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We present results of pyrolysis (Rock Eval) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometric methods of analysis of organic matter (OM) in the Holocene sediments of the Black Sea. The studied samples represent two parts of the sediment column: coccolith ooze with an average Corg = 2.8% at the top and sapropelic silts with an average Corg = 8.5% at the bottom. Sedimentation of the Holocene sediments might have proceeded in euxinic conditions, and in ancient Black Sea time they were more favorable for OM safety and the formation of sapropelic silt. The performed research has shown that the degree of diagenetic OM transformation is higher in the upper part of the core as compared with the lower one. This is probably due to the contemporary processes of anaerobic bacterial oxidation of methane supplied from deeper layers of the Black Sea deposits into the ancient Black Sea sediments.

The paper examines the problems linked to the implementation the Power of Siberia project as it pertains to the possibilities of integrated development of mineral resources, including the organization of gas production, petrochemical, oil-and-gas transportation, and helium industries in the eastern regions of Russia. Within the project, we accomplish the following tasks: analyze the natural gas resource base and production in Eastern Siberia and the Sakha Republic (Yakutia); substantiate the development trends for transport infrastructure; point out the key problems associated with the project implementation; consider the feasibility of a public-private partnership. The Power of Siberia project is faced with a few pressing issues. For instance, neither in Russia nor the world, there are extra-long-distance pipelines transporting multicomponent gas. A deliberate reduction in helium concentration will lead to a sharp rise in its release cost, which challenges the entire helium part of the program. Moreover, the modern concept of exploiting gas potential in Eastern Siberia does not involve the Irkutsk processing cluster that already has prominent infrastructure to process hydrocarbon raw materials, human resources, and production capacity, as opposed to an anticipated gas processing plant in Amur Oblast.

This article points to the timeliness and importance of the adoption in 2015 of the Administrative Procedure Code. The article points out the controversial issues of availability of higher legal education among the participants of administrative cases in the order of the RF Code of Administrative Procedure. The authors analyze the evolving jurisprudence on the issue at the level of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and at the level of courts of the Federation subjects. The question of constitutionality of the requirement of higher legal education for the representatives of the parties, people involved in the case in person, as well as the sole executive bodies of the organizations is considered. The authors conclude on the need to improve the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation for the implementation of constitutional rights and legitimate interests of citizens. The work substantiates the structure of the institutional and legal space of the country and concludes on the need to improve the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation for the implementation of the constitutional rights and legal interests of Russian citizens.

Formation of professional competence of the broad profile environmental designer in a two-level Bachelor and Master system is a difficult and complex task. The key factors in achieving this objective are forming of project thinking, creativity, general cultural competence and self-education skills required for further independent professional growth. In this approach, each narrower profile direction in design should be integrated into the complex educational objectives of each project, sometimes as a major, sometimes as a minor part of the course projects. In the article, this methodical principle is considered on the example of landscape design as an essential component of education of the environmental designers at St. Petersburg State University.

The paper presents the multi-year experience of teachers in the formation of value orientations of students studying the traditional architecture of the Ural region. The author emphasizes the importance of the process of value upbringing as a basis for the formation of the young generation’s worldview, especially when it comes to patriotic values, so necessary in our time. An effective way, according to the author, is familiarizing students with the history and culture of their native land, in particular, during the study of the traditional regional architecture. In addition to the conventional methods of training, it is proposed to make emphasis on the activity approach and organize research so that students carry out modernization of the existing facilities or reconstruction of the lost monuments in the layouts. According to the author, this training leads to obvious objectification of the results of theoretical studies, increases their importance not only in the eyes of the authors, but also those students who are observing the work or look at the layouts in the exhibition.

The author analyzes the role of esthetic component in the course of training in the academic drawing. The esthetic perception of objects for imaging in the academic drawing is formed in the course of contact of the student with esthetically significant objects and phenomena, expressed in finding the characteristics, harmony and beauty of the represented that is one of elements of esthetic development of the world. In the article, it is noted that any image can be based on knowledge and understanding of the beauty of the world around and the culture of graphic expressiveness. The practice of training in the academic drawing is based on identification of essence of esthetic process, determination of its place in art, as well as determination of the basic principles of esthetic shaping. In the course of imaging, the esthetic assessment of objects and phenomena is always connected with possible means of imaging. In this case, the esthetic taste and the sense of proportion serve as a certain reference point for the artist during transferring of a contemplative artistic image to a concrete material form. Therefore, the formation in the course of training of such esthetic categories as esthetic taste and the sense of proportion has a paramount value. In the article, it is especially noted that the academic drawing is a type of esthetic expediency, and it is created by the principle of esthetic harmonization. Harmony is considered as one of the main categories of esthetics. The specificity of esthetic harmony is that it is inseparably linked with the qualities and characteristics of a subject (measure, symmetry, proportionality, harmony, integrity, etc.). Esthetic harmony is the sensory perception of an object for imaging according to the values, requirements, artist's opportunities; it is also inseparable from the process of graphic activity, which task consists in creation of esthetic expressiveness on the picture plane.

