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The article examines the effectiveness of applying the synergistic approach in a chemical research. We chose this approach to the study of a chemical research because in current realities one cannot fail to regard such a study as a multi-component, non-linearly developing system consisting of open elements. Therefore, we reveal factors of openness of individual elements of the system, prove the effectiveness of applying the synergetic approach in a chemical research and show potential of this approach.

The article considers the brain, consciousness and the unconscious as different aspects of the whole cognitive activity of the mind. We assert that it is impossible to reduce consciousness to the brain or to the unconscious. At the same time, phenomenal experience cannot exist without brain activity and unconscious cognitive operations. The paper considers the effect of consciousness on the brain and the unconscious. The thesis is stated and proved that one can describe consciousness through theoretical concepts (as opposed to empirical and/or naive ones) without recourse to external processes. It is assumed that phenomenal experience as one of the key properties of highly organized life forms greatly influenced their evolutionary development.

Peculiar practical astronomical calendars called in antiquity parapēgmata made possible to correlate heliacal rising of major stars with related seasonal weather changes. Most noted literary examples are found in Geminos’s «Introduction to the Phenomena» (the 2^nd century BCE) and in Ptolemy’s «Phases of fixed stars and collection of weather change» (the 2^nd century CE). We also possess a number of actual examples of these calendars, two parapēgmata from Miletus (one of them is dated to the 2^nd century BCE and the other to the 1^st century BCE, both are preserved now in Berlin Antikensammlung) are most famous. In the present paper, we analyze the content of these texts and discuss the question of their practical applicability. Apparently, they were quite useful for gathering information about seasonal weather events. For instance, accurate knowledge of prevailing winds and their seasonal changes would allow ancient navigators to choose proper time to start for a long travel.

The paper is a review of the first published Russian translation of the book «The Controversy on the Technology» by F. Dessauer (translated from German by A.Yu. Nesterov, published in 2017 in Samara, Samara Humanities Academy). We show the historical context in which the author wrote the book, quote the main discussions that influenced the content of the book, and present its structure and topics of the chapters with a summary. We analyze the author’s Platonist attitudes which are unique for the philosophy of technology, their criticism by opponents and their relevance in the contemporary context.

Introduction. The paper reveals the author's approach to the relationship of value and meaning in the formation of personality as the choice of fate and participation of the subject. The author sees the relevance of the issue in the idea of the need to the formation of a man of culture or person, ready for an open dialogue in the mosaic culture, capable of participation in the culture process. Value is analyzed as a position to the fate in the subjective choice. The philosophy of an act includes the realization of the significance of value as the meaning of participation in the creation of reality. The conjugation of value with the meaning of an act carries out the existence of the individual as an opportunity in the joint existence. The content of choice determines the existence of person as a subject of being, the ontology of his existence as reality in participation. Methodology and methods of the research. The philosophy of M. M. Bakhtin describing the act as the logic of existence is used in the value-semantic choice. The moment of existential manifestation is analyzed based on the view of M. Heidegger about the importance of presence in the formation of existence. The author also relies on the positions of V. S. Bibler, O. I. Genisaretsky, A. V. Konev in the analysis of the social and cultural space. The author also takes into account the philosophy of postmodernism in the assessing reality as a situation of existential choice, in particular, the philosophy of J. Deleuze on the simultaneity of the processes of folding and unfolding in formation. The choice is seen as a way from Nothing to Something, as a Break of continuity, as a transition that requires creative solution. The study methods are: the analysis of works on philosophy, cultural studies of man’s formation, the ascent from the abstract to the concrete, induction, abstraction. The method of analysis relies on the possibility of a speculative method in combination with an extrapolation of results into sociality. The results of the research. The necessity of understanding the meaning is shown through the contextual significance of value in choosing the position of oneself as a subject of participation in culture. The reciprocity is proved of the transformation of cultural reality in the value decision and the assertion of the meaning of a particular person in reality as a reality for himself and others, indicating realization and events. Conclusion. The author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to realize meaning through the contextual awareness of the value in the choice of the position of oneself as a subject in the possibility of genuine socially valuable participation in culture. Pedagogy is the recognition of the role of a single value-semantic approach in the development of the subject of culture.

