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The propagation and accumulation of impurities in the near-surface atmospheric layer largely depend on layer stability, which can be quantitatively characterized by the mixing layer height (MLH). For the first time, using a single methodology, the average values for 2001-2021 were estimated for different territories of Russia in the central months of seasons separately for daytime and nighttime. The analysis is based on MLH (or atmospheric mixing depht) values from the website [www.arl.noaa.gov] obtained during long-term studies of the long-range air mass transport to the various Russian regions. The MLH values averaged through the area over individual mainland quasi-homogeneous climatic territories or over Russian Arctic seas are given, as well as the spatial distribution of MLH over the Russian territory on a geographical grid of 1° × 1°. The results of the study can be used in environmental assessments of, for example, the atmospheric pollution potential, fluxes of aerosol impurities onto the underlying surface, sources of air pollution and the degree of their impact on the environment and humans, as well as in comparative analysis of climate of various Russian regions.

The results of studies of atmospheric aerosol in the 95th and 96th cruises of RV Akademik Mstislav Keldysh in the waters of the Barents and Kara Seas are presented. It is shown that the average values of aerosol characteristics over the Barents Sea are 1.1-1.9 times greater than over the Kara Sea. Taking into account the new data, the long-term average values of aerosol characteristics over these seas have been clarified: the volume concentrations of submicron aerosol were 0.47 and 0.44 μm³/cm³, respectively; concentrations of coarse aerosol were 2.17 and 1.65 μm³/cm³; mass concentrations of the absorbing substance (black carbon) were 67 and 36 ng/m³; aerosol optical depths of the atmosphere (0.5 microns) were 0.078 and 0.038.

The quality of atmospheric air in many cities of Siberia is unsatisfactory, which requires research to identify the cause-and-effect relationships between natural factors and the degree of anthropogenic impacts. The article studies long-term air pollution processes in Chita and the influence of calm conditions on them. Linear correlations between the measurements of monthly average concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene at Roshydromet stationary monitoring posts winters 2020/21 and 2023/24 are analyzed. It is shown that the paired measurements at posts, in general, are proportional to each other. The relationships between benz(a)pyrene concentrations and calm conditions are investigated. A dependence of its high concentrations on the frequency of calm periods in winter has been revealed. The established statistical relationships create opportunities for external control of observation results at stationary monitoring posts in the city and for assessing the effectiveness of measures taken to improve the quality of atmospheric air. The derived dependencies also allow numerically filling gaps in observation data and identifying additional emissions from benz(a)pyrene sources.

The study proposes a mathematical model for assessing the impact of crown forest fires on buildings. Based on this model, numerical calculations were performed to determine safe distances between forested areas and construction sites taking into account such factors as wind speed, building size, and other parameters. The model considers the type and properties of vegetation, geometric characteristics of forested areas, their moisture content, and fuel load. The finite volume method was used to obtain a discrete analogue of the model. As a result of the calculations, the maximal distances at which ignition of structures from wildfire sources is possible were determined. It was found that the distance between forest and building, at which ignition can occur, increases with the wind speed. Additionally, the calculations showed that an increase in building height also increases the safe distance. The proposed model can be used for numerical simulations aimed at ensuring fire safety during the design and construction of buildings near forested areas taking into account their specific characteristics.

The article deals with the heuristics of Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology and the phenomenological method of constitution in relation to modern philosophy, methodology and history of science. Recognizing the ambiguous fate of phenomenology as a conception of the transcendental foundations of positive sciences, the author attempts to define the sphere in which the phenomenological eidetics of intentional, temporal, genetic and intersubjective constitution would have an effect as a demanded part of scientific knowledge. The personal dimension of scientific creativity is chosen as such a sphere. This is justified by the priority consideration of intersubjective constitution, which carries out the temporal and eidetic correlation of various consciousnesses, including in the mode of their mutual intellectual empathy and modernization. The proposed approach is aimed at transforming fragmentary and purely informative knowledge on the history of science into its temporal-eidetic continuum, in which the personal destinies and ideas of great scientists would be perceived and experienced as modern and necessary for scientific creativity, cognitive psychology and philosophy of education.,

