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We discuss the results of paleomagnetic studies of the Upper Cretaceous and Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary deposits in the south of the Kulunda basin (Alei area). Cores of two boreholes with a total thickness of 305 m were studied. Based on the revealed characteristic component of natural remnant magnetization (ChRM) in the studied deposits, we constructed paleomagnetic columns for each borehole and compared the borehole sections. Using the paleomagnetic, geological, stratigraphic, and paleontological data, we compiled the magnetostratigraphic section of the Upper Cretaceous and Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary deposits in the south of the Kulunda basin and recognized five magnetopolar zones within it: one of direct polarity and four of reverse polarity (Upper Cretaceous and Lower Paleogene deposits). The lower part of the Gan’kino Horizon, of direct polarity, forms one magnetozone of direct polarity N , and the upper part forms two magnetozones of reverse polarity, R 1km and R 2mt. The Lower Paleogene Talitsa and Lyulinvor Formations form two magnetozones of reverse polarity, R1zl and R2i. The compiled magnetostratigraphic section of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Paleogene deposits is juxtaposed with the magnetochronological scale. Two variants of juxtaposition of the lower directly magnetized part of the section with the Gradstein scale are considered.

The study area is the Erzurum pull-apart basin located in the East Anatolian Tectonic Block (EATB), which is under the control of a strike-slip neotectonic regime since the beginning of the Quaternary. The Quaternary Erzurum pull-apart basin is an about 1-30 km wide, 90 km long and actively growing strike-slip depression. It is bounded by the Erzurum-Dumlu sinistral strike-slip fault zone to the east-southeast, by the Aşkale sinistral srike-slip fault zone to the north-northwest, and by the Başköy-Kandilli reverse fault zone and the N-S-trending Ilıca oblique-slip normal fault set to the west. The Erzurum pull-apart basin was evolved by the deformation and subdivision of an E-W-trending older intermontane basin. The new basin has a 0.5 km thick, flat-lying (undeformed) and unconsolidated fill, which overlies, with an angular unconformitry, the deformed (folded and faulted) basement rocks of pre-Quaternary age. Basin fill consists of coarser-grained marginal facies (fault terrace, fan, fan-apron, and superimposed fan deposits) and finer-grained depocentral facies represented by floodplain to organic material-rich marsh deposits. All gradations are seen among these lithofacies. The seismicity of the Erzurum pull-apart basin is quite high. The magnitude of the peak earthquake to be sourced from the active faults (e.g., the Erzurum fault) is about Mw = 7.0. This was proved by both the historical and recent earthquakes. Numerous settlements in the size of a large city (e.g., Erzurum), county, town, and small villages with a total population of over 766.000 are located in and along the active fault-bounded margins of the Erzurum pull-apart basin. They are under the threat of destructive earthquakes to be sourced from the margin-boundary faults. Therefore, based on both the active fault parameters and the water-saturated basin fill, a large-scale earthquake hazard map has to be prepared. This map has to be used in both the earthquake hazard to risk analyses and the redesign of city planning and all type of constructions in Erzurum and other settlements in this region.

This paper presents an integrated measurement technique based on DC methods (vertical electrical sounding, electrical resistivity tomography) which was used to identify faults and determine their geoelectric parameters in the western part of the Chuya basin. New information on the structure of the Chagan River valley located in the zone of the disastrous 27 September 2003 Chuya earthquake has been obtained from the results of these methods. Geoelectric cross sections of the sedimentary sequence and the upper part of the basement were obtained from VES data, showing the block structure of the study area. Electrical resistivity tomography sections confirm the presence of a major fault between basement blocks of different heights and indicate the presence of faults bounding the valley on its right side and in the southwestern part.

This paper presents the results of magnetotelluric (MT) studies performed within the West Transbaikalian segment of the Central Asian Fold Belt along the Selenga River delta-Krasnyi Chikoi Village profile. The data are interpreted using the results of recent geological, petrological, geothermal, tectonic, and geochronological studies of the Mongolia-Transbaikalian part of the Central Asian Fold Belt, including large heterochronous igneous provinces and zones. The studies have shown that the investigated area has a complex geologic and tectonic structure produced by extensive rifting leading to the formation of large crustal blocks and by intense magmatic fluid activity along deep fault zones. The investigated profile is characterized by a combination of blocks with different types of geoelectric section-mountain ranges and intermontane basins separated by long-lived deep fault zones.

