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The article analyzes the concepts of surveyability and rigor of mathematical proof. It is shown that surveyability and rigor can be considered contextually. These concepts are considered in the context of mathematical practice. Several examples from the history of mathematics reveal the contextual nature of the concept of rigor. It is shown that the concept of rigor can be considered similar to the concept of surveyability. Distinguishing of mesoscopic surveyability suggests the possible distinguishing of an intermediate concept of rigor in addition to global and local rigor.,

In the philosophy of biology, the concept “measure of life” describes the phenomenon of life in its qualitative and quantitative integrity. This integrity is the result of the optimization of biosystems, wherein top-down causation, i.e. the determination of lower-level instances by higher-level variables, is actualized. In its initial forms, top-down causation is constrained in its scope, integrating only select aspects of life, either quantitative aspects (adaptive control) or qualitative aspects (feedback control). As biosystems evolve, the forms of downward causality become more complex (adaptive information control), which enables combining both the quality and quantity of life into the category of measure. The development of control mechanisms in biosystems allows for flexible behavior in accordance with environmental demands and the formation of new goals to achieve outcomes beneficial for the organism.,

Since the dawn of pharmacotherapy, one of the main questions has been which drug is effective for treating a particular disease. Researchers agree that the formation of experimental foundations for testing the effectiveness of drugs dates back to the period of the scientific revolution of the 17th century, when James Lind carried out an experiment on treating scurvy with citrus fruits, and the first clinical trial conducted according to the canons of modern evidence-based medicine dates back to 1948. The article provides a retrospective analysis of some pharmacotherapy practices that preceded this period in order to trace the development of clinical trial methodology from stochastic practices to meaningful scientific decisions that resulted in the formation of a modern paradigm of biomedical experiments involving of humans as subjects. The relevance of the study is based on the identification and description of the main stages in the development of the study of pharmacotherapy practices, which is why this review seems important for further study of the history of clinical trials.,

The article reveals aspects of simple, fundamental and contextual demarcation and the related understanding of the boundary and cross-boundary nature of the scientific field, their weaknesses and difficulties in applying them to the current reality of science. The author presents pluralistic demarcation, in particular the cluster approach of M. Mahner and D. Fernandez-Beanato, as the most effective for solving the problem of establishing the boundaries of science. Changes in the implementation of demarcation procedures lead to an understanding of the transboundary nature of science. Transboundarity is defined as a phenomenon with a complex structure including interconnected grounds (geographical, historical, functional, and political). It is most clearly expressed in the context of digitalization, when political and geographical limits are technically leveled. Transboundary science is a field of cooperation, a field of conflict and a field of emergence of new boundaries and areas of knowledge. In this case, the boundary is understood as a social construct that forms ideas about the stable identification of science, stable relations within the scientific community, and the priority of scientific truth in the perception of practitioners (scientists) and society. The author concludes that the development of provisions for transboundary science is becoming relevant in the current agenda.,

The paper aims to offer an analysis and specification of time, temporariness and transience within narrative and narrative research. Despite the substantive variety and methodological diversity of narrative research, the temporal order is recognized as its fundamental criterion. On the one hand, time specifies narrative and allows differentiating narrative from other types of discourse; on the other hand, it performs referential (communicative) and evaluative functions. In contrast to the Eurocentric and logocentric understanding of time, P. Ricoeur justifies the need to consider chronological (“episodic”, “hourly”) and non-chronological times, since it is the latter that plays a crucial role in the narration of the experience of the past. The result of this approach is the division of time: the time of past events, the time of narrative telling, and the time defined by the final event. The complication of time also occurs in terms of frequency, duration and order. The example of the analysis of “turning events” shows that it is the “configuration of time” that recontextualizes the experience of the past in terms of its consequences, which is true for both personally significant and collective narratives.,

The purpose of the article is to understand the results of the digitalization of science and to find answers to the question: is the digitalization of science limited to changes in the methods of recording and transmitting information, or does it lead to a fundamental modification of the cognitive and social aspects of scientific activity? The methodological framework of the study contains two explanatory schemes - externalism and internalism, as well as the position of epistemological constructivism. The results of the study can be summarized as follows. Digitalization gives rise to new means of scientific communication - digital platforms. The platformization of science entails changes in the social forms of existence of science, turning digital platforms into elements of the institutional structure of the scientific community, into social institutions through which the scientific community and society as a whole interact. Within the framework of digital platforms, specific institutional norms of scientific activity are formed and a new image of a scientist is crystallized, including a digital scientist, a data scientist, and a scientific blogger. In line with digitalization, there is a tendency to rethink the current scientific picture of the world; the idea of the Universe as computable information or as a giant quantum computer appears. Digitalization contributes to the formation of a new understanding of the objectivity of scientific knowledge as interobjectivity resulted from the transformation of digital technologies and tools into full-fledged participants in cognitive activity. It actualizes new epistemologies, namely “ethistemology of big data”, which absolutizes the methodology of big data, and “epistemology of domains”, which combines traditional methods of scientific research and the methodology of big data. The conclusion is the following: digitalization entails a fundamental transformation of scientific thinking and scientific activity.,

18 basic steppe units have been identified in Tyva, they represent widespread typical steppe communities. Within the framework of floristic classification, they refer to 16 associations and 3 subassociations of classes Cleistogenetea squarrosae and Stipetea glareosae-gobicae. Within the framework of phytocоenotic classification, the main types of steppe communities have been included into 29 formations, 15 groups of formations from 4 classes of formations: meadow, bunchgrass, desert and cryophytic steppes. No full compliance of associations of floristic classification and units of any one hierarchical level of phytocoenotic classification has been found. The phytocoenotic characteristics of basic steppe types provide information about the floristic features, structure, and species richness of following units: meadow steppes, tussock steppes, bunchgrass steppes with Carex pediformis, petrophytic bunchgrass steppes, bunchgrass steppes, desert steppes with Nanophyton grubovii, desert steppes with Stipa glareosa, desert steppes with Stipa orientalis. The prodromus of the steppes of Tyva has been compiled, a brief description of all units of floristic classification and description of 1 new alliance and 7 new associations have been given.