The article considers the general research discourse of works dealing with the philosophical and methodological problems of geological knowledge and cognition. It is shown that the philosophy of geology as one of the areas of philosophical and methodological research has been developing for a long time and until recently outside the general philosophical discourse and outside the community of philosophers. In the social and institutional sense, works on the philosophy of geology were and to a large extent now remain not so much another branch of the philosophy of science, but a certain meta-level of geologists’ understanding of their practical and theoretical experience. Today, there are already a significant number of works on the philosophy of geology, but it is highly conditional to talk about any traditions, trends, or directions with regard to this field. Works on the philosophy of geology were and for the most part remain single and conceptually poorly connected with each other. Nevertheless, the author of the article identified five key thematic areas dealing with the philosophical and methodological problems of geological knowledge and cognition; three of them relate to the Western segment of the philosophy of geology, and two to the Soviet one. The author believes that the areas considered in the article have every reason to develop into separate and full-fledged research traditions in the future. In addition, the article problematizes the subject of the philosophy of geology and examines several meanings of the concept of “geology”. As a solution to the problem of the polysemy of the concept of “geology”, the author proposes that not geology itself should be considered as the primary subject of the philosophy of geology, but geological cognition, within which all geological subdisciplines can be actualized.,

The question of the modality of “permitted” plays a key role in deontic logic and the philosophy of law, but it has long taken a second place compared to the more extensively developed categories of “obligatory” and “prohibited”. This lack of attention is partly due to the traditional definition of permission as an absence of prohibition, which allows legal systems to be treated as logically closed: if an action is not prohibited, it is permitted. However, this view gives rise to a number of theoretical problems and limits the possibilities of formal analysis of normative systems. First, real legal systems cannot always be considered as complete and consistent, in which each action is either prohibited or permitted. They may contain gaps, uncertainties and conflicts of legal norms due to their dynamic development, as well as the presence of multiple levels of norm creation. Second, equating permission with the absence of prohibition fails to account for the distinction between weak and strong permissions. Weak permission merely indicates the absence of prohibition, whereas strong permission presupposes the existence of a special norm that explicitly sanctions an action. In open normative systems, these two types of permission do not always coincide, which calls into question the principle of “everything that is not prohibited is permitted.” Thus, the study of the modality of “permitted,” especially in open normative systems, requires a more sophisticated logical framework than traditional deontic logic focused on the interdefinability of “permitted” and “prohibited,” that is, on understanding permission as the absence of prohibition.,

The article considers the thesis that the claim of ignorance plays an important role in external scientific communication and constitutes a key element of normative epistemic dilemmas. As a starting point, T. Williamson’s problem of the mathematician’s dilemma is examined, which suggests that epistemic dilemmas arise from conflicts between norms of knowledge. While critics of this problem argue that such conflicts rarely occur in real science, the article shows that they do arise, but not within science itself, rather in the sphere of its external communication. Williamson’s original dilemma can be resolved by making a claim of ignorance. However, examples related to the COVID-19 pandemic illustrate that the role of such claims in science differs from how they are perceived in politics. In the context of contradictions between science and the political sphere, external social and political factors make it difficult to openly acknowledge scientific uncertainty, forcing scientists to make unambiguous statements even when certainty is unattainable. This not only undermines public trust in science, but also turns scientific uncertainty into a tool for political struggle.,

For the efficient use of gases formed in a number of thermochemical procedures of carbon processing, it is necessary to purify them from hazardous impurities, such as H₂S, HCN, NH₃, resinous substances. To purify the gases, it is proposed to use the liquid catalytic procedure with the soluble derivatives of cobalt phthalocyanine as a catalyst. This method allows achieving the required purification extent with low expenses. The purified gases can be used to obtain electricity and heat, and also as chemical raw material for obtaining ammonia, methanol, liquid fuel, etc. Elemental sulphur is obtained as a result of purification.

Intensification of lipid extraction from the seeds of Siberian pine with ethanol by using the electromagnetic field of super high frequency in extraction process is investigated. Physicochemical characteristics of the resulting cedar oil are determined, such as refractive index, numbers: acidic, peroxide, iodine, saponification, colour, and mass fraction of non-lipid admixtures. Fractional and fatty acid composition of the oil is investigated.