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Five species new to the adventive flora of the Republic of Altai are reported: Colchicum speciosum Steven, Cuscuta campestris Yunck., Lamium maculatum (L.) L., Phalaroides japonica Steud., Prunus cerasus L. New locations of 11 species were discovered: Amaranthus blitum L., Astragalus falcatus Lam., Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees, Carduus acanthoides L., Euphorbia marginata Pursh, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth., Picris hieracioides L., Reynoutria japonica Houtt., R. sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Nakai, Rudbeckia hirta L. and Stachys annua (L.) L., rare in the region. For 10 alien species, penetration into new areas was noted, among them Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh, Galinsoga parviflora Cav. and Lepidium ruderale L., which are invasive species in the Republic of Altai. Features of the settlement in the republic of Amaranthus blitum L., Carduus acanthoides L., Portulaca oleracea L., Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch., Reynoutria japonica Houtt., Rudbeckia laciniata L., Rumex obtusifolius L., Thladiantha dubia Bunge allow them to be classified as potentially invasive species in the region. Most of the species discussed are xenophytes, accidentally introduced species.

As a result of the studies conducted in 2020-2022, seven species and subspecies of alien vascular plants were identified on the territory of Omsk Region. Four of them have not been previously recorded for this territory (Inula helenium L., Prunus pumila L. var. pumila и Prunus pumila var. besseyi (L.H. Bailey) Waugh., Rosa spinosissima L.). For three species (Astragalus cicer L., Aquilegia vulgaris L. and Centaurea jacea L.) new localities were found. For each species (subspecies) a list of locations is provided with an indication of the geographical coordinates of the collection or observation sites. The detected findings of alien species are mainly confined mainly to settlements and areas under intensive economic turnover. The path of introduction and the degree of naturalization of alien species were assessed. By mode of introduction Centaurea jacea and Inula helenium are xenoergasiophygophytes, while Astragalus cicer, Aquilegia vulgaris, Prunus pumila var. besseyi, P. pumila var. pumila and Rosa spinosissima are ergasiophygophytes. The appearance of Prunus pumila var. pumila in the region is probably connected with creation of forest windbreaks in steppe areas of the region in 1970-1990s, appearance of other species is connected with their cultivation in homestead plots. Centaurea jacea is an autochthonous species in the southern subtaiga of Omsk Region, while in the forest-steppe zone it is an alien species. According to the degree of naturalisation, most of the detected plants are colonophytes, while Centaurea jacea is an epecophyte in the forest-steppe and Aquilegia vulgaris is an ephemerophyte. Findings were confirmed by herbarium specimens or geo-referenced photographic observations.

On January 3, 2024, Vladimir Ivanovich Ermolaev, a famous hydrobiologist, algologist of Siberian algae, candidate of biological sciences, a devotee of science and a man of great soul, passed away. All scientific activities of V.I. Ermolaev is associated with the Central Siberian Botanical Garden of the SB RAS. He studied the species composition of phytoplankton algae in large fishing lakes in the south of Western Siberia: Chany, Ubinskoye, Sartlan. He established the patterns of seasonal dynamics of algae, a certain distribution of algae throughout the water area of reservoirs. He is the author and co-author of three monographs. For a long time he headed the laboratory of lower plants of the CSBG SB RAS.

