O.B. Rodimova
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: IR absorption, carbon dioxide, temperature behavior, line wing
Carbon dioxide is a perceptible component of Earth's atmosphere and a significant part of the atmospheres of other planets of the terrestrial group. In this work, absorption by carbon dioxide is considered on the basis of the asymptotic line wing theory. Line contour parameters have been found by fitting to experimental values at 200-300 K temperatures in the 4.3 mm CO2 band. The different temperature behavior of the absorption is noted near the band (2400-2440 cm-1) and far from it (2500-2590 cm-1). The results of this study are of interest for spectroscopy and can be important in atmospheric modeling.
D.V. Kalinskaya1,2 1Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia 2Marine Hydrophysical Institute National Academy of the RAS, Sevastopol, Russia
Keywords: atmospheric aerosol, photometer, MODIS, VIIRS, AIRS, back trajectories, HYSPLIT, Ångström parameter, dust aerosol, smoke aerosol, aerosol optical depth, AOD, absorption, Black sea, Volga
Consideration of absorbing and scattering properties of atmospheric aerosols and estimating the sizes of aerosol particles are important for testing standard and creating regional algorithms of atmospheric correction of satellite data. However, calculation of optical characteristics of atmospheric aerosols in dust transport periods is complicated by a need in considering the effects of dust aerosol on optical properties of the atmosphere: aerosol optical depth (AOD), Ångström parameter, and others. In this work, the optical characteristics of atmospheric aerosol are analyzed based on in-situ photometric measurements, MODIS (Aqua/Terra) and VIIRS satellite data, and HYSPLIT simulation for two Volga reservoirs and the Black Sea during dust transport from the Sahara and Karakum deserts. The AOT values are found to be more than two times higher than background values during all the events under study. No differences in the optical characteristics of dust aerosol transported from these deserts were detected. The results can be used to verify standard algorithms of atmospheric correction of satellite data.
D.V. Apeksimov, P.A. Babushkin, Yu.E. Geints, A.M. Kabanov, V.K. Oshlakov, E.E. Khoroshaeva
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: femtosecond laser pulse, turbulence, laser filamentation, plasma, aerosol, two-photon-excited fluorescence, angular distribution, THz radiation generation
The results of complex studies of filamentation of high-power femtosecond laser pulses in experiments where a localized air layer with a randomly inhomogeneous refractive index (artificial turbulent layer) is created at the beginning of the propagation path are discussed. It is shown that the technique of forced chaotic modulation (power stochastization) of a radiation beam, which initiates inhomogeneities in the transverse energy structure of laser radiation, causes the splitting of an original beam into many high-intensity light subbeams (channels) due to strong optical nonlinearity of the air medium. These channels are characterized by high intensity and stability along significant distances. The segmentation of the radiation by a turbulent layer multiply increases the number of high-intensity optical channels, which arise during propagation of a 2.5-cm beam of a Ti:Sapphire laser with a wavelength of 800 nm and power of up to 150 GW in air. The characteristic intensity of these optical channels is high enough for two-photon absorption in a volume of colored (rhodamine or uranine with a concentration of 0.4 g/l) water aerosol microparticles, created at the end of a 100-m optical path, which, in turn, almost doubles the fluorescence signal from the particles recorded by the lidar scheme. In addition, it was determined that a localized turbulent layer created at the beginning of an optical path enables a multiple enhancement of the efficiency of low-frequency (THz) electromagnetic radiation generation from laser filamentation region.
A.V. Drakon, A.V. Eremin, R.N. Kolotushkin, A.A. Timoshenko, E.S. Khodyko
Joint Institute for High Temperatures of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: black carbon aerosol, organic aerosol, combustion, mass spectrometry, soot formation, benzene
Emissions of carbon compounds formed during the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels change the thermal balance of the atmosphere, which leads to global warming. Reliable methods for diagnosing and monitoring emissions are necessary to control and assess the content of carbon compounds in the atmosphere. The paper presents a methodology for studying the formation of organic and black carbon aerosol. A flat ethylene/air laminar flame was used as a reactor in various experimental modes. An experimental setup was developed and used to analyze flame gas components by quadrupole mass spectrometry. The signal intensities were compared depending on the mass-to-charge ratio in the range 0-100. It has been shown that kinetic simulation and experimental results are qualitatively consistent when describing such components as H2O, O2, and CO2. It has also been shown that an increase in the equivalence ratio increases the concentrations of compounds associated with the formation of organic and black carbon aerosols. The results can be used to develop diagnostic and monitoring methods for organic and soot aerosols in the ambient air by tracking concentrations of signature compounds.
A.A. Tronin1, M.P. Vasiliev1, G.M. Nerobelov1,2,3 1St. Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg Scientific Research Center for Ecological Safety at the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia 2Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia 3Russian State Hydrometeorological University, St. Petersburg, Russia
Keywords: nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, satellite and ground-based monitoring, Moscow, St. Petersburg
Nitrogen and sulfur dioxides belong to the priority pollutants of atmospheric air and belong to substances of the 3rd class of hazard. The joint influence of sulfur dioxide and dioxide nitrogen on air quality is extremely negative. Monitoring their content in atmospheric air is an important environmental task. Joint analysis and comparison of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere of Moscow and St. Petersburg on the basis of ground-based measurements, as well as tropospheric content of these aerotoxicants based on satellite data are performed. Satellite data (the OMI spectrometer from the Aura satellite) cover the period from 2005 to 2023, and ground data are collected for the period 2002-2023. The concentrations of nitrogen dioxide slowly decrease in Moscow and Sant-Petersburg both in satellite and ground-based data. The concentrations of sulfur dioxide are significantly reduced according to ground-based measurements in Moscow and Sant-Petersburg. Satellite observations show relatively constant concentrations in St. Petersburg and their growth in Moscow. The hypothesis which explains the divergence of ground-based and satellite data on the content of sulfur dioxide is suggested. The results can be used in the practical work of environmental authorities in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
O.Yu. Antokhina1,2, P.N. Antokhin1, O.S. Zorkal’tseva2, A.V. Gochakov3, M.F. Artamonov2, S.M. Bobrovnikov1, V.I. Zharkov1 1V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia 2Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Irkutsk, Russia 3Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: stratosphere, troposphere, polar vortex, sudden stratospheric warming, wave propagation, temperature anomaly, polar stratospheric clouds
Winter 2024/2025 was characterized by anomalous stability of the stratospheric polar vortex (SPV), resulting from a combination of weak propagation of wave activity from the troposphere and strong zonal winds that created a barrier to vertical wave transport. Lidar measurements near Tomsk in February showed record-low temperatures (-85 °C) at altitudes of 15-20 km and the formation of polar stratospheric clouds, confirming the uniqueness of stratospheric conditions. In November-January, weak Rossby wave breaking processes and predominant zonal circulation over Eurasia were observed, while the final weakening of the SPV in early March was accompanied by a sharp restructuring of stratospheric circulation. These results are important for understanding the mechanisms of SPV stability and their influence on atmospheric dynamics.
