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In this paper, we present new results obtained within Russian Science Foundation project N 15-19-20013. The project was started in the middle of 2015. It is devoted to the solution of actual problems of the optoelectronic industry on the basis of the use of adaptive optics in astronomy, laser, and other applications. Recent achievements in this industry are completely determined by the progress in priority directions of science and critical technologies. One of these directions is the design of adaptive optics (AO) systems, which allow overcoming random distortions and, thus, achieving diffraction-limited performance for systems operating in a turbulent atmosphere. We describe the progress in the development of the newest AO system for the Russian largest solar telescope, i.e., 1-m Big Solar Vacuum Telescope of the Baikal Astrophysical Observatory, and approaches to the development of such systems operating in strong day turbulence conditions.

Structure of air turbulent motion inside the dome room (Primary mirror closed shaft) at Siberian lidar station of V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of SB RAS has been experimentally and theoretically studied. The researches are needed to forecast the laser radiation distortion. Experimental measurements have been performed with the portable compact ultrasonic meteorological station. The major heat-exchange directions of air flows inside the dome have been determined. Theoretical results have been obtained by numerical solving of the boundary value problem for Navier-Stokes equations. Solitary large vortices (coherent structures, topological solitons) are observed indoors. Coherent decay of these vortices leads to the coherent turbulence. One may expect the weakening of optical radiation phase fluctuations inside the dome and, therefore, the enhancement of optical images. It increases the efficiency of lidar station.

In this report, the results of simulation are presented of multichannel radiation propagation in the atmosphere. Correction of turbulent distortions on the basis of the beam phase control is considered. The results demonstrate the dependence of the correction effectiveness on the number of channels and on precision of reference beam phase reconstruction. Additional increase of the effectiveness is possible with adjustment of amplification in the channels of the optical system, i.e., with the use of amplitude-phase control of radiation.

The comparison of analytical models of vertical profile of the structure parameter of atmospheric refractive index is performed as one of the key points for the development and investigation of the effectiveness of adaptive optics systems. The possibilities of the development of the models are analyzed. The model of atmospheric turbulence profile for the Baikal Astrophysical Observatory is developed.

The paper presents a new algorithm for generating random phase screens, which are used in the numerical solution of the problem of laser radiation propagation in a turbulent atmosphere. Developed on the basis of this algorithm, a numerical model of the evolution of phase fluctuations of a light field at the entrance aperture of an adaptive optics system allows us to estimate the temporal transformation of atmospheric inhomogeneities, which include small-scale wind fluctuations, which occur in the real atmosphere, along with the wind transfer of turbulent inhomogeneities. Using this numerical model, a correlation method for calculation of the speed of the crosswind turbulence transfer from measurements of a wavefront Shack-Hartmann sensor is analyzed.

A number of aspects are considered at phase correction of regular and vortical (speckled) laser beams by flexible adaptive mirror, the surface control of which is performed with the help of stochastic parallel gradient (SPG) algorithm, without the use of the wavefront sensor. It is shown that optimal choice of the criterion functional (metric) and basis function set allows one to improve the phase correction accuracy and convergence speed of SPG algorithm. A possibility is demonstrated of partial phase correction of the incoherent multimode radiation that can be realized, for example, in а laser cavity with optically inhomogeneous gain medium.

The paper considers the performance of an adaptive optics system and its components at an artificial atmospheric beamlet, which can provide the controlled and reproducible influence onto the radiation beam along its path. The paper outlines the results of experimental investigation of the polychrome radiation wavefront distortions measured with the use of two Shack-Hartmann sensors. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons of wavefront parameters were carried out. The relationships between the wavefront parameters and the radiation wavelength were revealed for various lengths of the atmospheric path.

The control algorithm for adaptive optics system, which works using focal spot of the light beam, is proposed. Algorithm is based on the analytical relationship between spot-radius and the changing of the deformable mirror surface. A numerical modeling, which confirms this dependence and the opportunity of its usage for wave front correction, has been carried out. Some experimental results that point out the opportunity of using the algorithm in practice have been presented.

The content of reserve and biologically active substances in vegetative organs of Muscari armeniacum was studied. The presence of sugar, starch, saponins, ascorbic acid, pectins, protopectins and catechins in the bulbs of M. armeniacum during the vegetation period (2007, 2009-2011) under the conditions of forest-steppe zone of West Siberia was established. Flavonols were detected in leaves, the contents of which in all years of observation amounted to 1.8-2.2 %. It was determined that by the pre-winter, the amount of sugar in the bulbs is reduced by 2-4 times compared to the spring, and starch was increased in 1.5-2 times. In May, the content in above-ground organs of ascorbic acid is higher by 5-10 times, sugar - by 1.5 times, catechins - in 2 times in comparison with underground bodies. It is noted that the bulbs contain in 2-3 times more, and leaves do in 5-6 times more protopectins in comparison with pectins. The content of biologically active and reserve substances of vegetative organs of M. armeniacum depends only on the individual and seasonal development of the species.

Dispersed particles of the iron subgroup (Fe, Co, Ni) possess by a number of specific physical and chemical properties (functions), capable of interacting with the environment under conditions, remote from equilibrium. Particles in such an active condition are called polyfunctional nanodimensional systems (PNS) [1]. In cases, when conditions for a multi-stage technology arise, PNS automatically selects the thermodynamically preferable sequence of technology stages and acts as a physicochemical nanorobot (PCNR) that governs the nanotechnology. In the present article, as a demonstration model, nickel nanoparticle is taken as the role of PCNR that governs the nanotechnology of the production of various carbon nanomaterials (CNM). In agreement with the fact that the PNS has a set of various functions, its remarkable ability to change the program and participation purpose as PCNR is disclosed. Such readjustments allow affecting the properties of the synthesized compositional materials. The main attention in the work is paid to theoretical analysis of the conditions, under which PCNR gains the ability to control the nanotechnology, the production of diamonds.