Introduction. The article reveals the axiological peculiarities of the authorities characteristic of the national educational system in the conditions of globalization. The author proceeds from an important thesis that the notions of power as the basis of any social system are formed at the level of educational knowledge. Methodology and methods of research. Full knowledge of the specifics of the manifestation of power through the philosophy of education requires appropriate level of methodological support. The analysis of the axiological factor in the system of power implies awareness of the authorities of any society as an important factor of social life. The integrative nature of the topic, which stands at the junction of several scientific directions, contributes to the formation of an adequate image of power already at the educational system level. The article analyzes the specifics of power structures, which is manifested in the system of relations between the State and society and characterizes the peculiarities of governance in Russia. The author shows how the process of knowledge of the leading power mechanisms in the global world, in which all social structures are transformed, is being developed. The article proves that the value systems play a leading role in the implementation of educational and scientific programs to study the specifics of the activities of specific authorities left in the history. The value of power is largely due to the established traditions, which allows to form the optimal authority mechanisms. Considerable attention in the article is given to the study of the difference in the value preferences of the population of different countries in choosing one or another form of power. In this case, according to the author, there is an opportunity not only to control the power, but also to really reduce the level of social tension in society. The article highlights ways to improve power at all levels of social reality. The results of the study. In the course of the research the author pays special attention to the issues related to the study of transformations faced by the authorities in the global-regional world. In particular, the author comes to the logical conclusion about a significant role of mentality in the process of formation of power mechanisms in Russia. A separate direction in the article is the result of the analysis of mondialism as an important basis of globalization, leveling the identity of individual sociums. This, as the author shows largely due to the uncertainty of the axiological attitudes of modern students. This situation characterizes the educational system not only of Russia, but also of the whole world community. Conclusion. The axiological vector of power, if viewed from the standpoint of the philosophy of education, demonstrates the unresolved socio-economic problems of the modern Russian state. These factors actualizing the problem of the crucial role of humanitarian education in the elaboration of the concept of a new power, which would take maximum account of the historical traditions of a particular society.

Introduction. The modern concept of dignity as the basis of anthropological axiology and educational strategy is based on the constant updating of spiritual improvement of personality, including patriotism and civic consciousness, therefore the problem of essence of human being (patriot and citizen) is possible only as the being with dignity. In the XX century, dignity was recognized declaratively as one of the fundamental inalienable and inalienable human rights, which was recorded both in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the Constitution of Russia adopted in 1993. One of the encyclicals of Pope John Paul II, devoted to human dignity, also testifies to this. Methodology and research methods. To study patriotism as a spiritual, moral and organizing foundation of life of the Russian people, we use the methodological laws of the philosophy of upbringing - the influence of the «external» through the «internal». The values of civic consciousness and economic individualism, fulfilling the functions of the person’s perspective strategic life goals, require reference to the methodology of axiology of education as the core of a system of social and educational values. Methodological principles of ethics of education are also applicable. Today it is one of the foundations of the educational strategy, which is due, to a large extent, to the ethics of dignity as the foundation of the ideological foundations of humanism. The results of the study. Discussion of the axiological foundations of the Russian institute of education is possible through philosophical and methodological clarification and disclosure of the following concepts: «patriotism as a spiritual, moral and organizing beginning of life of the Russian people», «values of civic consciousness and economic individualism», «ethics of dignity as the basis of educational strategy». Based on the discussion of the content of these statements, we consider the person as an object and subject of education. Conclusion. Patriotism, citizenship, dignity as life strategies of Russian society directly depend on spiritual upbringing. The formation of a new educational strategy should include the social and civic dignity of the individual, based on the social maturity of the individual, the division of education into «mass» and «elite», and distortion of social morality. Therefore, Russian education takes on the mission of forming a new global educational paradigm, including the national spiritual traditions of the East and the West, the great Russian culture, without which mobilization of the spiritual and moral forces of society is impossible.