The purpose of this article is to explain the difficulties in solving some problems the set-theoretic nature by semantic redundancy of language for describing the sets, namely, in the Zermelo-Fraenkel system with the Axiom of Choice and second-order set theory. We describe two approaches to the problem by means of case of the continuum hypothesis, undecidable in ZFC system and decidable in an alternative ZFC2 set theory. It is shown that the basis of difference of interpretations lies in pre-theoretical concepts that allow semantic redundancy.

The article is devoted to the problem of induction; the problem is a topical one, as it has a multidisciplinary and philosophical value. However, some aspects of the problem are not presented in the well-known literature. For example, why science and philosophy hold opposite positions on the problem of induction? As is known, scientific community believes that the problem has already received specific solutions in some sciences. On the contrary, in philosophy starting with Hume, it is assumed that the problem has no reasonable solution. This work aims to explain the basis of different solution evaluation. We show that unequal positions are connected with different methods of obtaining results and different requirements to the credibility of results. For example, in Hume’s empirical philosophy, obtaining results concerning the human nature is based only on observation and Aristotelian syllogistics. However, mere observations are inadequate for obtaining new knowledge Aristotelian logic are indeed not enough for solving the problem of induction. Moreover, he underestimated the significance of probabilistic reasoning and rejected the heuristic character of geometry, because, according to Hume, the correctness of proofs depends on the quality of representation of the statement to be proven. The main idea of the work consists in the justification of the thesis that Hume’s skepticism is connected to high requirements to the quality, precision and reliability of results. That is why, Hume’s epistemology is still of some interest for the methodology of science and different areas of knowledge. In contrast to Hume, in modern science, the pragmatic requirements to probabilistic reasoning prevail. For example, in the probability theory and mathematical statistics, the Cournot principle is used. According to this principle, the low-probability event is not realizable in a single experiment [1]. Furthermore, in modern science and methodology of mathematical teaching, geometrical proofs are valued since many people possess geometric style of thinking.

In the article, the changes in culture, education and science that have been occurring since the 1960s are considered, which are accompanied by a change of epistemological style of thinking. The previous style, described as the operational one, was distinguished by larger clarity, intuitive comprehensibility and included active actions. It was replaced by a more formal and abstract mathematical style. The reasons behind the change of the style in science are discussed. It is shown that the development of mass culture is directed toward primitivization. Education finds itself confined between two opposing tendencies, which cause problems in the school education.

The paper proposes a conceptual description of the nature of visual thinking and visual logic in the framework of philosophical knowledge. In this paper, we study the connection between visual thinking and visual logic on the conceptual level, as well as investigate the inclusion of this logic in the methods of visual explication of the nature of philosophical knowledge. The choice of visual problems of philosophical thinking and visual logic of philosophical constructs as a key subject of research is justified, on one hand, by the growing interest of scientists to the methodological and educational problems of the visibility of philosophical knowledge; on the other hand, by the presence of a certain conceptual gap in the concepts, justifying the methodology and logic of visualization. As a leading paradigm, the author uses the common ideological tenets of the concept of figurative thinking, according to which the standard conceptual thinking is always accompanied by a parallel process of building system of images, which in the framework of the imagination is a heuristic tool for effective cognitive work with intelligible dynamic objects, which under certain conditions can be expressed graphically become integral parts as cognitive models and new technologies of teaching philosophy. The conclusion is that the processes of visualization of philosophy, built on the basis of numerous methods are always associated primarily with the general logical errors, for example, hypostatization, i.e., objectification of abstract entities, and well-known theoretical and cognitive phenomena objects from the course of philosophy, for example, transcendental illusion, i.e., attempts to work on the basis of empirical visual experience with the phenomena of the beyond in relation to the world of intelligible essences. It also advocates the position that the essential difference between visual and formal logic is that the space-time structure of the visual designs vectors defines new theory, not vice versa. In the case of using visualizations, the formal structure of intelligible phenomena is determined by the structure of visual phenomena. Thus, the rules of the spatial relationship of logical objects are in part determined by the structure of elements of visual schematics. On one hand, these rules are determined by successful cases of building a philosophical models (image logic), which are expressed through metaphors; on the other, it is determined by the results of thought experiments with visual expression, formed of a plurality of links defined by synthesis of real graphics schemes, such as the following: Euler diagram, Venn diagrams, Veitch map, parenthesis circuit tree graphs (classification tree), logical square (square of opposition), semantic triangle, matrix table (for example, synchronous, diachronic and others.), mathematical formulas (e.g., functional dependencies), geometric figures, graphs, digital media and more.