K.N. Pustovalov1,2, P.V. Nagorskiy1, M.V. Oglezneva1, S.V. Smirnov1,2 1Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems (IMCES) SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia 2National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: clouds, atmospheric electricity, electric field potential gradient, ultraviolet radiation
Atmospheric electricity is the totality of electrical phenomena occurring in the atmosphere, including clouds and precipitation, and forming the global electrical circuit. Studying the functioning of this circuit, particularly the factors that determine its local variability, is a pressing and important scientific problem, especially in the context of the current climate change. Based on atmospheric electrical, spectrophotometric, and meteorological observations Tomsk from 2006 to 2020, we analize the variability of the main characteristic of atmospheric electricity, that is, the surface electric field potential gradient and the spectral transmittance of long-wave UV radiation by clouds depending on their form. The analysis revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between variations in the potential gradient and the transmittance of radiation at a wavelength of 380 nm for almost all main cloud forms. The new statistical data complement existing understanding of the interaction of atmospheric-electrical and actinometric characteristics and can be used to improve the models of global electric circuit and atmosphere, among other things, for numerical weather prediction and climate change modeling.
V.A. Gladkikh, A.P. Kamardin, I.V. Nevzorova, S.L. Odintsov, V.A. Fedorov
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: atmosphere, outer turbulence scale, surface air layer, wind speed, air temperature
The outer scales of temperature and wind turbulence in the surface air layer are estimated based on experimental data. Statistics of the outer scales is provided for winter and summer periods at different time of the day at altitudes of 5 and 10 m. The correlations between the scales and temperature and wind velocity stratification in the surface air layer are analyzed. It is found that the temperature stratification has the strongest effect on the outer turbulence scales, and the scales increase with the measurement altitude. The results can be useful for studies of thermodynamic processes in the atmospheric boundary layer and the influence of turbulence on optical wave propagation.
M.Yu. Shikhovtsev1,2, A.Yu. Shikhovtsev1, A.A. Lezhenin3, V.S. Gradov3, V.B. Khaikin4, K.E. Kirichenko1, P.G. Kovadlo1 1Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Irkutsk, Russia 2Limnological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Irkutsk, Russia 3Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia 4Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnij Arkhyz, Russia
Keywords: precipitable water vapor, millimeter telescope, WRF, Sayan Solar Observatory, Hulugaisha peak
Precipitated water vapor (PWV) is the main gas that causes atmospheric opacity in millimeter and submillimeter wavelength ranges. This study uses the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to effectively estimate PWV levels in order to determine the conditions at existing observatory sites and identify potential locations for a new large millimeter telescope. The results show that the WRF model successfully reproduces the spatio-temporal variability of PWV, identifying areas with minimal moisture content, which can be used for planning telescope observations.
Studies of the content of radioactive gases in the atmosphere are important for assessing their danger to public health and as an auxiliary characteristic of gas exchange between soil and atmosphere. There are very few measurements of radon and thoron concentrations in Russia. Therefore, this paper summarizes the results of their monitoring in the background region near Tomsk over 2020-2024. It has been shown that annual average radon concentrations are in the range 10.7-14.3 Bq/m3; the annual average maximal values can reach 81 Bq/m3. Thoron is characterized by a weaker variability of the average content (8.9-11.8 Bq/m3) and a lower maximal concentration (65 Bq/m3). It is found that radon has a well-defined daily cycle, while thoron does not. There are also significant differences in the annual variations in the concentrations of these gases. Although the main maxima of their concentrations are recorded in July, 222Rn has a secondary maximum in the cold season. A slow increase in the concentrations of both radon and thoron from 2020 to 2024 was found. The content of 222Rn increases at a rate of 0.5 Bq/m3 per year, and of 220Rn, with a rate of 0.2 Bq/m3 per year. The concentration of 222Rn is higher than 220Rn on daily, annual, and long-term scales. The data presented in this paper will be useful in choosing the range and uncertainty of new devices or protection against radiation and assessment of the probability of occurrence of a particular phenomenon.
On January 21, 2026, Valeria Aleksandrovna Sapozhnikova, one of the longest-serving employees of the V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics SB RAS and an active contributor to the journal "Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics," passed away.
I. I. Lyubechanskii1,2, R. Yu. Dudko1, G. N. Azarkina1 1Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: Norilsk industrial region, tundra, anthropogenic impact, industrial pollution, bioindication
In the subarctic regions of Krasnoyarsk Krai in 2022-2023, the population of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) was studied at different distances from sources of anthropogenic impact. In the vicinity of Norilsk, the impact of metallurgical enterprises was studied; near Dudinka, the change in the ground beetle population along the urbanization gradient was studied; in the south of the Gydan Peninsula, the impact of gas condensate fields was assessed. The least impact on the ground beetle population was noted in the area of the fields. Urbanogenic impact in the vicinity of Dudinka affected ground beetle communities at a distance of up to 2-3 km. The complex impact of Norilsk facilities (industrial enterprises, urban infrastructure, etc.) on ground beetle communities was traced at a distance of up to 10-15 km. Near sources of anthropogenic impact, the number of ground beetle species in communities, their overall dynamic density, and the density of individual genera and species of ground beetles decrease: especially large-sized representatives (genus Carabus) and specialized arctic species of the subgenus Cryobius from the genus Pterostichus, associated with moss-lichen cover. These parameters can be used as indicators of environmental disturbance.