Validation of alliances and associations are carried out. New data on the distribution of various syntaxa and their floristic composition are given. Alliance Galatellion biflorae all. nov. Diagnostic species (D.s.): Artemisia latifolia, A. pontica, Eremogone longifolia, Galatella biflora, Inula salicina, Lathyrus tuberosus, Melampyrum cristatum, Plantago maxima, Silene multiflora, Veronica spuria. Syn. - Galatellion biflorae Korolyuk 1993 nom. ined. (ICPN, Art. 2a). Alliance represents meadow steppes and xeric meadows (class Festuco-Brometea, order _{Brachypodietalia pinnati}) which are formed on solonetz soils (Suppl., Table 1). They are common in West Siberian Plain in the forest-steppe zone and northern part of the steppe zone west of the Ob river. The article presents new data on the distribution of association Calamagrostio epigeii-Artemisietum laciniatae Korolyuk ex Korolyuk et Kipriyanova 1998 from this alliance (Suppl., Table 2).

The article presents a brief autobiography and scientific activity of Alexey Gorbunov, a leading researcher at the Central Siberian Botanical Garden of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The main results of scientific activity are lightened and prospects for further research are outlined.

Floras of mountain territories are of interest due to their species richness, high level of endemism and a large number of rare species. Mountain ranges situated near geographical boundaries deserve special attention, because their floras are characterized by high diversity due to species of different altitudinal vegetation belts, up to the nival one, as well as due to species intrinsic to different geographical units. The Tsagan-Shibetu Range is one of such ranges. Its Russian part is situated between mountains of the South-Eastern Altai, the Mongun-Taiga Massif and the Tannu-Ola Range. Together with the latter the Tsagan-Shibetu Range delineates the world watershed between the Arctic Ocean basin and the drainless region of the Central Asia. The purpose of this work was to compile a checklist of the flora of the Tsagan-Shibetu Range, to reveal protected species of the flora and species that were not previously indicated for the nature regions of Tuva, to which the territory of the range belongs. To compile the checklist, data from the author’s expeditions in 2004, 2005, 2007, 2011 and 2019 were used (2431 field records and 868 herbarium samples), as well as the herbarium by other botanists collected on the Tsagan-Shibetu Range in 1947-1993 and stored in the Herbarium of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden (NS) (more than 2300 herbarium samples). Electronic databases of field records and herbarium specimen metadata were created by the author in MS Access. They were used in compiling the checklist for obtaining information on the distribution and ecological features of species. The flora of the Russian part of the Tsagan-Shibetu Range comprises 878 species and subspecies of vascular plants, which belong to 300 genera and 70 families. The 10 biggest families are Asteraceae (113 species and subspecies), Poaceae (101), Fabaceae (63), Ranunculaceae (51), Rosaceae (50), Caryophyllaceae (44), Brassicaceae (44), Cyperaceae (41), Scrophulariaceae (35) and Lamiaceae (29). All the ten biggest families are the same as the biggest families of the Boreal Region. The family Fabaceae is one of the three biggest families of the flora, what is peculiar for the Turan floras in the Middle Asia and the flora of Mongolia in the Central Asia. At the same time, these floras are characterized by a large number of species of the family Chenopodiaceae, while in the flora of the Russian part of the Tsagan-Shibetu Range this family is represented by only 15 species and is not among the biggest. These facts demonstrate the borderline nature of the flora of the Russian part of the Tsagan-Shibetu Range which, due to location of the range on the world watershed, shows features of both North Asian and Central Asian floras. Twenty three species of the flora are under state or regional protection and are included into the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (2008) and/or the Red Data Book of the Tyva Republic (2019) as rare or reducing in number: Aconitum decipiens Worosch. et Anfalov, Allium altaicum Pall., A. pumilum Vved., A. tuvinicum (N. Friesen) N. Friesen, Anoplocaryum turczaninovii Krasnob., Aphragmus involucratus (Bunge) O.E. Schulz, Asterothamnus heteropappoides Novopokr., A. poliifolius Novopokr., Chenopodium frutescens C.A. Mey., Delphinium barlykense Lomon. et Khanm., Euphorbia potaninii Prokh., Microstigma deflexum (Bunge) Juz., Oxytropis acanthacea Jurtzev, O. martjanovii Krylov, O. physocarpa Ledeb., O. trichophysa Bunge, O. tschujae Bunge, Potentilla astragalifolia Bunge, Ranunculus tuvinicus A. Erst, Rheum altaicum Losinsk., Stipa pennata L., Taphrospermum altaicum C.A. Mey., Veronica reverdattoi Krasnob.