On the territory of the Tomsk Region there is a group of species that have isolated locations, low numbers, are characterized by a narrow ecological amplitude and are located on the border of their range. However, they do not have conservation status and require additional research. In this regard, studies were carried out on three local cenopopulations of Nepeta nuda in the south of the Tomsk Region. N. nuda is a Eurasian meadow-steppe species. This is a perennial herbaceous taproot sympodially growing polycarpic plant with an elongated erect shoot, a hemicryptophyte. For the studied species, the phytocenotic location was established, the seasonal rhythm of development, morphological parameters, ontogenetic structure and seed productivity were studied. The influence of the anthropogenic factor on the stability of a rare species in natural habitats was studied. It has been established that the northern boundary of the species’ distribution lies in the south of the Tomsk Region (Kozhevnikovsky district). The habitats of the species are limited mainly to moderately steep and gentle slopes of southern exposure, occupied by steppe meadows. The species was recorded as part of forb-grass, forb-reed grass and forb-sedge plant communities. The floristic composition of phytocenoses with the participation of N. nuda is quite depleted and is represented by 18-30 species. The density of N. nuda individuals in the surveyed areas remains quite low, varying between 1.38-3.50 individuals/m². The ontogenetic composition of cenopopulations is characterized by incompleteness: there are no individuals at the initial stages of ontogenesis or, in general, this group is poorly represented. Also, no individuals in the senile state were found in any of the coenopopulations. The main way to renew and maintain the number of species in nature is seed propagation. However, due to significant damage to fruits and seeds by insect pests, the seed productivity of the species, according to some indicators, is reduced by more than half. Seed germination remains below average. There is no vegetative propagation. As a result of the data obtained on the distribution and state of coenopopulations of N. nuda in the south of the Tomsk Region, we consider it necessary to recommend this species for inclusion in the next edition of the Red Book of the Tomsk Region with rarity status 3 - a rare species, on the border of its range.

The influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on the anatomical structure of the chlorenchyme of leaf blades, as well as glumes of spikelet and flower at generative shoots of Koeleria pyramidata , Poa angustifolia , Agropyron cristatum and Bromus inermis (Poaceae) was studied. On the example of Koeleria pyramidata and Agropyron cristatum the comparison of the growing conditions, differing in precipitation and pasture load was carried out. At Poa angustifolia and Bromus inermis the effects of trampling were considered. The mesophyll of the leaves of Koeleria pyramidata and Poa angustifolia is composed of cells of simple shape, the chlorenchyma of the leaf blades of Agropyron crispatum and Bromus inermis , as well as the glumes of spikelet and flower of all species are made of cells of complex shape. At the same time in different habitats, the main features of assimilative tissue organization are preserved. For the leaves of Koeleria pyramidata , the possibility of restructuring the mesophyll structure in the conditions of a dry mountain steppe in comparison with a steppificated meadow was shown - from ventrodorsal to isolateral-palisade, close to isopalisade. In other species, the structure of the mesophyll of leaf blades is preserved in different habitats. Ecological adaptations of chlorenchyma of festucoid grasses to unfavorable growing conditions are mainly associated with a decrease in the height and thickness of assimilative cells of simple shape and sections of cellular cells, with their compaction, while a tendency to simplify the spatial configurations of cells of complex shape appears.

Incorrect names of some syntaxa occurring in the south-eastern part of Russia from the class Thero-Salicornietea Tüxen in Tüxen et Oberdorfer 1958 have been corrected. In this region, the class Thero-Salicornietea is represented by the order Salicornietalia perennantis Golub, Theurillat, Chuvashov et Stepanova ord. nov. (= Camphorosmo-Salicornietalia Borhidi 1996 nom. inval. Art. 3o, 5a, 17) and two alliances, namely Salicornion perennantis Géhu 1992 nom. corr. (= Salicornion prostratae Géhu 1992 nom. inept.), Suaedion salsae Golub et Tchorbadze in Golub 1995 (= Suaedion acuminatae Golub et Tchorbadze in Golub 1995 corr. Lysenko et Mucina 2015 nom. superfl., Art. 29c). The first alliance includes one association Salicornietum perennantis (Soó ex Wendelberger 1943) Soó 1964 nom. corr., the second alliance includes two associations, namely Suaedetum acuminatae Golub et Tchorbadze in Golub 1995 nom corr., and Salicornio perennantis-Petrosimonietum Rukhlenko et Golub 2013 nom. corr. The associations Suaedetum acuminatae Golub et Tchorbadze in Golub 1995 and Suaedetum salsae Golub et Tchorbadze in Golub 1995 were combined into a single association under the name Suaedetum acuminatae Golub et Tchorbadze in Golub 1995 nom. corr. The authors believe that the areas of the plant communities of the alliances Salicornion perennantis Géhu 1992 nom. corr. and Suaedion salsae Golub et Tchorbadze in Golub 1995 coincide over a significant area. Their features in this total area, reflected in the floristic composition, are associated with different ecological conditions of the habitats. Additionally, the authors published the new alliance Camphorosmion annuae Golub, Theurillat, Chuvashov et Stepanova all. nov. (= Thero-Camphorosmion Vicherek 1973 nom. inval., Art. 3b), which in central Europe replaces the more eastern alliance Camphorosmo songoricae-Suaedion corniculatae Freitag, Golub et Yuritsyna 2001.

