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The article analyzes the current state of the manufacturing industries in Russia under the conditions of sanctions that caused the problem of import substitution. The indicators of the state and development of the manufacturing industries, characterizing the scale and quality of production, indicators of production factors (labor and capital) and foreign trade activities were analyzed. The results of import substitution as a policy of increasing the competitiveness of Russian products with a view to bringing them to the world market are briefly discussed. It is concluded that, although the state officially set about creating a digital economy and a breakthrough in the export of high-tech and high-tech products, in reality, the technical and technological development of the country in terms of import substitution did not accelerate. The analysis can be regarded as a kind of monitoring of economic reforms in Russia, caused by sanctions and import substitution.

The purpose of the study is determining the prospects for technological development of engineering industry in the Krasnoyarsk Krai, which is one of the largest industrial regions of the Russian Federation.Based on the forecasts performed by leading Russian and international "think tanks" and a series of in-depth expert interviews key trends of mechanical engineering are identified: revolution in materials; digitalization of processes; cognitization of large-scale systems; institutional transformation. A "map" of new technologies in machinery construction was developed for an expert assessment of the prospects of these technologies; an expert survey was carried out.Based on the survey data, six groups (clusters) of technologies that vary in prospects for modernization and for the creation of new machinery construction enterprises in the Krasnoyarsk Krai were identified. Five groups with medium and high level of prospects include 24technologies; 15 of them are digital (63%). The research shows that the expected technological changes in engineering industry in the Krasnoyarsk Krai correspond to the global trends of digitalization and robotization, and this changes will take the form of "catch-up" modernization. A difficult ecological situation characteristic for the region determines the high priority of "monitoring of negative environmental impacts", "diagnostics of machinery and equipment", "technology ensuring environmental safety", etc.

The article deals with the development and adaptation problems of the regional machine- building complex of the Novosibirsk region. The differences of priorities of import substitution and export-oriented model of development are systematized; the necessity of domination of export-oriented strategy in modern conditions is shown; the factors influencing the formation of export potential of regional machine-building enterprises in recent years are revealed; the characteristics of regional institutions of support of exporters are given. In the work are also discussed measures to support the diversification of the regional production of machine-building complex implemented in the Novosibirsk region: the formation of the municipal order on civil products of the defense industry; the creation of centres for collective use of new technologies for the defence industry, oil and gas and other industries; the development of Technopark structures of industrial and industrial parks. As the priority directions of import substitution in the regional engineering the authors consider: the formation of clusters for the production of components for military and civilian equipment; development of processes of localization of production (creation of Assembly enterprises); production of new products at the traditional capacities of existing enterprises, interregional cooperation and integration, etc.

The current situation in the agrifood market is characterized, on the one hand, by the differentiation of food markets in terms of saturation, and on the other hand, by a reduction in consumer demand due to rising prices. Consumer prices in these segments are much lower than the level of inflation. The processes of import substitution in the food market occur against a background of a decline in consumer demand and an increase in the share of food expenditures in households. Analysis of regional statistics shows a high degree of stratification both in terms of production and consumption of food per capita. An outpacing increase in food prices casts doubt on the correctness of the choice of measures and instruments of protectionism. Proper protectionism, the author believes, can not be realized at the expense of reducing the standard of living of the population, but rather combine market mechanisms with point-wise temporary support for those industries that are characterized by growing profitability and high return on investment. The author considers it necessary to use the tools of the green box (in particular, the program of food cards), the lifting of the embargo on food imports and the introduction of export and import customs duties, depending on the degree of saturation and the formation of domestic industry markets.

In 2014 FAS of Russia proposed to introduce international exhaustion of trademarks rights regime in Russia (legalize parallel import of branded products) step by step for different product groups. Meanwhile FAS of Russia did not present criteria for selection of product groups for introduction of international exhaustion of rights at first. An objective of this study was to formulate criteria for selection of product categories for parallel imports legalization in the first place on the basis of existing experience of the assessment of parallel imports legalization effects and to identify these categories taking into consideration the analysis of the composition of “protected” trademarks (included in TROIS), international trade flows of branded goods and the volume of investments of the right holders in Russia.

The influence of the geopolitical and economic crisis of 2014 on the health of the residents of St. Petersburg was studied. According to the accepted hypothesis, the crisis had a negative impact on the health of the townspeople and the conditions for their livelihoods. To test the hypothesis, we examined the dynamics of indicators characterizing the health of the population, as well as the factors that affect it. To analyze pre-crisis trends, a linear trend was constructed for each indicator and extrapolated values for the two following the peak crisis were calculated. The main measure, which characterizes the impact of the crisis on the dynamics of the indicator, was a negative deviation from the trend in these years. More than twenty indicators were analyzed, which showed a negative deviation, a significant negative deviation from the trend of indicators of environmental protection, resource health care, consumption of food products. It is shown that the current healthcare development program of the city contains understated targets and does not take into account environmental factors, which reduces its effectiveness as an instrument of regional social policy. The proposed method makes it possible to calculate scientifically grounded targets for the programs of restorative development of the social sphere in St. Petersburg.

