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We study a carbonate body looking like a classical fossil travertine which was discovered in the Chebak-Balakhta basin within the Minusa Trough Basin (Khakassia, Russia) and called quasi-travertine . It is a thin layer sandwiched between a basalt-dolerite sill and calcareous siltstone. Comprehensive studies of the quasi-travertine and its comparison with Devonian fossil travertines located a few kilometers away in terms of structure and composition have made the basis for its formation model. According to this model, the quasi-travertine has had a two-stage history: deposition and subsequent hydrothermal metasomatism. Laminated limestone coexisting with calcareous siltstone of the Early Devonian Shunet Formation formed during the first stage and then experienced hydrothermal metasomatism with precipitation of secondary calcite, prehnite, and pyrobitumen (kerite).

We have analyzed the isotope-geochemical features of volcanosedimentary rocks of the Karsakpai Group in southern Ulutau (Central Kazakhstan): mafic volcanics, siliceous and siliceous-ferruginous sediments, and quartz-sericite-chlorite schists. The close association of ferruginous quartzites with intraplate volcanics indicates that they formed in a tectonically active basin. The Nd isotope composition of ferruginous quartzites was governed by synchronous underwater volcanism, whereas the 143Nd/144Nd value of schists was additionally controlled by the Nd isotope composition of older sources. The Mesoproterozoic Nd model ages and positive εNd(t) values of the metaterrigenous rocks of the Karsakpai Group indicate the presence of Mesoproterozoic juvenile material in the provenance. The minimum Nd model ages suggest the lower boundary of sedimentation of 1.3 Ga.

The cocrystallization coefficients of Cr, V, and Fe ( D _Me/Fe) in magnetite and sulfide minerals (pyrite, chalcopyrite, and Fe-containing sphalerite) in multiphase associations are determined in hydrothermal-growth experiments with internal sampling at 450 °C and 100 MPa (1 kbar). The results are compared with previous data on D _Mn/Fe. Magnetite and pyrite are characterized by the highest D _Me/Fe values for both Cr (1.2 and 2) and V (6.6 and 1.1). These minerals also show the highest mineral/solution distribution coefficients of Cr and V. For V and Cr in chalcopyrite, much lower D _Me/Fe values (0.03 and 0.04, respectively) were obtained, which, however, are slightly higher than those for Mn in magnetite (0.01). Although the deposition of magnetite and iron sulfides has no significant effect on the evolution of Mn in solution and Mn-Fe partitioning, crystallization of magnetite and pyrite favors a decrease in Cr and V contents relative to Fe content in solution. The data obtained can be used to reconstruct the chemical composition of paleofluids. Spinel minerals with close contents of Mn, V, and Cr can form through a hydrothermal process provided that the solutions are highly enriched in Mn relative to Fe and have V and Cr contents close to the Fe one. Such solutions seem to be exotic. Usually, a magnetite-forming hydrothermal fluid contains V and Cr as millionths of Fe, while the content of Mn in it can be of the same order of magnitude as the content of Fe. The data obtained may be of interest for reconstructing the evolution of the chemical composition of the World Ocean in different geologic periods. The study has shown that the bulk distribution coefficient of variable-valence elements between mineral and hydrothermal solution varies over a wide range of values even at constant pressure<M>, temperature, and solution composition and can be used only for qualitative estimation of the element compatibility. In contrast, the bulk cocrystallization coefficient of chemically similar elements is less dependent on physicochemical conditions, has a nearly three times lower variation coefficient, and permits an element partitioning analysis in heterogeneous mineral-fluid systems.

The crystal structure of betekhtinite from the Dzhezkazgan copper ore deposit, Kazakhstan, has been refined to R 1 = 0.047 for 1321 unique observed reflections. The mineral is orthorhombic, Immm , a = 3.9047 (6), b = 14.796 (2), and c = 22.731 (3) Å, and V = 1313.3 (3) Å3. The structure refinement revealed five additional partially occupied Cu sites compared to the previous structural study. The structure contains one Pb and thirteen Cu sites. The coordination of the Pb site is sevenfold. Coordination geometries of the Cu sites are variable: The Cu1, Cu2, Cu3 Cu6, Cu7, Cu8, and Cu9 sites are tetrahedrally coordinated, whereas Cu4, Cu5, Cu10, Cu11, and Cu13 have a triangular coordination. The Cu12 site is coordinated by two S atoms to form a CuS2 dumbell. The crystal structure of betekhtinite is based upon complex Pb-Cu sulfide rods running parallel to the a axis. The rods have a rhombus-like cross section with lateral dimensions of ca . 11·16 Å2. The core of the rod is composed from the CuS4 tetrahedra and may be considered a module extracted from the archetype structure of fluorite, CaF2. The tetrahedral columns are further incrustated by the Cu4S3 and Cu5S3 triangles and Pb atoms to form the [Pb2Cu16S15] rods, which are linked to each other along the b axis via S6 atoms. The low-occupied Cu sites are located in between the rods. The structural formula determined on the basis of the crystal-structure refinement can be written as Pb2Cu22.18Fe1.04S15, which is in agreement with the chemical analyses of betekhtinite and disagrees notably with the formula Pb2(Cu,Fe)21S15 suggested by Dornberger-Schiff and Höhne. The general crystal chemical formula of betekhtinite can be written as Pb2(Cu,Fe)22-24S15. Information-based structural complexity parameters for betekhtinite are: IG = 3.696 bits/atom and IG,total = 144.131 bits/cell. Decomposition of betekhtinite into a mixture of galena (PbS; IG = 1.000 bits/atom; IG,total = 2.000 bits/cell) and chalcocite (Cu2S; IG = 1.500 bits/atom; IG,total = 12.000 bits/cell) at temperatures above 150 ºC is associated with the loss of structural complexity and the rise of configurational entropy of the system.