In the article, the issues concerning some problems of a volume form in the educational drawing are brought up. The author notes that the beginning artists are usually confused by irregular shape of the head. The problem is that students do not draw analogies between the principles of transfer of a volume form learned in the course of imaging a still life and irregular shape of the head of the person though they are obvious. In the course of imaging the head of the model, the same principles of creation of a volume form and a volume-spatial design are underlain, as at the imaging of various solids and household items; only in a portrait these fundamental principles are not so obviously read. In the article, it is considered that a feature of the drawing for a picturesque etude of the head is that, with the similarity of the general principle of imaging of the head by pencil or brush, we observe a difference in the realization technique: a sharpened pencil and a rather wide, flat brush differently solve a form. It should be noted that oftentimes the beginning artists, drawing by pencil, create the image by a contour line that excludes space and illumination of nature which are also presented conventionally with the help of the so-called «tonal scale». The form and design in the pencil drawing can sometimes be reproduced linearly, without background. On the other hand, during the work with the brush, the form should be represented not separately, irrespective of the environment, from a background, but necessarily together with the environment where the model is situated. The perfection of both the pencil drawing and the «picturesque» one consists not in the fine finishing of work, but in the persistent aspiration to integrally and expressively transfer the nature.

Modeling nature of graphic activity creates conditions for child learning of the world and the choice of ways to draw world’s images. The realization of these possibilities in Arts studies is more intensive during the composition lessons. The article describes compositional means of artistic expressiveness. The author considers these possibilities from the perspective of educational problems in the composition lessons for younger children. There are the following means of artistic expressiveness during the art lessons: the format of paper, image size, image balance, symmetry and asymmetry of composite construction, the location of the primary and secondary objects in the composition, choice of the composite center, line usage in the construction of the composition for the depiction of motion. The article analyses the specificities of perception and drawing potential of children in artistic expressiveness.

In the article, the questions of the value development of the bachelors in the period of University training are considered. The relevance of this article is due primarily to the fact that the true values have lost their importance in modern society and the false ones have become widespread. We can state the fact that material values are predominant in the choice of the future profession for today's young people, in the choice of means to achieve the goal, in general, in determining the vector of development of personality, self-determination in the world. There arise contradictions between the need of internalization of the true values by the person and the modern bogus values. In connection with this, the formation of value orientations in the modern world acquires an important role in the development of personality in axiological terms. The professional training of bachelors is based on the values accumulated by generations in the field of artistic processing of materials, the internalization of which contributes to self-determination of the person. It concerns the values-knowledge in these areas, and the values-technologies developed by the predecessors, and the values-images made of various materials. Learning and mastering these values, having certain abilities and talents, value orientations, one can later exteriorize the values in this field. This article considers the process of formation of value orientations in artistic and creative activities, which is realized beginning from the second year of studying at the higher education institution and permeates the entire professional training of Bachelors. The authors show the role of artistic and creative activities in the development of personality, in the formation of values-knowledge, values-attitudes, values-qualities that form the basis of value orientations of the person. All the personally-important values are formed in the process of the person’s own activities, in our case, in the artistic and creative activities. The results of this process are realized in the objects of this activity. However, the process of artistic and creative activities is aimed at creation of material values both in the field of artistic processing of materials and in the spiritual field. It is in the process of artistic and creative activities that the understanding and acceptance (or rejection) of the values of artistic and creative activities take place. The process of formation of value orientations and the process of artistic and creative activities are closely related; as a result of this integration, the value orientations are formed most fully.

Samples of needles from the middle part of the crown and cambial zone scrapings, which includes cambium cells and nonlignified xylem cells from five stems of 15 years old Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. trees from green moss-forb groups stands on sod-podzolic soil in Krasnoyarsk forest steppe were investigated. Thermal stability of the antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase (GR); enzymes of carbohydrate and phenolic metabolism: amylase, invertase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) which are involved in providing the xylogenesis process; and markers of oxidative stress: peroxide hydrogen and malondialdehyde (MDA) were studied in the temperature interval 20-80 °C. It was found that the positive effect on the antioxidant enzymes activity mainly manifested up to 40 °C. As the temperature increases, antioxidant protection weakens. The mechanisms of oxidative stress in cambium zone and needles in condition of pyrogenic heat shock are distinguished due to different thermal stability of antioxidant enzymes in these tissues. The most sensitive to elevated temperatures was catalase both in cambium zone and needles. In the cambium zone, peroxidase and GR detect low resistance to high temperature, while SOD has a higher level of. In the needles on the contrary, peroxidase and GR exhibit high thermal stability, whereas SOD activity rapidly reduces at higher temperatures. Amylase, invertase and PAL exceed, according to the thermal stability of examined antioxidant enzymes, what allow quick restoration of carbohydrate and phenolic metabolism after pyrogenic heat shock to providing of xylogenesis process.