Yu. A. Bazhenov1,2 1Institute of Natural Resources, Ecology and Cryology of SB RAS, Chita, Russia 2Sokhondinsky State Nature Reserve, Kyra, Russia
Keywords: Ovis nivicola, national park, Kodar ridge, trail camera, age and sex population structure, seasonal migration
The population structure of snow sheep groups in the Kodar Ridge is characterized based on trail camera and visual observation data. The population range is isolated and limited to this mountain range. The studies were conducted after the establishment of a national park within a part of the Kodar snow sheep range (in 2018). The main observations were made in the central, most important part of the range in the Sredny Sakukan and Apsat river basins both in the national park and in the adjacent territory. On average, the ratio of adult females/yearlings/last year’s animals/young males/mature males in July-September on summer pastures used by females is 10/9/4/3/1. A significant number of males stay in summer in areas outside the pastures of females and young animals. The fertility of the Kodar sheep during the study period is higher than that noted in the 1990s. For one adult female of 2019-2024 in the first 2-3 months after lambing, there were 0.87 yearlings and 0.44 last year’s lambs. High fertility also confirms the optimal structure of the studied groups of Kodar snow sheep. Information was obtained on the timing and characteristics of the seasonal change of habitats, with the exception of the winter period. On summer pastures, the population is characterized by low herd size: 3.0 for groups of females, 1.3 for males and the same for separated last year’s lambs. Over 6 years of observations after the creation of the national park, the herd size indicator did not change significantly, and changes were observed in the sex and age structure associated with an increase in the proportion of last year’s lambs and young males.
L. A. Khlyap1, A. L. Mishchenko1, V. V. Bobrov1, V. Yu. Ilyashenko1, M. Yu. Grishchenko2 1Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Moscow, Russia 2Moscow State University, Department of Geography, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: vulnerable species, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, biomes
Issues of conservation of rare and endangered animal species are considered one of the main ecological problems of recent decades and are included in the “Ecological Doctrine of the Russian Federation” and “Principles of the State policy in the area of environmental development of the Russian Federation for the period up to the year 2030”. The distribution of terrestrial vertebrates listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation in the mountainous regions of Russia has been studied for the first time. A biome approach was used: the division of the territory, according to the similarity of the biota, including the analysis of its latitude, longitude and altitude changes. For each of the 31 mountain biomes identified in the territory of Russia, lists of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians from the Red Data Book are given, and the abundance of these protected objects is quantified. Regions with high diversity of such terrestrial vertebrates have been identified. Mammals, reptiles, and amphibians have the greatest similarity in the location of orobiomes with the maximum number of species. The regions of their greatest diversity are confined to the Caucasus. For mammals, this is its eastern part; for reptiles and amphibians - the biomes bordering the Black Sea coast. The maximum diversity of breeding birds is confined to the south of the Far East. Maps with the distribution of the number of such rare species in the mountain biomes of Russia have been prepared. The results obtained make it possible to optimize conservation measures for rare and vulnerable vertebrates.
A. S. Sokolova, T. V. Frolova, E. A. Ageeva, G. I. Izvekova
Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Russia
Keywords: trematodes, mollusks, digestive enzymes, pepsin-like proteases, trypsin-like proteases
The study focuses on the activity of proteolytic enzymes and the effect of trematode infestation on the size and mass parameters and activity of these enzymes in three species of mollusks: Lithoglyphus naticoides (C. Pfieffer, 1828), Viviparus viviparus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758). Pepsin-, trypsin-, and chymotrypsin-like activity was found in all mollusks, indicating a wide range of protease activity in these animals. Differences in the levels of protease activity in shellfish are most likely related to the type of diet. Shellfish infection affects the studied parameters in different ways. Thus, in infected Lithoglyphus naticoides, the shell height and mass are greater than in uninfected individuals. In Viviparus viviparus, these parameters do not display significant differences. In Lymnaea stagnalis, the shell height does not differ in uninfected and infected mollusks, and the mass is greater in infected specimens. The activity of a particular group of proteases varies depending on the mollusk species and the parasite development stage. Trematode infection has the greatest effect on protease activity in Lithoglyphus naticoides.
E. A. Malkova1, A. V. Burakova1, I. A. Kshnyasev1, V. L. Vershinin1,2 1Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia 2Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
Keywords: Rana arvalis, skeletochronology, nematodes, endoparasites, climate
In the studied populations of Rana arvalis Nilsson, 1842 (ranging from the western macroslope of the Middle Urals to the Ishim Plain), ten parasite species were identified, with the nematodes Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782) and Rhabdias bufonis (Schrank, 1788) being dominant. A two-component (hurdle) model-combining binomial regression (infection probability) and gamma regression (infestation intensity) -provided the best biological and statistical fit for nematode infestation patterns. Both infection probability and intensity increased with host age, peaking at 3-4 years: each unit increase in log2-transformed age [log2(Age+1)] raised the odds of infestation 6.2-fold (95 % CI: 4.9-7.8) and intensity 1.4-fold (1.2-1.5). Intensity also increased 2.1-fold (1.8-2.5) per additional nematode species. Geographic trends revealed latitudinal and longitudinal variability: infestation odds decreased 2.1-fold (1.5-2.7) per degree northward, while intensity increased 1.14-fold (1.1-1.2) per degree eastward. Neither host morph (striata/maculata) nor sex significantly influenced nematode infestation parameters.
L. M. Kondratyeva, D. V. Andreeva
Khabarovsk Federal Research Center of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Water and Ecology Problems, Khabarovsk, Russia
Keywords: microbial communities, groundwater, freezing/thawing, humic substances, river bank filtration
The paper presents the results of the study of the role of environmental factors (abiotic and microbiological) in the formation of groundwater quality in the river bank filtration zone under cyclic freezing/thawing (CFT). Groundwater samples from the Tunguska field (Priamurye) taken in the fall period from different aquifer depths from wells located at different distances from the river bank filtration zone were used. CFT was performed in vitro in the presence of different carbon sources at two temperatures: slow thawing from -18 °C to +4 °C; rapid thawing from -18 °С to +23 °С. The activity of microbial communities (MC) from groundwater and river water after CFT was confirmed by their ability cultured on a readily available carbon source (peptone) and hard-to-mineralize sodium humate (HNa), as well as under conditions of their co-metabolism. Maximum activity after CFT at a thawing temperature of 4 °С in the presence of HNa was shown by MC from a depth of 41 m from boreholes 1500 m away from the shore. At a thawing temperature of 23 °С, microorganisms from river and groundwater from wells close to the shore were highly active regardless of the composition of carbon sources during the CFT period. MC growth activity from offshore wells at 23 °С thawing temperature was dependent on the depth of water sampling and the presence of readily available co-substrate. It was shown for the first time that after CFT, thawing temperature influenced the changes in the spectral characteristics of humic substances as a result of their microbial transformation
T. I. Fomina1, E. S. Fomin2 1Central Siberian Botanical Garden of SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: seasonal development, phenological trends, herbaceous perennials, accessions, Russian Far East, Western Siberia
The results of a long-term study (2006-2024) on the phenology of 25 species of herbaceous plants, represented by 33 accessions from natural populations in the Russian Far East - Primorye, Sakhalin, and the Southern Kurils, under the conditions of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia (Novosibirsk), are presented. The study revealed the features of seasonal rhythms for most accessions: spring growth occurs in early to mid-terms (April - first decade of May), and the onset of flowering is timed to summer periods (June - mid-July), with a phenorhythmotype classified as spring-summer green. Therefore, based on their primary rhythmic characteristics, the Far Eastern accessions correspond to herbaceous perennials of the regional flora. At the same time, a complete and regular seasonal cycle, as an indicator of biological sustainability, is observed in 16 accessions (48 %), while the others are unstable or weakly stable in the new environmental conditions. Using linear phenological trends, the main patterns of phenological shifts were established: a delay in the dates of the vegetation start (6-13 days / 10 years) and an advance in the dates of vegetation end (6-16 days / 10 years). There is also a later start for flowering (up to 6 days / 10 years), and an earlier end for flowering (3 days / 10 years), as well as a significant reduction in the duration of all interphase periods. Significant intraspecific variability of phenological events depending on the provenance of materials was demonstrated. The findings indicate an accelerated seasonal development of Far Eastern perennials when adapting to a continental climate.