Petrophytic steppes are widespread in steppe and forest-steppe landscapes of piedmonts and low mountains of Altai-Sayan region. They belong to the class Festuco-Brometea Br.-Bl. et R. Tx. in Br.-Bl. 1947 and the order Helictotricho-Stipetalia Toman 1969. Petrophypic communities usually occupy steep stony southern slopes and ridge tops. A formalized cluster analysis was performed on 31 associations representing the alliances Centaureion sumensis Golub et al. 1995, Elytrigion pruiniferae Korolyuk et al. 2022, Helictotricho desertorum-Orostachyion spinosae , Scorzonero austriacae-Koelerion sclerophyllae Solomeshch et al. 1994 (Fig. 1). South Siberian petrophytic steppes differ from the steppes by a numerous group of plant species (Table 1). For this reason, we describe a new alliance. Alliance Alysso obovatae-Orostachyion spinosae all. nov. Holotypus - ass. Allio rubentis-Caricetum humilis Korolyuk 2007. Diagnostic species (D. s.): Alyssum obovatum , Artemisia gmelinii , Astragalus ceratoides , A. follicularis , Eritrichium pectinatum , Goniolimon speciosum , Gypsophila patrinii , Hedysarum gmelinii , Orostachys spinosa , Patrinia intermedia , Potentilla acaulis , Veronica pinnata. The alliance unites petrophytic steppes of piedmont, foothill and low-mountain landscapes of the north-western periphery of Altai-Sayan mountain region. Communities are confined to stony habitats with close bedding of bedrocks. The alliance includes 2 sualliances and 7 associations (Table 2). Suballiance Allio rubentis-Caricenion humilis suball. nov. Holotypus - ass. Allio rubentis-Caricetum humilis Korolyuk 2007. D. s.: Allium rubens , Bupleurum bicaule , Carex humilis , Centaurea sibirica , Coluria geoides , Eritrichium altaicum , Iris ruthenica , Lupinaster pentaphyllus , Polygala comosa , Pulsatilla patens , Thalictrum petaloideum , Thymus sect. serpyllum , Youngia tenuifolia , Ziziphora clinopodioides. The suballiance represents petrophytic steppes of lowland and foothill areas of the Northern and Western Altai. The coenoses occupy convex stony slopes and ridges. Suballiance Artemisio frigidae-Scorzonerenion austriacae suball. nov. Holotypus - ass. Potentillo acaulis-Festucetum valesiacae Lashchinsky ex Korolyuk et Kipriyanova 1998. D. s.: Allium vodopjanovae , Artemisia frigida , Spiraea hypericifolia , Scorzonera austriaca , Veronica incana . The suballiance unites steppes on stony slopes and sides of river valleys of the right bank of Ob river, Salair Ridge and Kuznetsk depression. A new association is described within the suballiance. Ass. Alysso lenensis-Potentilletum acaulis ass. nov. (Table 3, rel. 1-23), holotypus - Table 3, rel. 1 (field no. 19-570): Novosibirsk region, Suzun district, 4 km west of the Sharchino village, steep south-eastern slope of the Karakan River valley, 54.26847° N, 82.44793° E, 13.08.2022, author - A.Yu. Korolyuk. D. s.: Allium vodopjanovae , Alyssum lenense , Astragalus testiculatus , Cleistogenes squarrosa , Ephedra distachya , Hedysarum gmelinii , Potentilla acaulis (dom.), Taraxacum erythrospermum . The association represents rare petrophytic communities of forest-steppe landscapes east of the Ob River in Novosibirsk Region (Fig. 2). The communities occupy convex steep (up to 30-35°), usually southern slopes of river sides, often with bedrock outcrops. The position of the ass. Gypsophilo patrinii-Festucetum valesiacae Korolyuk 2007 is still unclear and new data from the eastern regions of Kazakhstan should be analyzed.