Introduction. At all times, the guarantor of the security of the state and citizens was its army, and the key to a strong army was what kind of people it was formed of, how they got into it, how they were brought up. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to search for common points of the value foundations of antiquity and modernity in the upbringing of a conscientious, morally strong, and self-governing serviceman of the Russian army. Methodology and research methods. In preparing the materials of the paper, the methodology of axiological analysis of texts of ancient philosophers, interpreting the concept of «musical art» of upbringing as a harmony of the moral and physical perfection of a warrior, was used. The analysis of the formation of the value bases for training a modern specialist in the field of military art is complicated by the situation of serious global, informational and social changes, when there is a certain «vagueness» of the social system of values. Modern philosophical-pedagogical approaches to the upbringing of warrior, relying on the time-tested value orientations stated in ancient traditions, are able to directly create a new personality, while simultaneously adapting to changes in society and shaping the consciousness of future military men. The results of the study. The paper discusses the specifics of the development of the system of values in ancient culture, due, above all, to the warrior’s special physical and spiritual qualities. The ancient system of upbringing of warriors included the value ideals of the time: faith in the gods, honoring the merits of the ancestors, physical strength and endurance, estimable service to the Fatherland, disregard for material goods, caring attitude to the compatriots. Plato emphasized the exceptional role of educators, their personal example and methods of persuasion. Nowadays considerable attention is paid to the education of the officer corps, which allows confidently carry out the tasks. The main feature of upbringing of a modern soldier is that appeal to morality, personal example, upbringing in a team, clarification and consolidation of values in practical activities manifest themselves in the process of life-meaning self-determination. The ability of self-government and the reflective attitude of future servicemen to the ever-changing military processes depend on the methodological mastery of military school teachers. Conclusion. We have identified some of the attitudes necessary for the formation of the value identity of the future serviceman, namely: humanism, reflectivity, dignity, patriotism, non-contradictory civic stand, military professionalism, self-government. A connection has been established between modern axiological approaches in the upbringing of servicemen, their connection with the ancient traditions of guard education, which can be actualized and applied in the system of forming the values of military culture.

Introduction. The intention of modern individual to permanent learning has caused a special kind of education - informal education. This kind of education needs a specific theory to form clear guidelines for the creation of educational spaces in any organization and to develop educational initiatives in an open society. The main goal of the paper is to identify the essential roots of informal education and to consider this education not only as an independent, unprogrammed promotion of cultural evolution of the person, but also as the directed and projected improvement of one’s professional and personal abilities. Methodology and methods of the research. The basis for such a study of informal education is the educational philosophy of Paul Natorp, the German thinker of the turn of the century. The problems of providing the possibility of ‘life-wide learning’ and ‘life-long learning’, faced by modern society, could be solved by means of social pedagogics, which is, according to Paul Natorp, «Social conditions of education and educational conditions of social life». Respectively, there is in modern humanities a methodical continuity of social pedagogics and informal education. The results of the research. The rules of informal education have been formulated; principles and methods of its development have been elucidated. In the opinion of the author of the paper, informal education has three forms - spontaneous, directed and projected. The spontaneous one is ‘at every step learning’, if the educational intentions of the individual are highly developed. The cause for spontaneous education can be a meeting with any object that requires getting knowledge. During the formation of an educational space, the organizers appeal to external motivations to stimulate curiosity of a person, deepen the experience of his or her interaction with the world. In this case, we deal with determinate ‘life-wide learning’: directed at any situation and projected for a long-term action. Conclusion. The materials of the paper are of practical value to the leaders of organizations of different types and can be used in teaching pedagogical courses not only for the students of pedagogical specialties of university education.

Introduction. Globalization and integration processes that characterize the current stage of the society development are increasingly spreading to national educational systems. The leading countries in the world rapidly develop the export of educational services, which is facilitated by scientific and technological progress and the society informatization. The intensification of international relations in the educational segment is aimed at the formation of a single educational space, improving higher education quality and accessibility, educational institutions cooperation, etc. Developing the strategy problem for the formation of competitive educational system is one of the most important tasks for the Russian Federation. Preservation of the domestic education system and its development, competitiveness and successful integration into the world educational space is possible only in the conditions of the market transformation of the domestic education system. The research purpose is to analyze market transformations` impact on the domestic system of higher education. Methodology and methods of the research have a complex integrative nature, which is determined by research`s purpose and objectives. As the research starting point there was used a set of economic, sociological, philosophical and pedagogical scientific ideas. Theoretical methods were used to solve research problems: philosophical, psychological, pedagogical, psychological, sociological literature analysis; historical and methodological analysis (including the study of documents, concepts, acts); generalization. The results of research. The economic system equilibrium is maintained by transnational financial, economic and trade structures (International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, World Bank, etc.), forming the modern context of international education. As these processes result, education is largely standardized, acquiring transboundary and transcultural characteristics, forming a new quality of economic system and society «human capital». Conclusion. Formation of market relations marked the beginning of not only updating process of domestic education system, but also its integration into the economy market, which is now a fait accompli. It is very obvious that modern education state sets the state development for many years to come. As an intangible capital form, education forms «human capital», which, on one hand, in conjunction with other types of capital not only increases labor productivity and quality, but also increases the role of education and science, increasing the value of human intellectual activity and contributing to educational, professional, scientific, the spiritual potential formation of individual.