N. N. Lashchinskiy1,2, E. B. Talovskaya1,2, A. A. Guseva1,2 1Central Siberian Botanical Garden of SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: small-leaves forests, phytomass, species structure, productivityy
Herbs layer aboveground phytomass of the association Trollio asiaticae - Populetum tremulae (absolutely dry weight) and its species structure was determined. It was found that from 37 collected species two dominant species made 80 % of total phytomass. Moreover, only five species have more than 1 % of total phytomass each and the rest of species cover only 6,7 %. Comparison with published data about phytomass of the different layers and fractions of plant communities showed that phytomass of the herbs layer is equal or even more than photosynthetically active phytomass of the tree layer. So, in this ecosystem there are two equal layers of photosynthetic activity - herbs layer and tree layer.
E. O. Kazakova1, I. V. Ryzhik1,2 1Murmansk Marine Biological Institute of RAS, Murmansk, Russia 2Murmansk Arctic State University, Murmansk, Russia
Keywords: Cochlearia officinalis, Honckenya peploides, anatomy, littoral, supralittoral
This article examines the problem of environmental adaptations of plants to the conditions of the supralittoral and littoral of the Barents Sea coast. The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the anatomical features of the leaf blades Honckenya peploides (L.) и Cochlearia officinalis (L.). The study used plants collected in the budding phase. The collected leaves were fixed in 70 % ethanol. Measurements of the elements of the anatomical structure were carried out using a light microscope. It has been established that the environmental conditions of the coastal zone determine the formation of specific anatomical features in these plants. H. peploides is characterized as a more highly specialized species with pronounced xeromorphic features: amphistomatic leaves, a developed cuticle layer and an isolateral mesophyll structure. C. officinalis is a heterogeneous species. In supralittoral conditions, the plant exhibits mesomorphic features such as sinuous cell walls, hypostomatic leaves, clear differentiation of the mesophyll into columnar and spongy layers, as well as the presence of large intercellular cells in the spongy mesophyll. On the upper littoral, C. officinalis acquires xeromorphic features: an increase in the thickness of the leaf and cuticle, as well as amphistomaticity. Probably, the combination of meso- and xeromorphic features favored the distribution of C. officinalis in a wider range of the coastal zone. The data obtained confirm the close connection of the anatomical structure of the leaves with environmental conditions and reflect the specific adaptations of each species to the environment.
S. V. Baboshkina, A. V. Puzanov, T. A. Rozhdestvenskaya, I. A. Troshkova
Institute for Water and Environmental Problems, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Barnaul, Russia
Keywords: heavy metals, tailings, soil pollution, pollution indices, mining landscapes, reclamation
The main ore and associated elements contamination level of the tailings dumps substrates of the Altai Mining and Processing Plant (AMPP), soils of their reclaimed surfaces and soils located in the zone of technogenic impact is studied. Heavy metals in the upper horizons of soils and grounds were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. Single pollution indices and complex soil contamination indices of the territory are calculated. A comparison with 18-year-old data is made. It is found that the metal content in the upper layers of dumps in areas where at least single plant species grow and in the soils of adjacent landscapes vary widely: Zn - from 164 to 1287 mg/kg, Cd - from 0.50 to 6.97 mg/kg, Cu - from 67 to 1516 mg/kg, Pb - from 69 to 1827 mg/kg and significantly exceed the background values. The highest Zn and Cd content is detected in the substrate on the new dump surface of the near the spontaneous dump of household waste. The highest Cu and Pb concentrations, tens of times exceeding the background contents in the chernozems of the Northwestern Altai, are found in meadow soils of landscapes geochemically associated with the dumps tailings, containing toxic material washed up from the eroded sides of the tailings ponds. Their upper horizons are characterized by extremely hazardous (Z c = 165) and high (Z c = 79) levels of total metal contamination. High metal contamination (especially Cd and Pb) is established for the upper horizon of ordinary chernozem at a distance of 2 km from the dumps to the north, in the direction of the southern winds prevailing in the region, which is explained by additional airborne dust saturated with heavy metals brought to this territory from the unreclaimed surfaces of the AMPP dumps. The lowest single pollution indexes of soil and substrate and the smallest proportion of samples with their high values are established for zinc. Pollution of soils and substrates of tailings with lead and copper, judging by single pollution indexes, is the most significant. Compared to 2005, a decrease in the concentration of heavy metals in the substrates of dumps of those areas where plants grow is noted.