The psammophytic steppe community occurring on fluvio-glacial deposits in the Minusinskaya intermountain basin was classified as the association Pulsatillo turczaninovii-Caricetum korshinskyi ass. nov. within the class Festuco-Brometea Br.-Bl. et Tx. 1943 , order Brachypodietalia pinnati Korneck 1974 and alliance Veronici incanae-Helictotrichion desertorum Korolyuk et Makunina in Korolyuk 2007 . It occupies only dry convex parts of southern slopes of sandy dunes surrounded by extra-zonal pine forests. DCA ordination showed floristic differences between two variants of association. The less oligotrophic and more xerophytic variant of Poa botryoides is characterized by a well-developed grass layer with dominance of Poa botryoides , Achnatherum sibiricum , Dianthus versicolor , Carex pediformis , Cleistogenes squarrosa , Bupleurum scorzonerifolium . The second variant of Abietinella abietina is characterized by a poorly developed of grass layer and the constant presence of mosses and lichens ( Abietinella abietina , Rhytidium rugosum , Cladonia arbuscula , Peltigera canina ). The analysis of DCA axes and floristic composition demonstrated importance of substrate type and humidity regime as main factors for differentiation of variants. In addition, the specificity of the species composition of steppe communities is determined by the surrounding forest communities, which introduce their characteristic species - Rubus saxatilis , Maianthemum bifolium , Fragaria vesca , Agrimonia pilosa , Potentilla humifusa , Vaccinium vitis-idaea , Goodyera repens , Chimaphila umbellata , Orthilia secunda , Neottianthe cucullate .

The genus Carex L. (family Cyperaceae Juss.) ranks among the largest genera in both Russian and global flora. Over the past two decades, the application of molecular genetic methods has significantly transformed our understanding of the genus’s phylogeny. Initial studies revealed that the tribe Cariceae constitutes a natural group, while the genus Carex is paraphyletic in relation to all genera within the tribe. Therefore, an international consortium of caricologists has proposed a substantial revision of the classification of Carex. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the history of molecular phylogenetic studies on the genus Carex. We focus on our analysis conducted during a monographic study of the genetic diversity within the most complex species complexes of the genus, particularly those prevalent in Siberia and the Far East of Russia. Additionally, we discuss the selection of universal molecular genetic markers aimed at reconstructing the phylogeny of Siberian Carex species.

The article presents the results of macro- and micromorphological study of fruits of 41 taxa (40 species and two varieties) of the genus Geranium L. from three subgenera and 12 sections. The shape, size, surface of the pericarp, and structural features of the exocarp cells were studied. For the species G. laetum Ledeb., G. pseudosibiricum J. Mayer, G. asiaticum Serg., G. albiflorum Ledeb., G. malyschevii Troshkina, G. affine Ledeb., G. sergievskajae (Peschkova) Troshkina, G. transbaicalicum Serg., G. turczaninovii (Serg.) Troshkina, G. popovii (Tzvelev) Tzvelev, the structural features of the fruit were studied using SEM for the first time. The species G. rotundifolium is preliminarily excluded from the section Batrachioides and, accordingly, the subgenus Robertium and transferred to the section Geranium of the subgenus Geranium. It is shown that the morphology of the fruit and the mechanism of its dehiscence can be used to separate taxa at the level of genus and subgenus; the shape of the mericarp, the features of the sculpture of the pericarp surface - at the level of section, subsection and species.