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A new approach to constructing optimal algorithms for localization of point signal sources that detect themselves by generating ultra-short pulses at random time instants is presented. The approach is based on the application of the iterative method of back-recursion to this class of problems. An analytically exact solution of the problem is found for the case where a priori probability density of the source sought is given by a piecewise constant function of arbitrary complexity. The whole process associated with the construction of an optimal search algorithm minimizing the mathematical expectation of the total localization time of the pulsed point source sought is fully formalized and implemented as an autonomous software block.

The problem of tracking an object equipped with a marker with spatio-temporal modulation of the emitted signal is considered. Spatio-temporal modulation is provided by both the radiation of a marker with two stationary radiators and a marker with one rotating radiator. The formal synthesis of observation algorithms is based on the use of an approximate solution of the generalized Stratonovich equation, which differs from the traditional representations of this equation by taking into account the dependence of the observation function not only on time, but also on an arbitrary number of other independent variables that allow, for example, the shape of the observed object to be taken into account. The synthesized algorithm for tracking an object with a marker having a rotating emitter actually determines the structure of a multiconnected closed tracking system using a TV sensor for the object coordinates, as well as the initial phase, frequency, and radius of rotation of the marker emitter. The correctness of the synthesis results is confirmed by simulation modeling. The synthesized algorithm provides increased noise immunity of the tracking process in the presence of several stationary interfering radiators falling into the field of view of the TV sensor.

A method is proposed for decomposing the range of values of two-dimensional spectral features according to the values of their constituent correlation coefficients. The basis of the technique is the analysis of the product of the normalized values of spectral features. The peculiarity of the indicator used and the thresholds entered by the user for its values make it possible to decompose the initial statistical data and map the results obtained. Unlike traditional methods, the proposed approach has higher computational efficiency, which is necessary when processing large amounts of statistical data. The results of the application of the technique in processing of remote sensing data of a natural object are considered.

A method of modeling random sequences composed of digital samples of stationary random processes with a given power spectral density (PSD) in systems with digital signal processing (DSP) is proposed. The method takes into account the limitation of the signal spectrum by the input devices of DSP systems and the peculiarities of the transfer function representation using the fast Fourier transform. Digital white noise with the Gaussian or uniform distribution is taken as an initial process for modeling. It is shown that the PSD estimation of the sequences obtained as a result of modeling is unbiased, and its mean value coincides with the samples of the initial PSD. An expression for calculating the RMS error of the estimation is derived.

The article deals with the analysis of the problems of classification and systematization of knowledge in the context of current epistemological problems related to the growing phenomenon of online encyclopedism. The purpose of the article is to identify the main epistemic parameters of the online encyclopedia, which distinguish it from the traditional format. It is substantiated that the concept of a digital encyclopedic interface captures the changes that have occurred, both in terms of presentation and in terms of obtaining information by users. The main parameters of the Internet encyclopedia are outlined, reflecting both positive and negative trends in the use of digital technologies. The openness and fundamental incompleteness of knowledge, pluralism and coexistence of opposing positions on the issues under consideration, the inclusion of unverified and sometimes false information in the content are highlighted as the main parameters of the online encyclopedia. The example of modern online encyclopedias reveals the transformation of the encyclopedia reader’s function as a consumer of information into the function of an expert reader. It is shown that following the passive reader model can result in negative consequences related to receiving unreliable information or a disorderly set of data, which undermines trust in science as a whole.,

The article criticizes the hypothesis currently accepted by default in most cognitive studies, which amounts to: All our states of consciousness are caused by lower-level neural processes in the brain and are themselves properties of the brain. The conclusion is made that the dualistic solution of the mind-body problem in the spirit of R. Descartes corresponds more to the modern level of knowledge than any other, specifically a person is a combination of two substances - corporeal and thinking.,

The article raises a problem related to the unclear content of such a metaphorical concept as a turn in philosophy. The author suggests considering the concept of a turn from different angles and using different materials. It is proposed to highlight different aspects of a turn in this concept - such as a change in the picture of the world, a change in the ontological attitude, a change in methods or ways of thinking (methodological turn), a change in a scientific topic or agenda. Alternatives of understanding a turn in philosophy are illustrated by different specific historical and philosophical material of various turns, particularly linguistic, pragmatic, and anthropological turns. It is shown that most of the bearers of those other turns in the 20th century actually proposed a change in the agenda and argued for the related need to search for new means and methods of research. At the same time, old ontologies and attitudes remained at the basis of these studies. The change of agenda occurred quite often throughout the century, and the list of turns is constantly growing. However, not every newly announced turn can be really called a turn, since it does not imply either a change in ontology, or a methodological shift, or a change in the picture of the world.,

The article presents an attempt to assess the impact of the arms race on scientific and technological progress (STP) during the Cold War in the second half of the 20th century. Several examples of scientific and technological achievements stimulated by the arms race are considered. The essence, reasons and circumstances of their emergence, application and further development are described. The study attempts to move from general descriptions of events and speculative conclusions to revealing an unambiguous logic of events and their characteristics, for which purpose clear definitions of the terms used are introduced. The phenomenon of the Cold War and its impact on social development and in particular on STP is also considered from the perspective of the concept of modern natural science. The conclusion is made that the impact of the arms race on scientific and technological progress in the sense introduced took place, however, this impact was not general, but was realized in a relatively small number of specific achievements. Despite the noticeable impact of the arms race, the main and deeper reason for scientific and technological progress is seen in commercial interest.,

The paper discusses the facts of the ideological campaign which took place in the USSR to suppress any free thinking in physics and in chemistry and establish a Leninist-Stalinist totalitarian world view. Philosophers, physicists and chemists participated in the campaign. By following A. Sonin’s books we indicate two ideological dominants of the campaigns: the struggle with “idealism in physics” and with cosmopolitanism. We emphasize that in contrast to Lysenkovism in biology, the ideological campaigns did not lead to considerable destruction of scientific research in physics and in chemistry. Nevertheless, they were harmful from a moral point of view; they carried conformism and limited the horizon of research. The philosophers Maximov and Deborin, the physicist Blokhintsev, the chemists Chelintsev, Shakhparonov and Tatevskii participated in the campaign, trying to establish their understanding of theoretical knowledge and their scientific priorities. At the end of the paper the metaphysical problem “knowledge and power” is outlined.,

The article deals with the history of the development of the anatomy of the digestive system. The materials used were publications in editions included in the Russian Science Citation Index and PubMed. The search depth for publications was 20 years. The results concerning the development of ideas about the anatomy of the digestive system were summarized. The first mentions of some organs of the digestive system date back to the ancient era. Physicians and anatomists described the organs based on the information they obtained when dissecting bodies (in those cultures where this was not prohibited). Over the next several centuries, doctors relied on the knowledge gained by ancient scientists. But in the 15th-16th centuries, there was a relaxation in concern of dissecting human bodies for scientific and medical purposes. This not only revived the interest in human anatomy, but also led to an increase of knowledge in this area, which continued into the Modern Age. Erroneous ideas of anatomists of the previous era were corrected. Technologies of the 20th century made it possible to study the digestive system at a deeper, specifically cellular level. The article shows the contribution of domestic scientists (N.I. Pirogov, N.K. Kulchitsky, L.A. Shangina, S.N. Kasatkin, F.F. Saks, M.G. Shubich, M.R. Sapin, A.A. Stadnikov, D.V. Bazhenov, L.L. Kolesnikov) to the development of this area. The history of the evolution of ideas about the digestive system anatomy can be considered when studying special issues within the framework of the university disciplines “Human Anatomy”, “History of Medicine” and “History of Biology”.,