This paper discusses the problems of selection of stratotype sections and correlation of marker beds in the Neocomian productive complex of West Siberia in the context of its clinoform structure. In this paper we present a conceptual sequence stratigraphic model and a correlation chart for beds from different lithofacies regions of the Berriasian-Lower Aptian deposits of West Siberia.

An extraordinary-thick (400 m) section of the Neogene-Quaternary deposits is for the first time exposed by well 1 in the central Uimon Basin. The Miocene-Pliocene lacustrine Tueryk Formation is recognized at the base of the continuous section, verified by new paleontological data (ostracods, spores, and pollen). As assumed, overlaying deposits are represented by the Lower Pleistocene lacustrine-alluvial Beken Formation, Middle Pleistocene alluvial-proluvial Bashkaus Formation, undifferentiated Middle Pleistocene glacial, fluvioglacial, and alluvial deposits, and Upper Pleistocene lacustrine-glacial deposits. The data obtained from the core of well 1 undisputably demonstrate that the Uimon Basin had been developed prior the beginning of the Miocene Epoch, when it was characterized by accumulation of the lacustrine Tueryk Formation, incompletely exposed within the studied section. The presence of thick unexposed lower-Ohm interval of sedimentary filling of the basin suggests that the Uimon Basin was developed as early as the Paleogene. Therefore, the tectonic evolution and sedimentation history of the basin are assumed to have features similar to those of the Chuya and Kurai Basins of Gorny Altai.

Characteristics of the constant natural electric field in the Siberian gold ore areas. The regularities of spatial variations in the electric-field potential and the parameters and properties of anomalies have been established. The cause of the natural electric field in deposits of major genotypes has been elucidated. It is shown that the electric field is induced mainly by physicochemical processes running in electron-conducting syn-ore metasomatites and by circulation of groundwaters. Orebodies do not influence significantly the structure of the observed electric fields. We give recommendations on application of the electric-field method at various gold ore objects.

The structure and physical properties of natural sphalerites and galena from the Dal’negorsk ore massif were investigated. A nonlinear temperature dependence of the unit-cell parameters of sphalerite in the range 80-300 K was established by X -ray diffraction. The microstructure and elemental composition of sphalerites with different contents of iron were studied. The results show that an increase in iron content in sphalerite solid solution leads to an increase in the unit-cell parameters. We have established that sphalerites are insulators in the temperature range from 4 to 300 K, as their absolute electrical resistivity is greater than 1 MOhm·m. The temperature dependence of sphalerite magnetization has a peak corresponding to the mineral transition from antiferromagnetic to ferrimagnetic state with a Neel temperature of about 90 K in fields of 0, 0.15, and 1.00 T. The magnetic state of natural galena is due to a sphalerite impurity: The extrema in the temperature magnetization curve are typical of sphalerite.

The author states that description of the complete picture of establishment and development of the modern Chinese humanitaristics does not appear possible due to the great number of authors whose works are published in the modern China. The author has chosen a limited area - the process of developing a branch of humanitarian studies which is new to China - the cultural studies. The Chinese postgraduate students of the FEFU’s Department of Cultural Studies and Art History have so far analyzed about 550-600 Chinese sources that, if necessary, have been translated into Russian by the post-graduate students themselves. The process of developing the cultural studies in China relies on the two category- and concept-related lines: 1) culture, national culture, folk culture, traditional culture; 2) cultural exchange, exchange processes, cultural globalization . Chinese researchers rely on the Marxist ideas and works of well-known foreign authors, primarily American. Extensive use of the original source and its interpretation are the distinguishing features of the Chinese methodological approach. Reference to the original source here is only a stimulus for the reflections of a Chinese author. Chinese researchers greatly rely on the historical context of establishment and development of their national culture. Contacts and intercultural communication with Western countries are of a particular interest to the researchers. They re-evaluate the national history and civilization. Chinese idea of the modern globalization does not involve «high» theoretical generalizations; it allows a technological construction of the cultural and economic policy of China. Evaluations of the Russian history are very contradictory: ranging from admiring the Russian culture to accusing of the Russian nationalism. The author has come to the following conclusions: The fast-developing knowledge of culture in China can be qualified as Cultural Studies. However, the existing level of Chinese cultural studies is approximately equal to that of «red-brick universities» in England in 1970s. While relying on the Marxist ideas and concepts, Chinese researchers are gradually expanding the theoretical and methodological bases of their analysis. Nowadays, explanations and partially, forecasts, are the major functions of the Chinese cultural studies.

Rapid social, scientific and technological progress interfered moral values of many people, natural and technogenic conditions of people’s lives in XIX century and especially in the XX-XXI centuries. The authors observe contradictory processes seen as huge transformation of human place and role in the world. The authors highlight socio-cultural shocks in many cases due to human’s failure in social and natural endeavors. . Many questions related to the problem of human rights and freedom transformation and about the matters what could be done and not arise. There are various variants of human legal concepts that cause not only approval, but also people’s rejection. The article shows specific period or stage of international legal consciousness and law due to the conditions of socio-legal insecurity when people don’t know their rights and duties. This period is famous for marking such a legal branch as international human rights. On the one hand, these international legal innovations should ensure conflicts detention in the mentioned legal sphere. On the other hand, it is this field where the authors see contradiction among socio-cultural legal traditions that existed before and differed with each other from region to region. Human rights concepts at the international level have led to many conflicts in comparison with those in the traditional legal systems of states and rendering human rights. All mentioned above has determined growing transformational processes of human rights at the national and international levels. The authors the current problem of social transfer, or social transformations, in the field of human rights.