N. V. Kulakova1,2, T. V. Elisafenko3, E. R. Khadeeva4, S. G. Kazanovsky1, V. V. Murashko1, A. V. Verkhozina1 1Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry of SB RAS, Irkutsk, Russia 2Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia 3Central Siberian Botanical Garden of SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia 4V. B. Sochava Institute of Geography of SB RAS, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: Megadenia, introduction, populations of Megadenia, relict, Tunkinskaya Valley, endemic plant species, phylogeny
Rare endemic plant species are most sensitive to changes in ecosystems, which can negatively affect the state of populations. The study of various ecological parameters in natural locations is most important for their monitoring and conservation. Megadenia bardunovii is a relic species of the Tertiary period vegetation with a restricted area. In Russia, two small populations are known in the Tunka Valley (Republic of Buryatia). In this work, the composition of water and soil in the natural location, the area of populations, phylogenetic relationships were studied, an introduction experiment and seed reproduction assessment were carried out. The confinement of populations to freshwater springs and loose, fertile sod-carbonate soils was revealed. It was shown that the populations occupy an area of 408 and 564 mІ. Seed germination is low, vegetative reproduction predominates. Analysis of nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (rbcL, matK, trnL-trnF, trnH-psbA) markers revealed the absence of genetic diversity in the two studied populations. Analysis of chloroplast DNA showed that the populations from the Tunka Valley represent a separate evolutionary lineage, significantly different from all other Megadenia populations in China and the Russian Far East. The introduction experiment showed that an adult individual is a perennial creeping-root polycarpic plant and consisting of a complex of rosette shoots formed from adventitious buds on roots. In the introduction experiment, the morphometric parameters of plants were close to those in situ. Under cultural conditions, the species is of medium promise for introduction and has average resistance during long-term cultivation; it does not withstand competition from other species. Biological features determine the species strategy - rapid capture of territory using adventitious buds on the roots. The studied populations can be characterized as relatively stable under existing conditions. The developing and maintenance of a reserve fund is relevant. The obtained results supplement the data on the ecology and biology of the species and determine the parameters for monitoring and preserving the species in natural habitats.
B.-Ts. B. Namzalov1, S. V. Zhigzhitzhapova2, A. A. Korobkov3, M. B.-Ts. Namzalov1 1Banzarov Buryat State University, Ulan-Ude, Russia 2Baikal Institute of Nature Management of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia 3Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
Keywords: species and phytocenoses, meadow and saline wormwoods, habitat and boundary populations, essential oils, secondary metabolites, medicinal plants, Buryatia
The paper considers meadow and saline wormwoods, which constitute an original element in the vegetation of intrazonal landscapes of river valleys and intermountain depressions of Buryatia. They are represented by both typically saline Central Asian (with Artemisia schrenkiana, A. nitrosa) and meadow both East Asian (with A. selengensis), and Holarctic (with A. vulgaris, A. mongolica). According to phytocenotic confinement, it is necessary to note the contrast of ecological conditions in the floodplain-terrace complexes of the Dzhida River and saline depressions in the Ivolga valley, reflected in the composition and structure of plant communities. Thus, meadow, meadow-shrub communities on the Dzhida terraces are distinguished by a high projective cover (up to 80 % and more), often have a thicket character with an abundance of A. selengensis. The floristic composition of the communities is characterized by North Asian and South Siberian elements (Achnatherum sibiricum, Potentilla tanacetifolia), and in the group of specific species, East Asian ones - A. selengensis, Ribes diacantha. Phytocenoses of the saline vegetation of the Ivolginskaya valley have a low projective cover of grass - at the initial stage of vegetation 30 %, by mid-summer, in the phase of the beginning of flowering, the participation of wormwood reaches 60 % or more. In terms of floristic composition, the communities are poor and monotonous (up to 14-17 species on test sites). They are composed by the desert-steppe Central Asian elements - Achnatherum splendens, Plantago salsa, Artemisia nitrosa, as well as Eurasian saline-steppe species - Limonium gmelinii, Saussurea amara and others. The studied wormwoods of Buryatia have in common the absence of α-thujone and zingeberene in the essential oils, unlike the same species from other regions. The fact of division of wormwood essential oils by belonging to the subgenera Artemisia (A. vulgaris, A. selengensis) and Seriphidium (A. schrenkiana, A. nitrosa) was revealed. Due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, wormwood essential oils can be used to treat cardiovascular diseases, digestive disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, and acute respiratory diseases.
E. V. Golosova1,2, O. V. Shelepova3, V. A. Nadtochenko4, E. I. Golosova1, Yu. V. Plugatar1 1Nikita Botanical Gardens - National Scientific Centre of the RAS, Yalta, Russia 2Saint Petersburg State Forest Engineering University named after S. M. Kirov, St. Petersburg, Russia 3The N. V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of RAS, Moscow, Russia 4N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics RAS, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: Pinus L, elemental analysis, Raman spectrometry, carotenoids, anthocyanins, polyamine spermine
This study is devoted to the assessment of pine plants of urban and suburban plantings in Moscow and Beijing in order to diagnose the adaptation of three pine species (Pinus sylvestris L., P. mugo Turra and P. tabuliformis Carr.) to abiotic stress occurring in urban environments. Non-invasive biochemical measurements of pine needles using Raman spectrometry (Raman microscopy-spectroscopy), allowed us to register changes in their biochemical composition that are not yet manifested externally. The accumulation of carotenoids, anthocyanins and polyamine spermine was observed in the needles of P. sylvestris under prolonged abiotic stress (anthropogenic air pollution). The observed response of pine plants to in vivo stress was further confirmed by common destructive chemical extraction methods. The accumulation of macro- and microelements was observed in the needles of P. sylvestris growing on the territory with maximum anthropogenic load compared to background values: maximum levels of Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr, Cr, Ni, Ag, Pb, Ba and Cd exceeding background values by 2.7-23.5 times. The analysis of Raman spectra allows us to recommend the method of microsopy Raman spectroscopy for high-throughput stress phenotyping of urban pine plantations. The ranking of the analyzed species by resistance to urban conditions resulted in the following series Pinus tabuliformis → Pinus sylvestris ≈ Pinus mugo.
