ injection, these values are at the boundary of admissible concentrations for class 3 in accordance with the EN:267 norms. In the case of injection of only superheated water vapor, the nitrogen oxide emissions in flue gases are smaller than those in the case of carbon dioxide injection: reduction of NO _x emissions can reach 15 %.

A mathematical model based on macrokinetics is proposed for the numerical simulation of the auto-ignition period of fuel in a local volume of a hydrogen diesel engine with high pressure fuel injection equipment. Hydrogen auto-ignition in homogeneous chemical reactors for operating conditions of real hydrogen diesel engine at the moment of the start of hydrogen gas injection was simulated using a chosen detailed kinetic mechanism of hydrogen oxidation and a special software package. The results of these simulations for reactors of constant volume and constant pressures were used to derive an equation for the macrokinetics of hydrogen oxidation at high pressures. Using this equation, various operation modes of a hydrogen diesel engine with heating of air and hydrogen were investigated by numerical methods. Ways to reduce the induction period and increase the reliability of the engine are discussed.

Detonation waves in gaseous two-fuel systems CH₄/H₂/O₂ and heterogeneous three-fuel systems CH₄/H₂/O₂/coal suspension are experimentally studied. The experiments are performed with coal particle sizes 0 < d ≤ 200 μm and mean-volume densities of 160 ÷ 400 g/m³. The velocities along the tube and the pressure profiles in incident detonation and reflected waves are measured. The influence of the fuel components on the wave parameters is analyzed. The experimental detonation parameters are compared with the predicted thermodynamic equilibrium detonation parameters.

The results of a comprehensive assessment of the characteristics of combustion of fuels based on coal sludge with the addition of (5 % wt.) waste turbine oil and wood biomass using the method of multivariate (multicriteria) analysis are presented. The results of experimental studies of the processes of ignition and combustion of fuels, data on the calorific value, ash content, cost, composition of flue gases were used. The mixtures were burned in the form of tablets, layers and drops of an aqueous suspension. A positive effect of the use of additives on the indicators of energy, environmental and complex efficiency of coal sludge combustion was noted. The group of fuels burned in the form of pellets is characterized by the minimum indicators of energy, environmental and complex efficiency. The greatest environmental potential was found in fuels burned in the form of droplets of aqueous suspensions. The results of the study confirm the prospects for energy utilization of a wide range of wastes of coal, oil and vegetable origin as part of mixed fuels.

This paper presents the results of computational and experimental studies of the spark plasma gasification of technogenic carbon-containing wastes in order to obtain high-calorific-value syngas (H₂ + CO) for power generating devices. The composition of the syngas obtained in the process of gasification of organic waste was experimentally determined. The change in the composition and calorific value of the syngas was studied depending on the time of gasification of organic materials. The change in the calorific value of the syngas during waste gasification is shown.

Technological approaches to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions in energy production are considered. Three levels of carbon dioxide generation by fuel power plants are identified. Fuel power plants were analyzed in terms of the most sensitive parameters in carbon capture, utilization and storage technologies: pressure, purity, and the amount of generated carbon dioxide. Ranging the carbon dioxide outlet parameters makes it possible to divide power plants into three groups: A, B, and C. Using the screening analysis method developed within a life cycle analysis system, the integral characteristics of the main technologies for utilization CO₂ emissions from energy production are considered depending on the level of technological maturity and market attractiveness. The groups of geological recycling, mineralization, carbonization, and bioutilization that are promising for the Russian industrial and energy complex are identified.