The results of American economists William Nordhaus and Pol Romer investigations are described in the article. They have got Nobel prize on economics for them. The general criterion for two winners is defined by which the Nobel Committee was guided really. It is introduction of feedbacks in economic and mathematical modeling. Methods of comparison of Nobel 2018 laureates ‘ achievements with the results of their predecessors (K. Arrow; R. Solow; J. Shmookler and others) are used. The progress made by the laureates themselves is noted. Three blocks in the models of W. Nordhaus and P. Romer are distinguished; and the functions of each of them are considered. The assumptions that underlie the models constructed by them are also considered.The author notes that climate change models are also being built in Russia; but there are no economic blocks in them; models of long-term economic growth with endogenous scientific and technological progress are formed in Russia also; but representatives of natural Sciences do not participate in them. It follows from the experience of the laureates that this gap should be bridged. The article also describes the hobbies of both winners.

The article deals with the phenomenon of deepening cyclical and structural instability of Russian economy, which has a negative impact on technological modernization and economic growth. According to the authors, the basis of economic cycles is a system of structural shifts of different directions and the expansion of contradictions in “structural crisis - structural shift” system. A structural-and-cyclical approach is proposed, revealing the nature of cyclicity, not only using its impact on structural shifts, technologies, investments (internal factors), but also through influence of external factors that lead to a qualitative transformation of the economic system. Based on the declared approach, the authors concluded that the depth of economic losses, the degeneracy of innovation, structural and technological sources of Russian economy is due to a high degree of market entropy, the prevalence of negative externalities in the economy, the imitative nature of institutional structures, the inertia of economic relations. All these negative factors are de-stimulating for technological modernization and force de-industrialization trend. The proposed approach allows establishing the genetic relationship between structural dynamics and cyclic fluctuations, reveals the dialectic of the impact of cyclic intervention on structural parameters and reverse influence of structural correlations (stability and instability) on the depth and nature of the cycle as a whole, on interphase and intraphase transitions in particular. Obviously, in this case, the research object is expanded, the model of interaction between the cycle and the structure of the economy becomes clearer, which makes it possible to identify algorithms for their interrelation and influence on macroeconomic indicators. The features of the impact of cyclical dynamics on structural shifts of the economy are determined: the shift is the primary structural determinant. It has been substantiated that the structural cycle of Russian economy is deformed, since the crisis does not eliminate disproportions in the economic structure but acquires features of a degenerative type of transformation. In conditions of increasing cyclical and structural instability, the integrated model of structural-and-anticyclical policy acquires special significance. To change the trajectory of Russia’s economic development, an integrated model of counter- cyclical and structural policies is needed.

The work specifies the notion of structural deformations as a reproductive category with multiple effects in the economic structure. Structural deformations are considered possible in a fast growing innovation economy. Such deformations arise from inherent features of innovation such as: uncertainty of innovation, highdynamics of the process, peculiarities of innovative products and innovation cycles, existence of pseudo innovations, etc. It is suggested necessary to consider additional distortions of economic structure, arising in the process of modernization of Russian economy.

The work evaluates the innovative potential of Rostov region’s economy, formed as a result of the implementation of the region’s innovation policy, which has shown inefficiency in the use of the sufficiently high scientific, technical, innovative and educational potential of the region due to a number of problem areas for innovative development of the regional economy. This determined the research task of justifying directions of the regional economic policy aimed at innovative restructuring of the regional economy. To solve this problem, a benchmarking method was used that provided identification of international best practices in the implementation of economic policy in the context of rapid deployment of the 4th Industrial Revolution, which includes the following areas: neo-industrialization, digitalization and formation of regional innovation system. This allowed building a cognitive model that ensures deployment of regional economic policy from goal-setting, through criteria and metrics to the result of an innovative restructuring of the economy of the Rostov region. If neo- industrialization is identified as one of the three directions of targeted orientation of the regional policy of innovation restructuring of the economy, the high growth rates of the regional industry are used as its criterion, and one of the metrics is connection to achievements of the 4th industrial revolution, in particular, the development of Don designers on this level, as well as the use of m2m tariffs of cellular companies. As a metric testing strategy for development of digital economy, the road map “Digitalization of the urban environment in Rostov-on- Don” was used. Finally, as an indicator of the last component of the cognitive model of innovation restructuring of the economy of Rostov region - a regional innovation system - an audit of its elements was used.