A. P. Kuklin, G. Ts. Tsybekmitova, B. B. Bazarova
Institute of Natural Resources, Ecology and Cryology SB RAS, Chita, Russia
Keywords: indicator species, Fontinalis antipyretica, Rhynchocypris lagowskii, Cladophora fracta, heavy metals, biomonitoring
The article presents an analysis of pollution of surface waters of the middle reaches of the Gazimur River by heavy metals in the area of the Bystrinsky mining and Processing Plant (Zabaikalsky Krai, Russia). Plants have been studied as indicators of pollution: Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw, Ranunculus circinatus Sibnt., filamentous algae - Cladophora fracta (Müll. ex Vahl) Kütz. and Ulothrix zonata (Web. et. Mohr) Kütz., from fish - Rhynchocypris lagowskii (Dybowski, 1869), which are the most common macroscopic hydrobionts in the studied area. Heavy metals (HM) in water and hydrobionts were determined by atomic emission and mass spectral analysis methods. It was found that the values of the TM concentration in the studied organisms were close to the values from the watercourses of other regions of the Trans-Baikal Territory. At the same time, high concentrations of TM in the aquatic moss of F. antipyretica were detected for the watercourses of the Gazimur river basin, which was confirmed by calculating the coefficient of biogeochemical activity of the species. The calculation of the total pollution index in the indicator species showed that F. antipyretica has high values for rivers draining catchments with mining sites. For Rh. lagowskii, the highest coefficient values were determined in watercourses remote from mining areas. The results of water biomonitoring studies using hydrobionts make it possible for them to be constantly included in routine monitoring of the state of aquatic ecosystems along with existing hydrochemical monitoring of surface waters. In the future, attention should be paid to comparing the cumulative properties of aquatic plant species with other aquatic organisms to monitor the spread of TM pollutants through trophic chains.
V.N. PARMON1, Yu.N. KULCHIN2, I.V. BYCHKOV3, I.N. VLADIMIROV4, A.R. BATUEV4, L.M. KORYTNY4 1Presidium of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Presidium of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia 3Presidium of the Irkutsk Branch of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia 4V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: east turn, geographic space, mapping, cartographic information systems, geoportal, thematic content
The political vectors of the eastern trend of Russia within the framework of Greater Eurasia are considered. The necessity and importance of its cartographic support has been proved. It is proposed to create the Atlas of Asian Russia (Siberia and the Far East) in digital and printed versions in 2024-2029 by the institutions of the eastern branches of RAS and universities. The atlas will be created on the model of academic atlases created and released by the V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography in recent decades. Developed content, structure, technical conditions of preparation of the Atlas. The atlas will consist of two volumes - «Archaeology, history, natural and cultural heritage» and «Nature, society, economy, ecological environment», from territorial blocks of different spatial level of cartography and modules, separated by thematic content. There are three two-year stages in the creation of the Atlas.
A.N. BESHENTSEV1, D.A. BATUEV2 1Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia 2V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: software environment, geoinformation mapping, vector storage of statistical data, geoinformation technology, database, cartographic queries
The article presents the experience of creating an atlas information system (AIS) that provides the collection, storage, processing of geodata and automated compilation of thematic maps according to user requests. The territory of Asian Russia, which is actively being developed and dynamically integrating into the Asia-Pacific region, was chosen as the object of cartographic research. AIS is intended to be a scientific reference system, subcontinental in territorial scope, and socio-economic in content. The information, technological and organizational structures of an AIS consisting of a database based on the ArcGIS software environment and four subsystems are described: an access subsystem; a geodata formalization subsystem; a subsystem of cartographic queries and a subsystem of cartographic reports. The information content of AIS is based on the materials of the state statistics. The technological basis is a server, a workstation with licensed ArcGIS software and cartographic workstations connected by a corporate network of BINM SB RAS. The access subsystem provides regulated access to cartographic resources and management tools in accordance with rights based on the system of classification and coding of mapping objects. The geodata formalization subsystem is designed to collect cartographic materials, evaluate their quality and content, vectorize and catalog the created information resources. The subsystem of requests for cartographic resources allows the formation of requests that meet the specified topological criteria and qualitative and quantitative conditions. The subsystem of cartographic reports provides compilation and interactive editing of thematic maps for various purposes and the required scale, as well as creation of any graphic materials and preparation of cartographic reports and presentations. For a comprehensive representation of the territory, a system of territorial and administrative mapping levels has been developed: the state level (:10 000 000-1:20 000 000); the district level (1:5 000 000-1:10 000 000); the subjective level (1:1 000 000-1:5 000 000); the administrative level (:500 000-1:1 000 000). A system of socio-economic indicators has been formed to map the socio-economic dynamics of Asian Russia, a methodology for mapping socio-economic processes based on a statistical data warehouse has been developed, and an example of compiling a thematic map is presented.
I.V. BYCHKOV, R.K. FEDOROV
Matrosov Institute for System Dynamics and Control Theory, Siberian Branch, Russian Аcademy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: geoportal, service-oriented architecture, OGC WPS, OGC WMS, composition of services, basic spatial data
Atlas is a system of geographical maps, organically linked and complementary to each other. Previously, the atlas was printed in traditional paper format, limited to a limited number of copies and distributed through a certain network of subscribers. It is shown that with the development of information technology, there is a possibility to present an atlas in the form of a web-application of the Internet. Several advantages of web-access to the atlas are considered: a larger number of users, dynamic map display, constant updating of data, regular addition of new maps and so on. Implementation of computing services in the atlas allows users to carry out operational analysis of data, to display information in different temporal or spatial slices etc. which greatly expands the range of tasks for which an atlas can be useful. The method of composition of services has been developed, which allows to create maps. The methodology forms compositions of services based on statistics of use of services by users, metadata of services and ontologies. It was concluded that the application of the methodology can greatly simplify the creation of new maps and allow to create cartographic works according to user requests. It is also shown that the developed methodology allows atlas users to rapidly apply analysis techniques to atlas data, create new maps and provide software access to data based on standards using a single directory system and search data based on their metadata descriptions, allows users to apply various tools in the form of services for operational data processing, display of information in different time or space positions, i.e. expands the possibilities of using atlas for a wide range of tasks.
A.V. VOLOKITINA1, M.A. KORETS1, T.M. SOFRONOVA2 1Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 2Astafyev Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
Keywords: mapping, vegetation fire behavior prediction, pyrological classification, pyrological characteristics, software programs, retrospective performance test
Prediction of vegetation fire occurrence, development and effects is impossible without maps containing pyrological characteristics of vegetation fuels (VF). The forest fire maps created in Russia during forest inventory management reflect the fire hazard of forest areas only in a rough integrated form and are intended for fire prevention arrangement of territories, and not for the purpose of fire behavior prediction. Analysis of the international VF mapping experience has shown that it is difficult to borrow it due to historically established approaches to the pyrological classification of vegetation in different countries. In Russia, the VF classification, which made it possible to create multi-scale VF maps, was developed at the V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the basis of many years of fundamental pyrological research. Examples of information databases have been created for making large-scale VF maps for the Chunsky Forest Office in the Krasnoyarsk Angara region and nature reserves: “Stolby” (now a national park), Sayano-Shushensky, Kuznetsky Alatau, Ubsunur basin. Software programs have been developed and registered for predicting fire occurrence, development and immediate effects based on VF maps, which makes it possible to prevent fires, and when they occur, to make optimal plans for their control and suppression, taking into account their possible development from surface to crown or ground fires, as well as to assess the possible tree mortality in stands of different tree species. The article provides an example of a VF map for the Sayano-Shushensky Nature Reserve, made in a GIS system using forest inventory data.