The virtual reality technologies (TVR) would not work if the natural virtuality of the human being did not work. The person's ability to experience virtual states, like any other human ability (upright posture, intelligence, labor activity and so forth), remains throughout the years of the development of virtual reality of computers, the Internet and so on outside the focus of the philosophical, scientific and technological mainstream. In other words, it is not considered by the «normal scientific understanding» as a fundamental anthropological constant. As a result, the word «virtual» is understood by scientific mainstream as everything that is happening today in cyberspace. In the end, the word «virtual» means nothing specifically and explains nothing. The author through the concept of virtual conflict, introduced into scientific usage by N.A. Nosov (2002), using the example of asthma sociology, reveals the type of epistemological casus in the sociology of modern philosophy and sciences studying virtuality. Similar casuses are presented by the examples of other idiopathic pathologies (diseases of unknown origin), in the field of flight safety and so forth. The source of a virtual conflict, virtus, is in the knowledge-related, paradigmatic structures of subjects, whose activity leads to a casus «we wanted better, but it turned out as always»: we have kept describing virtuality, and still have failed to conceptualize it in terms of classical and neo-classical scientific paradigms. The article is written in the genre of «philosophy as expertise» (a term by B. G. Yudin), the precedent for which have been the successes: the coming to life of mass user of the technologies of virtual, augmented reality (TVR), developing in the conditions of time shortage to ethically reflect on one’s achievements, their legal regulation and humanitarian support, and a global failure of the scientific mainstream in the understanding of virtuality. Today, there takes place a struggle of meanings for the word «virtual»: between the constant (classical and neoclassical) scientific mainstream outlook and the virtual, post-nonclassical one represented by scientific and philosophical school of N. A. Nosov (1952-2002), still holding the world's priorities in the theoretical understanding of the phenomena of virtuality. The latter were introduced into scientific usage as virtual events in the activity of the test pilots in 1986 by N. A. Nosov and O.I. Genisaretsky. «Computer virtuality» emerged together with other ideas of virtuality in other areas: virtual particles and so on. The modern TVR deceive the human brain! The person's ability to fall into the virtuals, to experience virtual psychological states has met with the technological capabilities to «present information» faster than the 25-th shot and give rise to the phenomenon of «indistinction». It is important to know that, historically, it has been reproduced without computers (!) during a special experiment concerning modeling pilots’ errors: the aircraft landing on the fuselage. Of the same type of errors is «forgetting children» on the back seat of the car by parents. Technologies, knowingly deceiving the human being, should be taken under the humanitarian supervision of the society. In this paper, we carry out problematization of this situation through the challenges to the world outlook of the TVR developers, the philosophical, ethical, legal and other consequences of what is happening in this area are revealed, the necessary arguments, reasoning and references to the works of the «Virtualistics» research group of the Institute of Philosophy of RAS are presented, which are designed to provide an understanding of global paradigmatic turn in the sciences about human being: «Homo virtualis», the virtual person comes to the forefront of his actualization along with Homo sapiens, erectus and others. Finally, there is given a futuristic prosept (a termby OI Genisaretskogo) of staging of the virtual evolution of the human being in the TVR environment. This work is a bridge over the chasm between the «conventional scientific understanding» of virtuality and the postnonclassical worldview, according to which the «Homo virtualis» will finally come to the world!

The author shows that, in the framework of an alternative version of the Soviet «non-consumptive modern», there was accumulated a potential which allowed the country to start a focal institutional and personal modernization after the war, to become a society aspiring to post-industrial development. This breakthrough was achieved because of total civil initiative activity of the part of the people involved into the process of rising individuation in the sphere of science and education. However, by that time in the country, the erosion of the institutions that supported the possibility of a «social elevator» began as a result of blocking the transformation of a mature order of limited access to an order of open access. In these circumstances, power was taken by a passionate group focused on «everyday prosperity» and the distribution/redistribution of the natural resources rent. At the same time, the part of the society that had risen to the level of the ascending individualization had an innovative intellectual and moral potential and could create a critical mass of the social base of the reforms remained unclaimed by the reformers. A significant number of the bearers of this potential falls into the subalterna position: «a state of abandonment», «put off subjectivity», «borderline consciousness». Moreover, the growth of centric processes determines subalternization also of the bearers of prevailing consciousness. In modern Russia there is a hidden human potential focused on innovative (post-industrial) development, the bearers of which without any horizontal relationships are objects of subalternization. This concerns not only the modernizers «from below» but also those who try to drive the innovative development only «from above».