S.R. KHALIMOVA
Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: high-tech companies, knowledge-intensive companies, spatial concentration, spatial inequality, interregional inequality, map of Russian regions
Achieving of long-term economic development is impossible without relying on high-tech business (HTB). It is high-tech and knowledge-intensive companies that contribute to the emergence and implementation of technological changes in the economy, which determine the transition to a higher level of development. The HTB companies’ development is the subject of numerous studies, with the regional level of analysis being particularly emphasized. Existing studies of Russian HTB show significant differentiation in regional development, they also identify characteristics of the regional environment that provide favorable conditions for the activities of high-tech and knowledge-intensive companies. The spatial distribution of Russian high-tech and knowledge-intensive companies is extremely uneven. The most successful companies are located in a limited number of regions, while there are differences between the European and Asian parts of Russia. Given the importance of the geographical level of the analysis, this article is aimed at substantiating the need to single out the geographical distribution of HTB as an independent subject of analysis. This paper presents a generalization of existing approaches to the analysis of the development of Russian HTB at the regional level, which reveals how the spatial factor is taken into account in the study of Russian practice. It is shown that despite the regional aspect of the analysis, the region is often considered as a combination of certain economic conditions, and not as a geographical unit. Thus, especially taking into account the great geographical diversity of Russian regions, there is a need for additional analysis of the inequality of regional development of HTB in terms of the geographical distribution of high-tech and knowledge-intensive activities. At the same time, the need to single out the regions of Asian Russia as a separate object of analysis is emphasized, since the trends in the development of HTB in this territory have their own distinctive features.
I.A. SHIPILOV
Institute of History, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: history of science, cartography, geographical maps, Russian scientific expeditions, astronomical observations, geodetic survey
The article examines the evolution of scientific cartography in Russia and the mapping of Siberia and the Far East by academic and government expeditions of the XVIII - first half of the XIX century as relevant processes. Materials from the scientific heritage of the expeditions are analyzed from modern theoretical and methodological positions and the historical dynamics of cartography in Russia is traced. It is revealed that the form and content of cartographic works of the participants of the Russian expeditions of the first half of the XVIII century (D.G. Messerschmidt, the First and Second Kamchatka, etc.) indicate the formation of cartography as a science, its further evolution is associated with the results of the expeditions of the 1760s-1790s, and a new stage in the development of cartography is marked by the scientific works of G.A. Sarychev, I.F. Krusenstern and Yu.F. Lisyansky, F.P. Wrangell, F.P. Litke and other travelers of the first half of the XIX century.
A.N. GUNYA1,2, O.I. MARKOVA1,2 1Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 2Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
Keywords: developing of the territories, Orthodox missionary work, Russian Orthodox Church, mapping, Atlas of Asian Russia
The article examines the history of missionary development in Siberia and the Russian Far East from the late 16th to the early 20th centuries. Orthodox missionary activity of ascetics and saints significantly influenced the structuring of the entire space of Russia, contributed to the emergence of new areas, development centers and transport axes. In the developed areas, a symbiosis of religion and economy arose, reflected in the unique features of the sacred cultural landscape. A map of Orthodox missionary work in Siberia and the Russian Far East, as well as in adjacent foreign territories (China, Japan, Mongolia, Korea, etc.) has been compiled. The map shows the centers of missionary distribution in different time periods, educational institutions with missionary programs, places of activity of the most famous missionaries, as well as spiritual missions (Altai, Kyrgyz, Daurian, Kamchatka, Mongolian, Beijing, Korean, Japanese, Kodiak).
E.A. RASPUTINA, Yu.V. VANTEEVA
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: land cover, land use, natural zones, ecoregions, hierarchical classification
Land cover/land use maps compiled from remote sensing data provide information on vegetation types, existing land use, and their dynamics in an understandable language for solving management problems. To map the land cover of Asian Russia, the MODIS Land Cover Type map for 2023 with a spatial resolution of 0,05 degrees (17 classes) was intersected with the ecoregion map (42 regions). As a result of interpreting 399 region/class combinations obtained during the intersection, using thematic maps (landscape, vegetation, etc.) and space images from open sources, a hierarchical classification of land cover types and a corresponding map for the Asian part of Russia at a scale of 1:2 000 000 were compiled. The classification includes 6 types of natural zones and 76 types of land cover. The map can have practical value for territorial management at different levels and also serve as basic overview information for non-geographer specialists.
A.A. CHERENEV, A.N. FARTYSHEV, P.L. POPOV
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: atlas mapping, political geography, geopolitics, ethno-political processes, territorial borders, cartographical semantics
The article examines the challenges of mapping political-geographic processes and phenomena in the Asian part of Russia. It presents conceptual approaches to atlas mapping in political geography within the framework of preparing a special section, “Political Geography of Asian Russia”, for the forthcoming “Atlas of Asian Russia”. The political-geographic phenomena identified as the most significant subjects for cartographic representation include political boundaries, international cooperation among regions of Asian Russia, geopolitical phenomena, electoral events, and various aspects of regional identity. The cartographic representation of these processes reveals territories with multi-level overlapping factors influencing the political situation in the area under consideration. It is noted that both statistical data and constructs derived from their analysis can be subjects of cartographic representation. The article features maps such as “Electoral Behavior of Residents in the Baikal Regions during the All-Russian Vote on Amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation” and “Ethnic Diversity and Ethno-Administrative Divisions in the Asian Part of Russia”.
G.N. OGUREEVA1, M.V. BOCHARNIKOV1, A.P. SOFRONOV2 1Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 2V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: vegetation, ecosystem, biome, flora, fauna, biodiversity
The article discusses the methodology and content of the maps in the botanical section of the new cartographic work “Atlas of Asian Russia”. In the thematic structure of the Atlas, maps of the botanical section occupy a special place among natural objects, revealing many aspects of biodiversity in its broadest manifestation at different levels of biota organization. The main themes of the maps in this section focus on the inventory of vegetation cover. The central place is traditionally occupied by a scientific reference overview map of the current vegetation of the Trans-Ural part of Russia, compiled within the framework of the methodology of the Siberian (Irkutsk) school of geobotanical mapping, founded by acad. V.B. Sochava. The map is compiled using a set of scientific data, the most important of which are: regional and overview geobotanical maps, materials from remote sensing of the Earth, and scientific publications on geobotany and floristics, as well as the stock materials of the V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The section will feature new types and themes of maps related to the biodiversity of Asian Russia. In this series, there will be an integrated map of the new generation “Biomes”, which, on a single scientific and methodological basis, displays ecosystems and biota diversity of lowland and mountainous territories in accordance with the bioclimatic parameters of the regions, taking into account the altitude belt in the mountains. The maps will be accompanied by texts, drawings, and graphs that complement their main content.
V.A. PRELOVSKY1, Yu.S. RAVKIN2, S.V. CHESNOKOVA2 1V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia 2Institute of Animal Systematics and Ecology, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: atlas mapping, overview maps, wildlife, species diversity, faunal zoning, animal population
Within the framework of the development of the project “Atlas of Asian Russia”, which provides for comprehensive mapping of the macroregion, it is necessary to solve the complex problem of providing a variety of relevant zoological information on such a vast territory of the country. The article analyzes the accumulated experience of multi-scale zoological mapping, the content of works on regional atlases of Siberia and the Far East, the main methodological approaches and problems of mapping. Based on the accumulated experience of compiling maps, the authors’ team will have to determine their clear connection with the developed theme of new types and plots of atlas maps. Zoological maps in the Atlas will be placed in three sections: “Nature”, “Economy” and “Ecological situation”.
E.N. IVANOV, V.M. PLYUSNIN
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: glaciers, mountain areas, Eastern Siberia, GIS-analysis, relief mapping
Given the dispersion and dynamism of the Asian Russia’ modern nival glacial geosystems, it seems advisable to draw up a map reflecting the spatial areas of concentration of relief characteristics that contribute to the emergence and stability of modern glaciation under a certain climatic regime. Fragments of publicly available digital terrain models processed by the basic SAGA software are used to automatically calculate such characteristics. These indicators are: the general hypsometry, the predominant exposure of the slopes, and the internal dissection of the ridges. The latter characteristic is an integral indicator, including the distance between the watersheds and the steepness of the slopes. The distance between watersheds is calculated by automatically calculating the distance of each point in space from the nearest point (Overland Flow Distance to Channel Network tool) and manually linking reference points and known vertices. Thus, at the level of macro-regions, areas with the presence of modern glaciation are designated, and at the level of the main basins and larger areas with a combination of relief characteristics are reflected, under which glaciers are able to maintain their condition. This allows us to identify areas with geomorphological preconditions for the stability of the modern glaciation of Asian Russia on different scales and for different user challenges.
Rivers of Asian Russia are characterized by a great variety of channel formation conditions, sizes, water regime, geological and geomorphological structure of basins, runoff and sediment composition, morphodynamic types of channels. This determines complex geographical patterns of distribution of mountain, semi-mountain and plain rivers, incised and wide-floodplain, meandering, branched and relatively rectilinear channels, and each channel type with a different combination of natural factors and anthropogenic impacts on rivers differs in development features. General patterns, regional and local specifics of manifestations of channel processes are reflected on the channel processes map, which highlights areas of free or limited development of channel deformations, distribution of mountain and plain rivers, reflects morphodynamic types of channels, indicators of channel deformations and anthropogenic changes in river channels. For the main basins - the Ob, Yenisei, Lena and Amur - maps of channel processes have been compiled on a larger scale. The compilation of the maps is based on the methodology for mapping channel processes developed at Lomonosov Moscow State University in the 1980s and 1990s, refined and adjusted based on the latest research.
E.A. KOLOMAK1,2, A.V. KOSTIN1,2, V.Yu. MALOV1,2 1Institute of Economics and Industrial Production Organization, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk National Research State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: knowledge base, geoinformation modeling, infrastructure, investment projects, minerals, spatial disbalance
A methodological approach combining databases, economic and mathematical methods and geoinformation modeling technologies is proposed. Based on this complex, maps are constructed characterizing resources, infrastructure, factors and results of distribution of economic activity in the territory of the Asian part of Russia. The article discusses in detail an example and constructs a map for the territory of potential influence of a large infrastructure project and then demonstrates one of the maps obtained on the basis of the proposed approach for Asian Russia as a whole. Based on the combination of information layers using the obtained maps, the consistency of the development of different elements of the resource, production and infrastructure potential of Asian Russia is studied. The conclusion of the study was the confirmation of the spatial gap between the southern part of the east of the country, which has a developed transport infrastructure and a relatively high density of economic activity, and the northern territories of the Asian part of the country, where rich deposits are located and resource projects significant for the country as a whole are being implemented, but there is no transport infrastructure. The absence of all-season meridional roads makes it impossible for the southern zone to perform the functions of a production, service and scientific base for resource development and project implementation in the north. Visualization of the spatial imbalance of economic activity in Asian Russia on the map emphasizes the importance of transport and communication infrastructure for the prospects of not only the macro-region, but also for the country as a whole, which is currently solving the strategic task of reorienting business and launching the eastern vector of development.
I.Yu. IVANOVA, E.P. MAYSYUK, R.A. IVANOV, R.I. MUZYCHUK
Melentiev Energy Systems Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: geospatial data, Asian regions, electrical and thermal energy, fuel consumption, fuel and non-fuel energy sources, pollutant emissions
The paper shows the capabilities of mapping as a way to visualize geospatial data that reflect technical, economic, and environmental indicators of energy production. The environmental performance of energy production is compared through a specific indicator of pollutant emissions released by energy facilities per energy unit produced. This characteristic of energy production largely depends on the mix of generating facilities, which reflects the proportion of energy sources of various types. Each of the subjects of Asian Russia has its energy infrastructure that combines both fuel and non-fuel power plants. The environmental performance of energy production significantly relies on the structure of fuel consumption, which also differs across various regions within Asian Russia. The paper presents diagrams and maps that demonstrate the environmental performance of energy production, making it possible to conduct comparative assessments. Differences in the structures of energy generation, fuel consumption, and emissions of pollutants are shown for various territories of Asian Russia. The use of mapping capabilities in energy system development studies, in conjunction with environmental and economic assessments, adds validity and improves the perception of analytical research results through the consideration of a wide range of indicators.
